Fluorescence as a tool in photosynthesis research: application in studies of photoinhibition, cold acclimation and freezing stress

1989 ◽  
Vol 323 (1216) ◽  
pp. 281-293 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
High Light ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Freezing And Thawing

Chlorophyll fluorescence induction (at 20 °C and 77 K) and quenching were analysed in relation to effects of environmental stresses imposed by chilling in high light and by freezing and thawing of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. The data indicate that cold acclimation of spinach plants, which leads to increased frost tolerance of the leaves, results in decreased susceptibility to photoinhibition of photosynthesis at chilling temperatures. When plants acclimated to 18 °C and 260-300 µmol quanta m -2 s -1 were exposed to higher light (550 µmol quanta m -2 s -1 ) at 4 °C, they developed strong photoinhibition, as characterized by decreased quantum yield of O 2 evolution and decreased ratio of variable: maximum fluorescence (F V /F M ) of photosystem II. The decrease in F V /F M resulted from a decline in F V and an increase in F 0 . The F V /F M ratio was lowered to a significantly greater extent when induction was recorded at 20 °C, as compared with 77 K. The effects related to photoinhibition were fully reversible at 18 °C in dim light. Plants that had been cold-acclimated for 10 days exhibited slightly decreased quantum yield and lowered F V /F M ratio. However, they did not show further photoinhibition on exposure to 550 µmol quanta m -2 s -1 at 4 °C. The reversible photoinhibition is discussed as a protective pathway serving for thermal dissipation of excessive light energy. It is hypothesized that such a mechanism prevents destruction of the photosynthetic apparatus, until other means of protection become effective during long-term acclimation to high light. Inhibition of photosynthetic carbon assimilation caused by freezing and thawing of leaves in the dark was closely correlated with inhibition of photochemical fluorescence quenching (q Q ). As a sensitive response of the thylakoid membranes to freezing stress, the energy-dependent quenching, q E , was inhibited. Only more severe impact of freezing caused a significant decline in the F V /F M ratio. It is concluded that measurements of fluorescence induction signals ( F V /F M ratios) provide a sensitive tool with which to investigate photoinhibition, whereas freezing damage to the photosynthetic system can be detected more readily by the quenching coefficients q Q and q E than by F V /F M ratios.

Acquired tolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus to photoinhibition as a result of growing Solanum lycopersicum at moderately higher temperature and light intensity

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena T. Gerganova ◽  
Aygyun K. Faik ◽  
Maya Y. Velitchkova
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Electron Flow ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
High Light ◽  
Cyclic Electron Flow ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Moderately High Temperature

The kinetics of photoinhibition in detached leaves from tomato plants (Solanium lycopersicum L. cv. M82) grown for 6 days under different combinations of optimal and moderately high temperature and optimal and high light intensity were studied. The inhibition of PSII was evaluated by changes in maximal quantum yield, the coefficient of photochemical quenching and the quantum yield of PSII. The changes of PSI activity was estimated by the redox state of P700. The involvement of different possible protective processes was checked by determination of nonphotochemical quenching and cyclic electron flow around PSI. To evaluate to what extent the photosynthetic apparatus and its response to high light treatment was affected by growth conditions, the kinetics of photoinhibition in isolated thylakoid membranes were also studied. The photochemical activities of both photosystems and changes in the energy distribution and interactions between them were evaluated by means of a Clark electrode and 77 K fluorescence analysis. The data showed an increased tolerance to photoinhibition in plants grown under a combination of moderately high temperature and light intensity, which was related to the stimulation of cyclic electron flow, PSI activity and rearrangements of pigment–protein complexes, leading to a decrease in the excitation energy delivered to PSII.

scholarly journals What limits photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency in nature? Lessons from the oceans

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1730) ◽  
pp. 20160376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Falkowski ◽  
Hanzhi Lin ◽  
Maxim Y. Gorbunov
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Dissipation ◽  
Essential Components

Constraining photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency in nature is challenging. In principle, two yield measurements must be made simultaneously: photochemistry, fluorescence and/or thermal dissipation. We constructed two different, extremely sensitive and precise active fluorometers: one measures the quantum yield of photochemistry from changes in variable fluorescence, the other measures fluorescence lifetimes in the picosecond time domain. By deploying the pair of instruments on eight transoceanic cruises over six years, we obtained over 200 000 measurements of fluorescence yields and lifetimes from surface waters in five ocean basins. Our results revealed that the average quantum yield of photochemistry was approximately 0.35 while the average quantum yield of fluorescence was approximately 0.07. Thus, closure on the energy budget suggests that, on average, approximately 58% of the photons absorbed by phytoplankton in the world oceans are dissipated as heat. This extraordinary inefficiency is associated with the paucity of nutrients in the upper ocean, especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen and iron. Our results strongly suggest that, in nature, most of the time, most of the phytoplankton community operates at approximately half of its maximal photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency because nutrients limit the synthesis or function of essential components in the photosynthetic apparatus. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Enhancing photosynthesis in crop plants: targets for improvement’.

scholarly journals The effect of drought on the photosynthetic apparatus condition in some Ficus Carica cultivars

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
T. B. Gubanova ◽  
R. A. Pilkevich ◽  
A. A. Kharchenko ◽  
I. V. Bernatsky
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Photochemical Activity ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Ficus Carica ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Water Holding

The results of field and laboratory studies of drought tolerance in some Ficus carica cultivars of various origins are presented. It has been found out that under the conditions of the Southern Coast of the Crimea, the cultivar Sabrutsiya Rozovaya is characterized by high drought tolerance. Low resistance to dehydration was noted in the cultivars Vladimirska Krupna, Pomoriyskiy 6, Franziana Biella. It was revealed that in August, a decrease in water holding capacity occurs in all the studied cultivars. Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction (CFI) method, an integrated assessment of the photosynthetic apparatus in the leaves of Ficus carica cultivars under conditions of simulated wilting is given. It has been demonstrated that drought is the cause of decrease in the photosynthesis light phase efficiency, the part of chlorophyll involved in the transfer of energy from light harvesting antenna complexes to reaction centers and the enhancement of non-photochemical photo quenching. A resumption of photosynthetic activity was observed with the normalization of leaf water supply in the resistant cultivar Sabrutsiya Rozovaya and the medium-resistant cultivar Iyulskiy. In the cultivars characterized with low drought tolerance, Vladimirska Krupna, Pomoriyskiy 6 and Ranniy iz Sozopol, the resumption of the water content in leaves was followed by a decrease in the variable fluorescence and photochemical activity of PS 2, which indicates further stress development in these cultivars and high sensitivity of their photosynthetic apparatus to dehydration. During the fruit ripening, on the background of water holding capacity decrease, water deficit in leaf tissues within 20-25% results in irreversible disturbances in the photosynthetic apparatus activity in Ficus carica cultivars that is proved by a decrease in the viability index below the vitality norm and may adversely affect the preparation of plants for transition to a state of rest.

scholarly journals Impact of negative temperatures on the state of the photosynthetic apparatus of evergreen species of Osmanthus Lour. genus

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
T. B. Gubanova
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Dissociation ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Fluorescence Decay ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
The State ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Negative Temperatures

The results of studies of photosynthetic processes in annual leaves of two species of the genus Osmanthus - Osmanthus x fortunei and O. fragrans in the cold period on the Southern coast of the Crimea and under the controlled action of negative temperatures are presented. It is shown that the main parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence induction (CFI) in annual leaves of O. x fortunei was relatively more stable during the winter months compared to O. fragrans . The effect of temperature -8,0°C for 8 hours on the leaves of the species in O. fragrans caused a decrease in the fluorescence decay coefficient to the lower limit of the norm of vitality and a significant increase in the processes of thermal dissociation of light energy. It is established that the temperature is -10°C is critical for the leaves of O. fragrans , which indicates its lower frost resistance. Changes in the state of PSII depend on both the duration and intensity of low-temperature exposure. It was found that for the more resistant species of O. x fortunei a relatively long-term effect of -10,0°C and a short one of -8,0°C temperature have a similar effect on the state of the photosynthetic apparatus, which is probably due to the activation of protective mechanisms.

scholarly journals Effect of Cameraria ohridella feeding on Aesculus hippocastanum photosynthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-352
Author(s):  
K. K. Holoborodko ◽  
O. V. Seliutina ◽  
I. A. Ivanko ◽  
A. A. Alexeyeva ◽  
M. V. Shulman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Calvin Cycle ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
The State ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Feeding Effect

The complex of invasive species of phytophagous insects that can adapt to novel living conditions is constantly increasing. The ecological effect of their vital activity in the new environment is almost impossible to predict. As a result, invasions undesirable in the economic sense are often observed. The horse -chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimič, 1986, Gracillariidae) is one of these problematic invader species in the introduced range of the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum (Linnaeus, 1753), Sapindaceae). We studied the effect of C. ohridella on the state of the photosynthetic apparatus in Ae. hippocastanum leaves. Photosynthesis is the one of the processes most vulnerable to stress factors, so information about the state of photosynthetic apparatus in a plant under the influence of phytophage feeding obtained with fluorescence analysis can be significant. The feeding effect of C. ohridella caterpillars on the functional state and activity of Ae. hippocastanum photosynthetic apparatus was studied. We studied critical parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence induction reflecting the effect of a single C. ohridella generation (feeding the caterpillar for the five stages of this species’ development) on the functional links of the photosystem II in Ae. hippocastanum leaves. The data obtained show a decrease in PS II quantum efficiency (inhibition of photosynthetic activity) in the leaves from different parts of the crown; it suggests the destructive effect of C. ohridella caterpillar feeding on Ae. hippocastanum photosynthetic apparatus. Values of all key parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence indication evidence inhibition of photophysical and photochemical processes of photosynthesis and impaired coherence of Calvin cycle reactions. Study of the feeding effect of C. ohridella caterpillars on the efficiency of the main enzyme in the Calvin cycle (which closely correlates with the coefficient of fluorescence induction that characterizes the efficiency of dark photosynthetic processes) showed a significant decrease in its activity in the leaves of both the illuminated and shaded parts of the crown. Our study has shown that the method of chlorophyll fluorescence induction allows one to determine the general state of a plant in an express regime by evaluating the main process of plant life as photosynthesis. Analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters is a powerful and effective tool for determining the effect of phytophages on the plant body. The obtained data allow us to apply the method of analyzing chlorophyll fluorescence induction in practice to establish the physiological state of tree flora in forests and garden farms.

scholarly journals Physiological and biochemical parameters of apricot varieties characterized by various drought resistance

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
I. N. Paliy ◽  
T. B. Gubanova ◽  
A. E. Paliy
Keyword(s):  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase Activity ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Age Related

The aim of the presented work was to identify the peculiarities of the photosynthetic apparatus, the activity of redox enzymes and proline content in apricot varieties with different drought tolerance. Four apricot varieties such as Kazachok, Nagycorosi Orias, Khurmai and Krymsky Amur were used as objects of the studies. To determine the effect of drought on the state of the photosynthetic apparatus, a series of experiments was carried out to analyze chlorophyll fluorescence induction (ChFI) parameters, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity and proline content in apricot leaves. It was found out that in summer 2018, when the amount of precipitation exceeded the climatic norm, during the period of the maximum drought probability, catalase activity decreased, polyphenol oxidase activity increased or was unchanged and the proline content did not change significantly. Extremely arid conditions in summer 2019 resulted in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activation and a decrease in the proline concentration in all the studied apricot varieties. However, the drought tolerant variety Nagycorosi Orias was characterized by the most stable indexes of peroxidase activity during the entire experiment. A decrease in the leaf tissue hydration was the reason for the increase in the base fluorescence and the decrease in the correlation index of the rate constants of photochemical and nonphotochemical deactivation of excitation in PS 2. In the drought tolerant varieties Nagycorosi Orias and Kazachok changes in the ChFI parameters were reversible. It has been demonstrated that disturbances during primary photosynthetic processes were most pronounced during the restoration of turgidity. It was revealed that the most sensitive parameters of ChFI in apricot are the characteristics of the fast phase. A decrease in reparative abilities in the midsummer was probably associated with age-related changes in leaves and fruit load.

scholarly journals Freezing and low temperature photoinhibition tolerance in cultivated potato and potato hybrids

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. SEPPÄNEN ◽  
O. NISSINEN ◽  
S. PERÄLÄ
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
High Light Intensity ◽  
High Light ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Frost Injury

Four Solanum tuberosum L. cultivars (Nicola, Pito, Puikula, Timo) and somatic hybrids between freezing tolerant S. commersonii and freezing sensitive S. tuberosum were evaluated for their tolerance to freezing and low temperature photoinhibition. Cellular freezing tolerance was studied using ion leakage tests and the sensitivity of the photosynthetic apparatus to freezing and high light intensity stress by measuring changes in chlorophyll fluorescence (FV/FM) and oxygen evolution. Exposure to high light intensities after freezing stress increased frost injury significantly in all genotypes studied. Compared with S. tuberosum cultivars, the hybrids were more tolerant both of freezing and intense light stresses. In field experiments the mechanism of frost injury varied according to the severity of night frosts. During night frosts in 1999, the temperature inside the potato canopy was significantly higher than at ground level, and did not fall below the lethal temperature for potato cultivars (from -2.5 to -3.0°C). As a result, frost injury developed slowly, indicating that damage occurred to the photosynthetic apparatus. However, as the temperature at ground level and inside the canopy fell below -4°C, cellular freezing occurred and the canopy was rapidly destroyed. This suggests that in the field visual frost damage can follow from freezing or non-freezing temperatures accompanied with high light intensity. Therefore, in an attempt to improve low temperature tolerance in potato, it is important to increase tolerance to both freezing and chilling stresses.

scholarly journals Field Study of the Effects of Two Different Environmental Conditions on Wheat Productivity and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction (OJIP) Parameters

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1154
Author(s):  
Valentina Spanic ◽  
Selma Mlinaric ◽  
Zvonimir Zdunic ◽  
Zorana Katanic
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Blight Disease

Wheat is one of the main cereal crops for ensuring food supply. Thus, increasing grain yield is a major target for plant breeders, where insights into wheat productivity can be gained by studying the activity of the components of photosynthetic apparatus. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the agronomical performance of three winter wheat varieties and test photosynthetic efficiency over two different locations. Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to evaluate the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (TR0/ABS) and performance index on absorption basis (PIabs) of flag leaves and glumes of heads at the flowering stage until the mid-senescence stage. The grain yield of all varieties on average was significantly higher at Osijek compared to Tovarnik. Variety Tika Taka exhibited the highest yield reduction (27.1%) at Tovarnik compared to Osijek, followed by El Nino (20.5%) and Vulkan (18.7%), respectively. A higher amount of precipitation in June at Tovarnik provoked higher Fusarium head blight disease intensity, which could be seen as the bleaching of plant heads at the plots and resulted in an earlier decrease in photosynthetic activity. Therefore, earlier senescence and contracted grain fill duration could occur.

scholarly journals Combined chlorophyll fluorescence techniques to study environmental impact on the mountain moss Polytrichum commune

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-173
Author(s):  
Gabriella Nora Maria Giudici
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Fluorescence Induction ◽  
High Light ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Light Harvesting Complexes ◽  
Polytrichum Commune ◽  
Non Photochemical Quenching

Two chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) methods were used to study the effects of high light (photoinhibition) and dehydration, common stressors of the alpine environment, on primary photosynthetic processes in the moss Polytrichum commune from the Czech Republic, the Jeseníky Mountains. Photoinhibition (PI) was studied in fully hydrated thalli of P. commune and during the period of spontaneous desiccation. Time courses of Kautsky kinetics (KK) of ChlF and derived parameters: maximum quantum yield (FV/FM), effective quantum yeld (ΦPSII), and non-photochemical quenching parameters, were measured before and after the samples were treated with high light (1500 µmol m-2 s-1 PAR) for 60 min. Dehydration effects were tested in two sets of experiments with a Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation fluorometry (PAM) and Fast Chlorophyll Fluorescence induction curve (OJIP) techniques. In PAM tests, the desiccating samples were exposed to saturating light pulses every 10 min. in order to obtain ΦPSII and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). In the second dehydration experiment, OJIP transients of ChlF were repeatedly recorded, OJIP-derived ChlF parameters were plotted against relative water content (RWC) monitored during desiccation. Combined ChF techniques provided insights into the mechanisms activated during P. commune desiccation, such as dissipation of excess absorbed energy through heat dissipation, and conformational changes or destructions of the light harvesting complexes. Combination of stressors resulted in amplified interference with the photosynthetic machinery, even when the added stressor (dehydration) was applied in low dose.

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