scholarly journals Connecting small RNAs and Aging

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Elkington
Keyword(s):  
Cross Talk ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Prediction Tools ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions

Small RNAs have a wide range of functions and recent studies have found connections between these molecules and aging pathways. However, the process to systematically characterize this relationship is slow. Prediction tools can be used to expedite this process by finding new genes and pathways that cross talk with each other. Using phylogenetic and systems analysis, connections between small RNAs and aging were proven and new genes that may be related to aging were identified. This type of analysis can be applied to many different pathways in order to fully characterize the role of small RNAs.

Structure, Function and Interactions of Tau: Particular Focus on Potential Drug Targets for the Treatment of Tauopathies

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 325-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hojjat Borna ◽  
Kasim Assadoulahei ◽  
Gholamhossein Riazi ◽  
Asghar Beigi Harchegani ◽  
Alireza Shahriary
Keyword(s):  
Tau Protein ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Potential Drug Targets

Background & Objective: Neurodegenrative diseases are among the most widespread lifethreatening disorders around the world in elderly ages. The common feature of a group of neurodegenerative disorders, called tauopathies, is an accumulation of microtubule associated protein tau inside the neurons. The exact mechanism underlying tauopathies is not well-understood but several factors such as traumatic brain injuries and genetics are considered as potential risk factors. Although tau protein is well-known for its key role in stabilizing and organization of axonal microtubule network, it bears a broad range of functions including DNA protection and participation in signaling pathways. Moreover, the flexible unfolded structure of tau facilitates modification of tau by a wide range of intracellular enzymes which in turn broadens tau function and interaction spectrum. The distinctive properties of tau protein concomitant with the crucial role of tau interaction partners in the progression of neurodegeneration suggest tau and its binding partners as potential drug targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Conclusion: This review aims to give a detailed description of structure, functions and interactions of tau protein in order to provide insight into potential therapeutic targets for treatment of tauopathies.

scholarly journals Role of Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein in Diseases and Its Therapeutic Outlook

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2754
Author(s):  
Naila Qayyum ◽  
Muhammad Haseeb ◽  
Moon Suk Kim ◽  
Sangdun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Thioredoxin Interacting Protein ◽  
Signaling Complex ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Species Production ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Significant Attention

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), widely known as thioredoxin-binding protein 2 (TBP2), is a major binding mediator in the thioredoxin (TXN) antioxidant system, which involves a reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling complex and is pivotal for the pathophysiology of some diseases. TXNIP increases reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress and thereby contributes to apoptosis. Recent studies indicate an evolving role of TXNIP in the pathogenesis of complex diseases such as metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, and inflammatory illnesses. In addition, TXNIP has gained significant attention due to its wide range of functions in energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, improved insulin secretion, and also in the regulation of glucose and tumor suppressor activities in various cancers. This review aims to highlight the roles of TXNIP in the field of diabetology, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammation. TXNIP is found to be a promising novel therapeutic target in the current review, not only in the aforementioned diseases but also in prolonged microvascular and macrovascular diseases. Therefore, TXNIP inhibitors hold promise for preventing the growing incidence of complications in relevant diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of HCN Channels on Membrane Excitability in the Nervous System

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Kase ◽  
Keiji Imoto
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Hcn Channels ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Hcn Channel ◽  
Membrane Excitability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inward Currents ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Channel Currents

Hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels were first reported in heart cells and are recently known to be involved in a variety of neural functions in healthy and diseased brains. HCN channels generate inward currents when the membrane potential is hyperpolarized. Voltage dependence of HCN channels is regulated by intracellular signaling cascades, which contain cyclic AMP, PIP2, and TRIP8b. In addition, voltage-gated potassium channels have a strong influence on HCN channel activity. Because of these funny features, HCN channel currents, previously called funny currents, can have a wide range of functions that are determined by a delicate balance of modulatory factors. These multifaceted features also make it difficult to predict and elucidate the functional role of HCN channels in actual neurons. In this paper, we focus on the impacts of HCN channels on neural activity. The functions of HCN channels reported previously will be summarized, and their mechanisms will be explained by using numerical simulation of simplified model neurons.

Characterization of proteins with Siaα2-3/6Gal-linked glycans from bovine milk and role of their glycans against influenza A virus

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 5198-5208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanjie Yu ◽  
Yaogang Zhong ◽  
Zhiwei Zhang ◽  
Xiawei Liu ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Bovine Milk Proteins

The bovine milk proteins have a wide range of functions, but the role of the attached glycans in their biological functions has not been fully understood yet.

IMPORTANT ROLE OF TRACE ELEMENTS (MG AND ZN) IN THE SERUM OF PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM NON-ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE AND COMPARE THEIR LEVEL WITH HEALTHY SUBJECTS OF RAJASTHAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
halini Vyas ◽  
RK Vyas ◽  
Hemlata Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Serum Trace Elements

Liver is the largest major organ of our body. liver having a wide range of functions so, it is prone to many diseases which are very commonly seen in India. Any disturbance of liver function that causes illness is called liver disease. It is also known as hepatic disease. It is major leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aim of this study was to nd out the role of Trace Elements (Mg & Zn) levels in diagnosis of Non-alcoholic liver disease. Material and methods: 200 subjects were selected out of them 100 were selected as study group (Non-alcoholic (NALD) and 100 were selected as control group and distributed according to their age and sex. Trace elements were estimated by Atomic adsorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Result: the serum trace elements level was decreased in non-alcoholic liver disease patients. P-value was found to be signicant when compared with healthy subjects. (P≤0.001). Conclusion: We came to the conclusion that serum level trace elements (Mg, Zn) activity looks specic and can be used for prognostic evolution of non-alcoholic liver disease.

INTERNAL AUDIT - EFFECTIVE INSTUMENTY OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE SYSTEM

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Закирова ◽  
Alsu Zakirova ◽  
Клычова ◽  
Augul Klychova ◽  
Клычова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Internal Audit Function ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Corporate Governance System ◽  
Internal Control System ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Domestic Companies

Today the debatable problem is the effectiveness of internal control system. That internal audit, as a part of interfarm monitoring systems, has a wide range of functions, that go beyond the range of issues, relating to internal control. In Russia, there are no laws and regulations, governing the internal audit organization. The absence of a rigid framework is a prerequisite for creating the most effective internal audit service. The establishment an internal audit function is also becoming increasingly necessary because of competition and integration of foreign and domestic companies. This article provides an irreplaceable role of internal audit in terms of its objectives and functions.

scholarly journals Role of the Nrf2-ARE Pathway in Liver Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Mi Shin ◽  
Ji Hye Yang ◽  
Sung Hwan Ki
Keyword(s):  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Central Organ ◽  
Essential Transcription Factor

The liver is a central organ that performs a wide range of functions such as detoxification and metabolic homeostasis. Since it is a metabolically active organ, liver is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress. It is well documented that liver diseases including hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are highly associated with antioxidant capacity. NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is an essential transcription factor that regulates an array of detoxifying and antioxidant defense genes expression in the liver. It is activated in response to electrophiles and induces its target genes by binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE). Therefore, the roles of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in liver diseases have been extensively investigated. Studies from several animal models suggest that the Nrf2-ARE pathway collectively exhibits diverse biological functions against viral hepatitis, alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease, fibrosis, and cancer via target gene expression. In this review, we will discuss the role of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in liver pathophysiology and the potential application of Nrf2 as a therapeutic target to prevent and treat liver diseases.

scholarly journals Differential Response of Grapevine to Infection with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in Early and Late Growing Season Through Complex Regulation of mRNA and Small RNA Transcriptomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3531
Author(s):  
Marina Dermastia ◽  
Blaž Škrlj ◽  
Rebeka Strah ◽  
Barbara Anžič ◽  
Špela Tomaž ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Bois Noir ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Causal Pathogen

Bois noir is the most widespread phytoplasma grapevine disease in Europe. It is associated with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, but molecular interactions between the causal pathogen and its host plant are not well understood. In this work, we combined the analysis of high-throughput RNA-Seq and sRNA-Seq data with interaction network analysis for finding new cross-talks among pathways involved in infection of grapevine cv. Zweigelt with ‘Ca. P. solani’ in early and late growing seasons. While the early growing season was very dynamic at the transcriptional level in asymptomatic grapevines, the regulation at the level of small RNAs was more pronounced later in the season when symptoms developed in infected grapevines. Most differentially expressed small RNAs were associated with biotic stress. Our study also exposes the less-studied role of hormones in disease development and shows that hormonal balance was already perturbed before symptoms development in infected grapevines. Analysis at the level of communities of genes and mRNA-microRNA interaction networks revealed several new genes (e.g., expansins and cryptdin) that have not been associated with phytoplasma pathogenicity previously. These novel actors may present a new reference framework for research and diagnostics of phytoplasma diseases of grapevine.

scholarly journals The Multifaceted Role of Serotonin in Intestinal Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9487
Author(s):  
Nienke Koopman ◽  
Drosos Katsavelis ◽  
Anne S. ten Hove ◽  
Stanley Brul ◽  
Wouter J. de Jonge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Intestinal Homeostasis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

The monoamine serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a remarkable molecule with conserved production in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and a wide range of functions. In the gastrointestinal tract, enterochromaffin cells are the most important source for 5-HT production. Some intestinal bacterial species are also able to produce 5-HT. Besides its role as a neurotransmitter, 5-HT acts on immune cells to regulate their activation. Several lines of evidence indicate that intestinal 5-HT signaling is altered in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the production, secretion, and signaling of 5-HT in the intestine. We present an inventory of intestinal immune and epithelial cells that respond to 5-HT and describe the effects of these signaling processes on intestinal homeostasis. Further, we detail the mechanisms by which 5-HT could affect inflammatory bowel disease course and describe the effects of interventions that target intestinal 5-HT signaling.

scholarly journals New insights of prolactin in humans: the role of nurses

2021 ◽  
pp. 47310-47312
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Different Tissues

Prolactin is synthesize by the anterior pituitary gland, by extrapituitary tissues, such as the mammary gland, prostate, skin and brain. It has been relateding to lactogenesis, however, it is known to induce a wide range of functions in different tissues, modulating neurogenesis, neurodevelopment, sleep, learning, memory and homeostasis of the immune system, and may be linked to different types of cancers. The objective was to identify the new insights of the prolactinemia as a biomarker or inducer of pathological processes. During lactation, prolactin promotes milk synthesis and oxytocin stimulates ejection, its increase may come from mechanisms such as nipple sucking stimulus, stress, sexual activity, protein intake, unregulated menstrual cycle and pregnancy, pharmacological or pathological origins. Prostate and breast cancers can be treated using methods to antagonize the PRL receptor and its signaling pathways, which include small molecule-based antagonists of proteins. Drugs to lower the plasma concentration of prolactin are strong candidates to be test in reuse clinical trials to improve the cognitive skills of patients with mood disorder and schizophrenia. Keeping up to date on research, in addition to seeking to evaluate all the variables and biomarkers available for the case, can increase the chance of making an early diagnosis.

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