Street rabies virus causes dendritic injury and F-actin depolymerization in the hippocampus

Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system and is typically fatal in humans and animals; however, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this study, the morphological changes of dendrites and dendritic spines in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were investigated in mice that were infected intracerebrally with an MRV strain of the street rabies virus. Haematoxylin and eosin and fluorescence staining analysis of brain sections from the infected mice showed very few morphological changes in the neuronal bodies and neuronal processes. However, we found a significant decrease in the number of dendritic spines. Primary neuronal cultures derived from the hippocampus of mice (embryonic day 16.5) that were infected with the virus also showed an obvious decrease in the number of dendritic spines. Furthermore, the decrease in the number of dendritic spines was related to the depolymerization of actin filaments (F-actin). We propose that the observed structural changes can partially explain the severe clinical disease that was found in experimental models of street rabies virus infections.

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MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF RATS IN ACCELERATED AGING

Bulletin of Siberian Medicine ◽

10.20538/1682-0363-2014-1-56-61 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 56-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

K. Yu. Maksimova ◽

N. A. Stefanova ◽

S. V. Logvinov

Keyword(s):

Dentate Gyrus ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Brain Aging ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Pyramidal Cells ◽

Oxys Rats ◽

Cresyl Violet ◽

Average Area ◽

Ca1 Region

The aim of this work was the analysis of structural changes with age in the hippocampus of senescenceaccelerated OXYS rats when signs of accelerated brain aging are missing (age 14 days), developments (age 5 months), and active progresses (age 15 months). The study was performed on 15 OXYS rats and 15 Wistar rats (as a control). After dislocation, brains were dissected, fixed with 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and serially cut in coronal sections (5μm thickness). These sections were stained with Cresyl violet and examined with a photomicroscope (Carl Zeiss Axiostar plus, Germany). The total number of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus regions were estimated in 14-dayold, 5and 15-month-old OXYS and Wistar rats (n = 5) on the 5 slices of each brain sections. The number of neurons with chromatolysis, hyperchromatic with darkly stained cytoplasm and shrunken neurons were calculated as degenerative neurons. The pictures obtained with the program Carl Zeiss Axio Vision 8.0 with increasing 10  100, determined the average area bodies and nuclei of neurons (mkm2). The significant structural changes of neurons in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus in OXYS rats at 5 month of age are revealed by light microscopy. This results indicates the early develop neurodegeneration in OXYS rats. The most pronounced morphological changes occur in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of OXYS rats and irreversible. The degenerative changes of neurons in the hippocampus increases by the age of 15 months. Morphometric analysis of the average area of bodies and the nuclei of hippocampal neurons in CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus regions of OXYS and Wistar rats at 14 days of age showed no significant interline differences. At 5 months of age in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of OXYS rats was determined a significantly lower average body size and nuclei of pyramidal neurons compared with Wistar rats. With age, these changes have progressed and 15-month-old OXYS rats have a significant decrease in the area bodies and nuclei in all studied regions of the hippocampus compared with Wistar rats. These results confirm the promising use OXYS rats as a model of accelerated brain.

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Rabies Virus Infection of Primary Neuronal Cultures and Adult Mice: Failure To Demonstrate Evidence of Excitotoxicity

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01272-06 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 80 (20) ◽

pp. 10270-10273 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Simon C. Weli ◽

Courtney A. Scott ◽

Christopher A. Ward ◽

Alan C. Jackson

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Rabies Virus ◽

Hippocampal Neurons ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Neuronal Cultures ◽

Primary Neuronal Cultures ◽

Trypan Blue Exclusion ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Adult Mice ◽

Rabies Virus Infection

ABSTRACT Cultures derived from the cerebral cortices and hippocampi of 17-day-old mouse fetuses infected with the CVS strain of rabies virus showed loss of trypan blue exclusion, morphological apoptotic features, and activated caspase 3 expression, indicating apoptosis. The NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate acid) antagonists ketamine (125 μM) and MK-801 (60 μM) were found to have no significant neuroprotective effect on CVS-infected neurons, while the caspase inhibitor Ac-Asp-Glu-Val aspartic acid aldehyde (25 μM) exerted a marked neuroprotective effect. Glutamate-stimulated increases in levels of intracellular calcium were reduced in CVS-infected hippocampal neurons. Ketamine (120 mg/kg of body weight/day intraperitoneally) given to CVS-infected adult mice produced no beneficial effects. We have found no supportive evidence that excitotoxicity plays an important role in rabies virus infection.

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A Reliable and Reproducible Model for Assessing the Effect of Different Concentrations of α-Solanine on Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Bone Marrow Research ◽

10.1155/2017/2170306 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Adriana Ordóñez-Vásquez ◽

Lorenza Jaramillo-Gómez ◽

Camilo Duran-Correa ◽

Erandi Escamilla-García ◽

Myriam Angélica De la Garza-Ramos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Cell Physiology ◽

Mouse Bone Marrow ◽

Elevated Protein ◽

Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Αlpha-solanine (α-solanine) is a glycoalkaloid present in potato (Solanum tuberosum). It has been of particular interest because of its toxicity and potential teratogenic effects that include abnormalities of the central nervous system, such as exencephaly, encephalocele, and anophthalmia. Various types of cell culture have been used as experimental models to determine the effect of α-solanine on cell physiology. The morphological changes in the mesenchymal stem cell upon exposure to α-solanine have not been established. This study aimed to describe a reliable and reproducible model for assessing the structural changes induced by exposure of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to different concentrations of α-solanine for 24 h. The results demonstrate that nonlethal concentrations of α-solanine (2–6 μM) changed the morphology of the cells, including an increase in the number of nucleoli, suggesting elevated protein synthesis, and the formation of spicules. In addition, treatment with α-solanine reduced the number of adherent cells and the formation of colonies in culture. Immunophenotypic characterization and staining of MSCs are proposed as a reproducible method that allows description of cells exposed to the glycoalkaloid, α-solanine.

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Structural changes in uterine tissues after uterine artery embolization in patients with leiomyoma complicated by uterine bleeding

GYNECOLOGY ◽

10.26442/2079-5696_20.1.78-82 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 78-82

Author(s):

G P Titova ◽

M M Damirov ◽

L S Kokov ◽

O N Oleynikova ◽

G E Belozerov

Keyword(s):

Uterine Artery Embolization ◽

Uterine Artery ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Uterine Bleeding ◽

Small Scale ◽

Artery Embolization ◽

Vessel Occlusion ◽

Uterine Arteries ◽

Uterine Tumors

Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is often complicated by the development of uterine bleeding. In urgent gynecology for the implementation of endovascular hemostasis, uterine artery embolization (UAE) is used. Performing UAE allows to stop and/or significantly reduce the intensity of bleeding and prepare a patient for surgical intervention. At the same time, the morphological changes that occur in uterine tissues in operated UL patients after performing the UAE are not studied. The aim was to study the peculiarities of pathomorphological changes in uterine tumors and tissues in operated UL patients complicated by uterine bleeding after performing UAE. Material and methods. The results of morphological changes appearing in tumors and tissues of the uterus in 39 operated UL patients, who were used for stopping uterine bleeding, were analyzed. Results. After applying different types of embolizing agents in macroscopic study of the uterus, signs of ischemia of its tissues were revealed, and the most pronounced disorders were detected in the UL nodes. Morphologically it was established that UAE microemboli resulted in vessel occlusion with increasing thrombosis in their distal sections. UAE was not accompanied by occlusal occlusion of the arteries and resulted in small-scale necrosis of the tumor with complete regeneration of the endometrium. Conclusions. The results of the morphological study showed that after the UAE was performed, the myomatous nodes underwent dystrophic, necrobiotic and necrotic changes. Depending on the nature of occlusion of the uterine arteries, various variants of necrosis (scale and completeness of the process) developed in the tumor tissue, which was aseptic in nature.

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Thermal characterization of ABS-Graphene blended three dimensional printed functional prototypes for electro chemical energy storage

International Journal of Computational Physics Series ◽

10.29167/a1i1p1-11 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kamaljit Singh Boparai ◽

Rupinder Singh

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Thermal Characterization ◽

Chemical Energy ◽

Flow Index ◽

Fused Deposition

This study highlights the thermal characterization of ABS-Graphene blended three dimensional (3D) printed functional prototypes by fused deposition modeling (FDM) process. These functional prototypes have some applications as electro-chemical energy storage devices (EESD). Initially, the suitability of ABS-Graphene composite material for FDM applications has been examined by melt flow index (MFI) test. After establishing MFI, the feedstock filament for FDM has been prepared by an extrusion process. The fabricated filament has been used for printing 3D functional prototypes for printing of in-house EESD. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis was conducted to understand the effect on glass transition temperature with the inclusion of Graphene (Gr) particles. It has been observed that the reinforced Gr particles act as a thermal reservoir (sink) and enhances its thermal/electrical conductivity. Also, FT-IR spectra realized the structural changes with the inclusion of Gr in ABS matrix. The results are supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) based micrographs for understanding the morphological changes.

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Validation of long-term primary neuronal cultures and network activity through the integration of reversibly bonded microbioreactors and MEA substrates

Biotechnology and Bioengineering ◽

10.1002/bit.23310 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 109 (1) ◽

pp. 166-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Emilia Biffi ◽

Andrea Menegon ◽

Francesco Piraino ◽

Alessandra Pedrocchi ◽

Gianfranco B. Fiore ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Network Activity ◽

Neuronal Cultures ◽

Primary Neuronal Cultures

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Difluoroboron β-diketonate polylactic acid oxygen nanosensors for intracellular neuronal imaging

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80172-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Meng Zhuang ◽

Suchitra Joshi ◽

Huayu Sun ◽

Tamal Batabyal ◽

Cassandra L. Fraser ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neuronal Activity ◽

Oxygen Sensing ◽

Brain Slices ◽

Neuronal Cell ◽

Quantum Yields ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Neuronal Cultures ◽

Primary Neuronal Cultures ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Mitotracker Red

AbstractCritical for metabolism, oxygen plays an essential role in maintaining the structure and function of neurons. Oxygen sensing is important in common neurological disorders such as strokes, seizures, or neonatal hypoxic–ischemic injuries, which result from an imbalance between metabolic demand and oxygen supply. Phosphorescence quenching by oxygen provides a non-invasive optical method to measure oxygen levels within cells and tissues. Difluoroboron β-diketonates are a family of luminophores with high quantum yields and tunable fluorescence and phosphorescence when embedded in certain rigid matrices such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA). Boron nanoparticles (BNPs) can be fabricated from dye-PLA materials for oxygen mapping in a variety of biological milieu. These dual-emissive nanoparticles have oxygen-insensitive fluorescence, oxygen-sensitive phosphorescence, and rigid matrix all in one, enabling real-time ratiometric oxygen sensing at micron-level spatial and millisecond-level temporal resolution. In this study, BNPs are applied in mouse brain slices to investigate oxygen distributions and neuronal activity. The optical properties and physical stability of BNPs in a biologically relevant buffer were stable. Primary neuronal cultures were labeled by BNPs and the mitochondria membrane probe MitoTracker Red FM. BNPs were taken up by neuronal cell bodies, at dendrites, and at synapses, and the localization of BNPs was consistent with that of MitoTracker Red FM. The brain slices were stained with the BNPs, and the BNPs did not significantly affect the electrophysiological properties of neurons. Oxygen maps were generated in living brain slices where oxygen is found to be mostly consumed by mitochondria near synapses. Finally, the BNPs exhibited excellent response when the conditions varied from normoxic to hypoxic and when the neuronal activity was increased by increasing K+ concentration. This work demonstrates the capability of BNPs as a non-invasive tool in oxygen sensing and could provide fundamental insight into neuronal mechanisms and excitability research.

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PPARs as Metabolic Sensors and Therapeutic Targets in Liver Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22158298 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 8298

Author(s):

Hugo Christian Monroy-Ramirez ◽

Marina Galicia-Moreno ◽

Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez ◽

Alejandra Meza-Rios ◽

Arturo Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Diseases ◽

Metabolic Regulation ◽

Structural Changes ◽

Critical Role ◽

The Body ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Signal Pathways ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Physiological Processes ◽

Hepatic Level

Carbohydrates and lipids are two components of the diet that provide the necessary energy to carry out various physiological processes to help maintain homeostasis in the body. However, when the metabolism of both biomolecules is altered, development of various liver diseases takes place; such as metabolic-associated fatty liver diseases (MAFLD), hepatitis B and C virus infections, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and in more severe cases, hepatocelular carcinoma (HCC). On the other hand, PPARs are a family of ligand-dependent transcription factors with an important role in the regulation of metabolic processes to hepatic level as well as in other organs. After interaction with specific ligands, PPARs are translocated to the nucleus, undergoing structural changes to regulate gene transcription involved in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammation and metabolic homeostasis. This review aims to provide updated data about PPARs’ critical role in liver metabolic regulation, and their involvement triggering the genesis of several liver diseases. Information is provided about their molecular characteristics, cell signal pathways, and the main pharmacological therapies that modulate their function, currently engaged in the clinic scenario, or in pharmacological development.

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Protein kinase D promotes plasticity-induced F-actin stabilization in dendritic spines and regulates memory formation

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.201501114 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 210 (5) ◽

pp. 771-783 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Norbert Bencsik ◽

Zsófia Szíber ◽

Hanna Liliom ◽

Krisztián Tárnok ◽

Sándor Borbély ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synaptic Plasticity ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Dendritic Spines ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Long Term Potentiation ◽

Memory Formation ◽

Protein Kinase D

Actin turnover in dendritic spines influences spine development, morphology, and plasticity, with functional consequences on learning and memory formation. In nonneuronal cells, protein kinase D (PKD) has an important role in stabilizing F-actin via multiple molecular pathways. Using in vitro models of neuronal plasticity, such as glycine-induced chemical long-term potentiation (LTP), known to evoke synaptic plasticity, or long-term depolarization block by KCl, leading to homeostatic morphological changes, we show that actin stabilization needed for the enlargement of dendritic spines is dependent on PKD activity. Consequently, impaired PKD functions attenuate activity-dependent changes in hippocampal dendritic spines, including LTP formation, cause morphological alterations in vivo, and have deleterious consequences on spatial memory formation. We thus provide compelling evidence that PKD controls synaptic plasticity and learning by regulating actin stability in dendritic spines.

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