The function of genomes in bioenergetic organelles

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy-transducing organelles of the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They originated as bacterial symbionts whose host cells acquired respiration from the precursor of the mitochondrion, and oxygenic photosynthesis from the precursor of the chloroplast. The host cells also acquired genetic information from their symbionts, eventually incorporating much of it into their own genomes. Genes of the eukaryotic cell nucleus now encode most mitochondrial and chloroplast proteins. Genes are copied and moved between cellular compartments with relative ease, and there is no obvious obstacle to successful import of any protein precursor from the cytosol. So why are any genes at all retained in cytoplasmic organelles? One proposal is that these small but functional genomes provide a location for genes that is close to, and in the same compartment as, their gene products. This co-location facilitates rapid and direct regulatory coupling. Redox control of synthesis de novo is put forward as the common property of those proteins that must be encoded and synthesized within mitochondria and chloroplasts. This testable hypothesis is termed CORR, for co -location for r edox r egulation. Principles, predictions and consequences of CORR are examined in the context of competing hypotheses and current evidence.

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Why Chloroplasts and Mitochondria Contain Genomes

Comparative and Functional Genomics ◽

10.1002/cfg.245 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 31-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

John F. Allen

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Great Majority ◽

Selective Advantage ◽

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

Host Cells ◽

Mitochondrial Proteins ◽

Control Of Gene Expression ◽

Protein Precursor ◽

Cellular Compartments

Chloroplasts and mitochondria originated as bacterial symbionts. The larger, host cells acquired genetic information from their prokaryotic guests by lateral gene transfer. The prokaryotically-derived genes of the eukaryotic cell nucleus now function to encode the great majority of chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins, as well as many proteins of the nucleus and cytosol. Genes are copied and moved between cellular compartments with relative ease, and there is no established obstacle to successful import of any protein precursor from the cytosol. Yet chloroplasts and mitochondria have not abdicated all genes and gene expression to the nucleus and to cytosolic translation. What, then, do chloroplast- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins have in common that confers a selective advantage on the cytoplasmic location of their genes? The proposal advanced here is that co-location of chloroplast and mitochondrial genes with their gene products is required for rapid and direct regulatory coupling. Redox control of gene expression is suggested as the common feature of those chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins that are encodedin situ. Recent evidence is consistent with this hypothesis, and its underlying assumptions and predictions are described.

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Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100053024 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 44-45

Author(s):

Ezzatollah Keyhani

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Nervous System ◽

Common Property ◽

Extracellular Medium ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Common ◽

Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GONO GINI'S ASSETS DUE TO A DEATH ACCORDING TO THE ISLAMIC LAW AND POSITIVE LAW

Journal of Islamicate Studies ◽

10.32506/jois.v1i1.438 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pardan Syafrudin

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Common Property ◽

Islamic Law ◽

Positive Law ◽

Community Property ◽

Communal Property ◽

Islamic Jurisprudence ◽

Legal Restriction ◽

The Common ◽

Husband And Wife

The Common properties (community property) is an asset that the husband and wife acquired during the household lifes, which both of them is agree that after united through marriage bonds, that the property produced by one or both of them will be common property. It shows, that if there's an agreement between husband and wife before marriage (did not to unify their property), then the property produced both will not become a joint treasure. Thus, if a husband or wife dies, or divorces, then the property owned by both of them can be distributed in accordance with their respective shares, another case when the two couples are not making an agreement, then the property gained during marriage bonds can be divided into types of communal property. In Islamic law, this kind of treasure is not contained in the Qur'an or Sunnah. Nor in Islamic jurisprudence. However, Islamic law legalizes the existence of common property as long as it is applicable in a society and the benefit in the distribution of such property. In contrast to the positive law, this property types have been regulated and described in the Marriage Law, as well as the Islamic Law Compilations, which became the legal restriction in the affairs of marriage in force in Indonesia. In this study, the author tries to compile the existence of common property according to the Islamic law reviews and positive law.

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Vickers Hot Springs

Case Studies in the Environment ◽

10.1525/cse.2017.sc.368314 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Jennifer M. Bernstein

Keyword(s):

Common Good ◽

Common Property ◽

Hot Springs ◽

Public Access ◽

Common Property Resource ◽

Resource Conflict ◽

Social Ecological ◽

The Commons ◽

Local Residents ◽

The Common

Vickers Hot Springs is located near the rural Southern California town of Ojai, and local residents have long enjoyed soaking in the sulfuric pools. But as knowledge of the springs spread, the area saw increases in fights, traffic, burglaries, and drug use. In response, two residents purchased the land and committed to restore the property while allowing limited public access, subsequently generating a great deal of controversy within the community. Privatizing Vickers Hot Springs follows the archetypical lesson of Garrett Hardin's 1968 essay, “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Hardin stated that the problem for common-pool resources was that a finite amount of services are demanded by a potentially infinite number of users, who have little to gain by sacrificing for the common good. But Hardin's theory does not always apply. Many communities have come together to manage resources, often without government oversight. Thus, the question is not whether or not Hardin's theory is accurate, but rather “under what conditions it is correct and when it makes the wrong predictions.” Case studies provide nuance to the broad brushstrokes of a theory, and whether Hardin's parable is applicable depends on the particularities of the common property resource conflict. Employing the frameworks established by Hardin, Dietz et al., and Ostrom, this paper examines the management of Vickers Hot Springs within its broader social, ecological, and political context, asking whether the particular circumstances of this resource use conflict made privatization the most predictable outcome.

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Coincidence and fixed points for hybrid tangential maps

Georgian Mathematical Journal ◽

10.1515/gmj.2010.013 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 273-285

Author(s):

Tayyab Kamran ◽

Quanita Kiran

Keyword(s):

Fixed Point ◽

Fixed Points ◽

Common Property ◽

Fixed Point Theorems ◽

Acta Math ◽

Contractive Condition ◽

The Common

Abstract In [Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2005: 3045–3055] by Liu et al. the common property (E.A) for two pairs of hybrid maps is defined. Recently, O'Regan and Shahzad [Acta Math. Sin. (Engl. Ser.) 23: 1601–1610, 2007] have introduced a very general contractive condition and obtained some fixed point results for hybrid maps. We introduce a new property for pairs of hybrid maps that contains the property (E.A) and obtain some coincidence and fixed point theorems that extend/generalize some results from the above-mentioned papers.

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Stereotypic neutralizing VH antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain in COVID-19 patients and healthy individuals

Science Translational Medicine ◽

10.1126/scitranslmed.abd6990 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. eabd6990

Author(s):

Sang Il Kim ◽

Jinsung Noh ◽

Sujeong Kim ◽

Younggeun Choi ◽

Duck Kyun Yoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Receptor Binding ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

De Novo ◽

Binding Domain ◽

Host Cells ◽

Spike Protein ◽

Receptor Binding Domain ◽

Healthy Individuals

Stereotypic antibody clonotypes exist in healthy individuals and may provide protective immunity against viral infections by neutralization. We observed that 13 out of 17 patients with COVID-19 had stereotypic variable heavy chain (VH) antibody clonotypes directed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These antibody clonotypes were comprised of immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV)3-53 or IGHV3-66 and immunoglobulin heavy joining (IGHJ)6 genes. These clonotypes included IgM, IgG3, IgG1, IgA1, IgG2, and IgA2 subtypes and had minimal somatic mutations, which suggested swift class switching after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The different immunoglobulin heavy variable chains were paired with diverse light chains resulting in binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Human antibodies specific for the RBD can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by inhibiting entry into host cells. We observed that one of these stereotypic neutralizing antibodies could inhibit viral replication in vitro using a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. We also found that these VH clonotypes existed in six out of 10 healthy individuals, with IgM isotypes predominating. These findings suggest that stereotypic clonotypes can develop de novo from naïve B cells and not from memory B cells established from prior exposure to similar viruses. The expeditious and stereotypic expansion of these clonotypes may have occurred in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 because they were already present.

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Distribution of twin kHz QPOs in LMXBs

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921312020248 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (S290) ◽

pp. 327-328

Author(s):

D. H. Wang ◽

L. Chen

Keyword(s):

Common Property ◽

Periodic Oscillation ◽

Quasi Periodic Oscillation ◽

Mean Values ◽

Orbital Frequency ◽

Low Mass ◽

The Common ◽

The Mean ◽

X Ray Binaries ◽

Z Sources

AbstractWith kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillation (kHz QPO) sources in neutron star low mass X-ray binaries (NS-LMXBs) published up to now, we analyze the centroid frequency (ν) distribution of twin kHz QPOs. We find that Atoll and Z sources show the similar distributions of ν1 and ν2, which indicate that twin kHz QPOs may be the common property of NS-LXMBs and have the similar physical origins. The mean values of ν1 and ν2 in Atoll sources are higher than those in Z sources, and we consider that this may because the QPO signals are sheltered by the thicken accretion disk or corona in Z sources. The maximums of ν2 in both Atoll and Z sources are the same order as the Keplerian orbital frequency of the NS surface, so kHz QPOs could occur near the NS surface.

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The influence of common property rights on forest management policy: a case study in Sardinia region, Italy

Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused ◽

10.2478/v10132-012-0002-8 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 16-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alessandro Paletto ◽

Isabella De Meo ◽

Fabrizio Ferretti

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Property Rights ◽

Common Property ◽

Private Property ◽

Local Development ◽

Management Policy ◽

Private Forests ◽

The Public ◽

The Common

Abstract The property rights and the type of ownership (private owners, public domain and commons) are two fundamental concepts in relationship to the local development and to the social and environmental sustainability. Common forests were established in Europe since the Middle Ages, but over the centuries the importance of commons changed in parallel with economic and social changes. In recent decades, the scientific debate focused on the forest management efficiency and sustainability of this type of ownership in comparison to the public and private property. In Italy common forests have a long tradition with substantial differences in the result of historical evolution in various regions. In Sardinia region the private forests are 377.297 ha, the public forests are 201.324 ha, while around 120.000 ha are commons. The respect of the common rights changed in the different historical periods. Today, the common lands are managed directly by municipalities or indirectly through third parties, in both cases the involvement of members of community is very low. The main objective of the paper is to analyse forest management differences in public institutions with and without common property rights. To achieve the objective of the research the forest management preferences of community members and managers were evaluated and compared. The analysis was realized through the use of the principal-agent model and it has been tested in a case study in Sardinia region (Arci-Grighine district). The analysis of the results showed that the categories of actors considered (members of community, municipalities and managers) have a marked productive profile, but municipalities manage forests perceiving a moderate multifunctionality. Moreover, the representatives of the municipalities pay more attention to the interests of the collectivity in comparison to the external managers. They also attribute high importance to environmental and social forest functions.

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IL-6: A Potential Role in Cardiac Metabolic Homeostasis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19092474 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 2474 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yitao Xu ◽

Yubin Zhang ◽

Junmei Ye

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Neural Development ◽

Potential Role ◽

De Novo ◽

Myocardial Dysfunction ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Metabolic Homeostasis ◽

Cardiac Lipotoxicity ◽

Working Heart ◽

Uptake And Metabolism

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in multiple biological functions including immunity, neural development, and haematopoiesis. Recently, mounting evidence indicates that IL-6 plays a key role in metabolism, especially lipid metabolic homeostasis. A working heart requires a high and constant energy input which is largely generated by fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation. Under pathological conditions, the precise balance between cardiac FA uptake and metabolism is perturbed so that excessive FA is accumulated, thereby predisposing to myocardial dysfunction (cardiac lipotoxicity). In this review, we summarize the current evidence that suggests the involvement of IL-6 in lipid metabolism. Cardiac metabolic features and consequences of myocardial lipotoxicity are also briefly analyzed. Finally, the roles of IL-6 in cardiac FA uptake (i.e., serum lipid profile and myocardial FA transporters) and FA metabolism (namely, β-oxidation, mitochondrial function, biogenesis, and FA de novo synthesis) are discussed. Overall, understanding how IL-6 transmits signals to affect lipid metabolism in the heart might allow for development of better clinical therapies for obesity-associated cardiac lipotoxicity.

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