scholarly journals Systems vaccinology: a promise for the young and the poor

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1671) ◽  
pp. 20140340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelly Amenyogbe ◽  
Ofer Levy ◽  
Tobias R. Kollmann
Keyword(s):  
Host Response ◽  
Young Infant ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Vulnerable Population ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World

As a child, the risk of suffering and dying from infection is higher the younger you are; and higher, the less developed a region you are born in. Childhood vaccination programmes have greatly reduced mortality around the world, but least so for the very young among the very poor of the world. This appears partly owing to suboptimal vaccine effectiveness. Unfortunately, although most vaccines are administered to the newborn and very young infant (less than or equal to two months), we know the least about their host response to vaccination. We thus currently lack the knowledge to guide efforts aimed at improving vaccine effectiveness in this vulnerable population. Systems vaccinology, the study of molecular networks activated by immunization, has begun to provide unprecedented insights into mechanisms leading to vaccine-induced protection from infection or disease. However, all published reports of systems vaccinology have focused on either adults or at most children and older infants, not those most in need, i.e. newborns and very young infants. Given that the tools of systems vaccinology work perfectly well with very small sample volumes, it is time we deliver the promise that systems vaccinology holds for those most in need of vaccine-mediated protection from infection.

Comparative Study Of Islamic Economic Law And The Capitalist

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Tesa Mellina ◽  
Mohammad Ghozali
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Law ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Economic Practice ◽  
The World ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Economic Injustice ◽  
Islamic Values

The implementation ofthe capitalist system has eliminated the Islamic values in economic practice. After the financial crisis hit the world, the capitalist system reaped many questions and its greatnessbegins to be doubted. The capitalist system implementationprecisely creates new problems in the economy. The concept of individualism which is the main key in capitalist practice only creates economic injustice and misery of the poor. The only economic theory that is expected as a light in dealing with economic problems is an economic system that is able to create justice,the welfare of all parties and blessings both the world and the hereafter. The theory is the Islamic economics which in practice is inseparable from Islamiceconomic law. Islamic economic law that underlies the Islamic economic system is totally different from the capitalist economic system.Keywords: Islamic Economic Law; Islamic economics; Capitalist Economy

Human Rights and 21st Century Challenges

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
First Century ◽  
World Population ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Relative Share ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century

The world faces significant and interrelated challenges in the twenty-first century which threaten human rights in a number of ways. This book examines the relationship between human rights and three of the largest challenges of the twenty-first century: conflict and security, environment, and poverty. Technological advances in fighting wars have led to the introduction of new weapons which threaten to transform the very nature of conflict. In addition, states confront threats to security which arise from a new set of international actors not clearly defined and which operate globally. Climate change, with its potentially catastrophic impacts, features a combination of characteristics which are novel for humanity. The problem is caused by the sum of innumerable individual actions across the globe and over time, and similarly involves risks that are geographically and temporally diffuse. In recent decades, the challenges involved in addressing global and national poverty have also changed. For example, the relative share of the poor in the world population has decreased significantly while the relative share of the poor who live in countries with significant domestic capacity has increased strongly. Overcoming these global and interlocking threats constitutes this century’s core political and moral task. This book examines how these challenges may be addressed using a human rights framework. It considers how these challenges threaten human rights and seeks to reassess our understanding of human rights in the light of these challenges. The analysis considers both foundational and applied questions. The approach is multidisciplinary and contributors include some of the most prominent lawyers, philosophers, and political theorists in the debate. The authors not only include leading academics but also those who have played important roles in shaping the policy debates on these questions. Each Part includes contributions by those who have served as Special Rapporteurs within the United Nations human rights system on the challenges under consideration.

Private Agricultural R&D: Do the Poor Benefit?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jock R. Anderson ◽  
Regina Birner ◽  
Latha Najarajan ◽  
Anwar Naseem ◽  
Carl E. Pray
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Private agricultural research and development can foster the growth of agricultural productivity in the diverse farming systems of the developing world comparable to the public sector. We examine the extent to which technologies developed by private entities reach smallholder and resource-poor farmers, and the impact they have on poverty reduction. We critically review cases of successfully deployed improved agricultural technologies delivered by the private sector in both large and small developing countries for instructive lessons for policy makers around the world.

scholarly journals Creative leaps in theory: the might of abduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Veen
Keyword(s):  
Health Professions ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Health Professions Education ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World

AbstractThis paper argues that abductive reasoning has a central place in theorizing Health Professions Education. At the root of abduction lies a fundamental debate: How do we connect practice, which is always singular and unique, with theory, which describes the world in terms of rules, generalizations, and universals? While abduction was initially seen as the ‘poor cousin’ of deduction and induction, ultimately it has something important to tell us about the role of imagination and humility in theorizing Health Professions Education. It is that which makes theory possible, because it allows us to ask what might be the case and calls attention to the role of creative leaps in theory. Becoming aware of the abductive reasoning we already perform in our research allows us to take the role of imagination—something rarely associated with theory—seriously.

scholarly journals 1.C. Workshop: How are digital solutions contributing to enhance immunization programmes and policies?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Immunization Programmes

Abstract As vaccine hesitancy and decreasing immunization coverage have been identified by the World Health Organization as global alarming health threats, it is of crucial importance to exploit the potential offered by digital solutions to enhance immunization programmes and ultimately increase vaccine uptake. We have previously developed and published a conceptual framework outlining how digitalization can support immunization at different levels: i) when adopted for health education and communication purposes, ii) in the context of immunization programmes delivery, and iii) in the context of immunization information systems management. The proposed workshop is co-organized by the EUPHA Digital health section (EUPHA-DH) and EUPHA Infectious diseases control section (EUPHA-IDC) and aims at discussing the current AVAILABILITY, USE and IMPACT of digital solutions to support immunization programmes at the international, national and local level, as well as, debating on how technical infrastructures on one side and normative and policy frameworks on the other side enable their implementation. We plan to have a rich set of contributions covering the following: the presentation of a conceptual framework identifying and mapping the digital solutions' features having the potential to bolster immunization programmes, namely: i) Personalization and precision; ii) Automation; iii) Prediction; iv) Data analytics (including big data and interoperability); and v) Interaction; the dissemination of key results and final outputs of a Europe-wide funded project on the use of Information & Communication Technology to enhance immunization, with particular reference to the use and comparative impact of email remainders and personal electronic health records, as well as the results of an international survey conducted to map and collect best practices on the use of different digital solutions within immunization programmes at the national and regional level; the firsthand experience of the United Kingdom NHS Digital Child Health Programme which developed, implemented and is currently evaluating a number of solutions to increase childhood vaccination uptake in England, including an information standard and information sharing services developed to ensure that the details of children's vaccinations can be shared between different health care settings the perspective and experience of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) for Europe and of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the global level of what has worked so far in the digitalization of immunization programmes around the world, what recommendations were developed and which barriers identified at the technical normative and policy level Key messages Digitalization has great potential to support immunization programmes but its practice and impact need to be measured. Country-level and international experiences have created qualitative and quantitative evidence on the effectiveness of digital intervention aimed at increasing vaccine uptake.

When Do the Rich Vote Less Than the Poor and Why? Explaining Turnout Inequality across the World

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimuli Kasara ◽  
Pavithra Suryanarayan
Keyword(s):  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich

scholarly journals “The Terror of their Lives”: Irish Jurors' Experiences

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Níamh Howlin
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Poor State ◽  
Public Meetings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Jury Service ◽  
The World ◽  
Jury System

A commentator noted in 1881 that Irishmen regarded jury service as “the greatest burden that can be inflicted upon them … they would be delighted if trial by jury was suspended tomorrow.” He later added, “[o]f course an enormous outcry would be raised about it in the national press, and in public meetings; but jurors … would give anything in the world not to serve … because it is the terror of their lives.” Much has been written about the poor state of the nineteenth-century Irish jury system, and it is certainly true that for various social, economic and political reasons, in comparison with that in England, the Irish system appears to have operated in a way that fell somewhat short of ideal. This article seeks to provide an understanding of the realities facing the jurors themselves, and will examine their experiences of the justice system before, during, and after the trial.

scholarly journals Globalisation and older people: effects of markets and migration

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
GAIL WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Older People ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Older Men ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Older Men And Women

This paper discusses the material aspects of globalisation and the effects of the movements of trade, capital and people around the world on older men and women. While some older people have benefited, most notably where pensions and health care are well developed, the majority of older men and women are among the poor who have not. Free trade, economic restructuring, the globalisation of finance, and the surge in migration, have in most parts of the world tended to produce harmful consequences for older people. These developments have been overseen, and sometimes dictated, by inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) such as the International Monetary Foundation (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), while other IGOs with less power have been limited to anti-ageist exhortation. Globalisation transfers resources from the poor to the rich within and between countries. It therefore increases social problems while simultaneously diminishing the freedom and capacity of countries to make social policy. Nonetheless, the effects of globalisation, and particularly its financial dimensions, on a nation's capacity for making social policy can be exaggerated. Political will can combat international economic orthodoxy, but the evident cases are the exception rather than the rule.

INTRAPERICARDIAL TERATOMA: A CAUSE OF ACUTE PERICARDIAL EFFUSION IN INFANCY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
James L. Reynolds ◽  
John K. Donahue ◽  
Charles W. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Pericardial Effusion ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Young Infant ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Cardiac Tumors ◽  
Young Infants

On the basis of personal experience with two patients and a review of the 35 previously reported cases, we described the pathologic and clinical features of intrapericardial teratoma. This tumor is single, large, encapsulated, multicystic, and pedunculated. It is attached by a short fibrous stalk or pedicle to the adventitia of one or both great arteries. Only 2 of the 37 intrapericardial teratomas were malignant. The tumor is found predominantly in children, usually during early infancy, and among cardiac tumors of childhood it is second only to rhabdomyoma in frequency. Acute or chronic pericardial effusion commonly accompanies the teratoma. All young infants reported have had acute pericardial effusion with tamponade. Typically, the associated fluid is serous, sterile, copious, and recurrent; it usually obscures the presence of the tumor. Intrapericardial teratoma is a likely diagnosis in any young infant having such penicardial effusion; other cardiac tumors do not have these clinical features. Artificial pneumopericardium will demonstrate the teratoma, and operation is curative if the tumor is benign. Uncontrollable bleeding from the aorta on dissection of the tumor stalk has been an operative hazard; but, if anticipated, it can be avoided.

THE HISTIDINE REQUIREMENT OF THE INFANT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 786-801
Author(s):  
Selma E. Snyderman ◽  
Audrey Boyer ◽  
Ellen Roitman ◽  
L. Emmett Holt ◽  
Philip H. Prose
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Young Infant ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Young Infants

Histidine appears to be an essential amino acid for the young infant. Its omission from the diets of young infants gives rise to a depression of weight gain and of nitrogen retention. It also resulted in a dermatitis clinically and pathologically similar to infantile eczema, except for the absence of pruritus and atrophic changes in the sebaceous glands. Under the conditions of this study, the histidine requirement was less than 35 mg/kg/day in all six infants tested with this intake. Five infants were given a trial of 22 mg/kg/day; in three this figure was satisfactory, but in the remaining two there was some evidence of inadequacy. An intake of 16.6 mg/kg/day appeared to be adequate for one infant.

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