scholarly journals Credible threats and promises

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1427) ◽  
pp. 1607-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. McNamara ◽  
Alasdair I. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Evolutionary Games ◽  
The Other ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
General Issue ◽  
Credible Threat

We consider various implications of information about the other player in two–player evolutionary games. A simple model of desertion shows that information about the partner's behaviour can be disadvantageous, and highlights the idea of credible threats. We then discuss the general issue of whether the partner can convince the focal player that it will behave in a specific way, i.e. whether the focal player can make credible threats or promises. We show that when desertion decisions depend on reserves, a player can manipulate its reserves so as to create a credible threat of desertion. We then extend previous work on the evolution of trust and commitment, discussing conditions under which it is advantageous to assume that a partner will behave in a certain way even though it is not in its best interest.

Stratigraphic biases in the analysis of taxonomic survivorship

Paleobiology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. John Sepkoski
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Lognormal Distribution ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Survivorship Analysis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Incomplete Sampling ◽  
Biologic Factors

Taxonomic survivorship curves may reflect stratigraphic as well as biologic factors. The approximately lognormal distribution of lengths of Phanerozoic time intervals produces an error in the estimation of taxonomic durations that is also lognormally distributed. As demonstrated by several simulated examples, this error may cause concave taxonomic survivorship curves to appear linear, especially if the maximum durations involved are relatively short. The error of estimation also makes highly concave taxonomic survivorship curves virtually unrecognizable. Incomplete sampling of the fossil record, on the other hand, may not be a serious problem in survivorship analysis. Simulated paleontological sampling employing a simple model suggests that survivorship curves tend to retain their original shapes even when as few as 20% of the taxa have been discovered. However, concave taxonomic survivorship curves tend to lose their concavity as efficiency of sampling declines.

Ligand Hyperfine Interaction in the Complex [Mn(H2O)6] ++ in La2(Mg,Mn)3(NO3)12·24H2O

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1746-1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. van Ormondt ◽  
R. de Beer ◽  
M. Brouha ◽  
F. de Groot
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Water Molecule ◽  
Hyperfine Interaction ◽  
Principal Direction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Manganese Ion ◽  
Interaction Tensor ◽  
Principal Directions

Abstract The elements of the hyperfine interaction (h.f.i.) between the manganese ion and the protons in the complex [Mn(H2O)6]++ in one of the two possible sites in La2(Mg, Mn)3(NO3)12 · 24 H2O have been measured with ENDOR at 15 to 20 K. The six water molecules in the complex at the chosen site are equivalent for reasons of symmetry.One principal direction of the h.f.i. tensor of each proton is found to be perpendicular to the Mn, O line. With the assumption that each proton is located in the plane of the other two principal directions of its interaction tensor the positions of the protons are evaluated from the anisotropic parts of the h.f.i. tensors. In this calculation the effect of covalency on the anisotropic h.f.i. is ac-counted for with the aid of a simple model.The isotropic h.f.i.'s with the two protons of a water molecule appear to be very nearly equal (+ 0.890 MHz for both). This latter result is remarkable in view of the fact that one proton is distinctly nearer to the manganese ion than the other.

The Context of Competition

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Shubik ◽  
Eric Smith
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Material Content ◽  
Economic Behaviour ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Social ◽  
Great Complexity

This chapter sets the context for the book. We note the purpose of economics should be to describe concepts and models that can be made consistent with sound scientific understanding of the other aspects of life. At a minimum economic behaviour is embedded within the organic system we call the society: it affects extraction, production, utilization, exchange, consumption and disposal of physical entities and services. We consider the main questions about how to contextualize economics. It can be argued that the economy is a mechanism to organize a subset of decisions in a larger highly distributed society. The social organization obeys no simple model of control; its dynamics is often evolutionary at many scales of time, space and material content; and with these it is subject to both historical contingency and great complexity.

SYSTEMIC RISK: THE EFFECT OF MARKET CONFIDENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (07) ◽  
pp. 2050043
Author(s):  
MAXIM BICHUCH ◽  
KE CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Systemic Risk ◽  
Existence And Uniqueness ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nash Equilibrium Point ◽  
Optimal Mix ◽  
Uniqueness Of Nash Equilibrium

In a crisis, when faced with insolvency, banks can sell stock in a dilutive offering in the stock market and borrow money in order to raise funds. We propose a simple model to find the maximum amount of new funds the banks can raise in these ways. To do this, we incorporate market confidence of the bank together with market confidence of all the other banks in the system into the overnight borrowing rate. Additionally, for a given cash shortfall, we find the optimal mix of borrowing and stock selling strategy. We show the existence and uniqueness of Nash equilibrium point for all these problems. Finally, using this model we investigate if banks have become safer since the crisis. We calibrate this model with market data and conduct an empirical study to assess safety of the financial system before, during after the last financial crisis.

On the Legal and Illegal Behavior of the Regulated Firm

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-447
Author(s):  
Lawrence Martin
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Price Regulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Plan ◽  
Illegal Activity ◽  
The Real ◽  
Illegal Behavior ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Regulated Firm

This article develops a simple model of a firm's privately optimal choice of the degree to which it will abide with regulations. The model allows for the firm to disguise its illegal actions in order to avoid detection and to expend resources to mitigate possible punishment for violations. Both price and quantity type regulatory schemes are considered. Under quantity regulation noncompliance increases the total amount of the regulated activity and distorts efficiency in production. Price regulation, on the other hand, introduces a kind of dichotomy between the real production plan of the firm and its illegal activity. Even though price regulations are substantially evaded, the total amount of the regulated activity remains unchanged, and the firm continues to produce efficiently.

scholarly journals Is It Possible to Determine Whether a Star is Rotating About a Unique Axis?

1993 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 566-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.O. Gough ◽  
A.G. Kosovichev
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Natural Question ◽  
Rotating Stars ◽  
The Core ◽  
Axis Of Rotation ◽  
Fixed Axis

Rotating stars are normally presumed to rotate about a unique axis. Would it be possible to determine whether or not that presumption is correct? This is a natural question to raise, particularly after the suggestion by T. Bai & P. Sturrock that the core of the sun rotates about an axis that is inclined to the axis of rotation of the envelope.A variation with radius of the direction of the rotation axis would modify the form of rotational splitting of oscillation eigenfrequencies. But so too does a variation with depth and latitude in the magnitude of the angular velocity. One type of variation can mimic the other, and so frequency information alone cannot differentiate between them. What is different, however, is the structure of the eigenfunctions. Therefore, in principle, one might hope to untangle the two phenomena using information about both the frequencies and the amplitudes of the oscillations.We consider a simple model of a star which is divided into two regions, each of which is rotating about a different fixed axis. We enquire whether there are any circumstances under which it might be possible to determine seismologically the separate orientations of the axes.

scholarly journals ENTROPY FROM THE FOAM II

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 1965-1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
REMO GARATTINI
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Semiclassical Approximation ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Charged Black Hole ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Different Types

A simple model of space–time foam, made by two different types of wormholes in a semiclassical approximation, is taken under examination: one type is a collection of Nw Schwarzschild wormholes, while the other one is made by Schwarzschild–Anti-de Sitter wormholes. The area quantization related to the entropy via the Bekenstein–Hawking formula hints a possible selection between the two configurations. Application to the charged black hole are discussed.

scholarly journals Rollover Warning for Articulated Heavy Vehicles Based on a Time-to-Rollover Metric

2004 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Chiuan Chen ◽  
Huei Peng
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Design Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roll Angle ◽  
Heavy Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
The One ◽  
Accuracy Problem

A Time-To-Rollover (TTR) metric is proposed as the basis to assess rollover threat for an articulated heavy vehicle. The TTR metric accurately “counts-down” toward rollover regardless of vehicle speed and steering patterns, so that the level of rollover threat is accurately assessed. There are two conflicting requirements in the implementation of TTR. On the one hand, a model significantly faster than real-time is needed. On the other hand, the TTR predicted by this model needs to be accurate enough under all driving scenarios. An innovative approach is proposed in this paper to solve this dilemma and the design process is illustrated in an example. First, a simple yet reasonably accurate yaw∕roll model is identified. A Neural Network (NN) is then developed to mitigate the accuracy problem of this simple model. The NN takes the TTR generated by the simple model, vehicle roll angle, and change of roll angle to generate an enhanced NN-TTR index. The NN was trained and verified under a variety of driving patterns. It was found that an accurate TTR is achieved across all the driving scenarios we tested.

scholarly journals Coastal Upwelling and Oikopleura Occurrence ("Slub"): A Model and Potential Application to Inshore Fisheries

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1729-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher T. Taggart ◽  
Kenneth T. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Coastal Upwelling ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Wind Vector ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
The Impact

Variations in the occurrence of Oikopleura spp. were strongly linked to the wind field and ensuing water temperatures in an inshore region of eastern Newfoundland during June–August of 1979 and 1981–83. Oikopleura foul inshore fishing gear with their discarded houses ("slub") and fluctuate in abundance from day to day as a function of wind-driven upwelling. Densities of Oikopleura in cold upwelling water during four years ranged between 20 and 800/m3. Oikopleura densities < 1/m3 occurred when upwelling ceased and warmer water occupied the inshore region. A simple model incorporating a daily averaged wind vector, Julian day, and growing degree-day explained 62% of the daily variation in Oikopleura abundance in 1979. The model yielded density estimates that were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with observed densities in each of the other three years. We provide evidence that net fouling by Oikopleura in the inshore and maximum Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) catch is coincident and suggest that an annual hindcast index of slub intensity may help determine the impact of slub conditions on the inshore fishery.

scholarly journals Book review of: "Western Tchoukoutou", by Florent Couao-Zotti (Benin)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Kohnert
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
African Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Francophone Africa ◽  
Language Area ◽  
Academie Francaise

A new star has opened in the sky of authors from Francophone Africa. So far, he is hardly known outside of the language area of the Francophonie. His name is Florent Couao-Zotti and he comes from Benin, West Africa. Couao-Zotti develops in 18 episodes, one crazier than the other, literally a fabulous story. The Académie française awarded him the prestigious 'Prix Roland De Jouvenel ' for his novel 'Western Tchoukoutou' published by Gallimard in 2018. It would be in the English reader’s best interest that the novel will soon find a publisher who translates the book into English, not least so that the readers of neighboring Anglophone Africa can enjoy this marvelous taste of new African literature.

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