scholarly journals Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Sender ◽  
Shai Fuchs ◽  
Ron Milo
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Hematopoietic Lineage ◽  
The Common ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

We critically revisit the ″common knowledge″ that bacteria outnumber human cells by a ratio of at least 10:1 in the human body. We found the total number of bacteria in the ″reference man″ to be 3.9·1013, with an uncertainty (SEM) of 25%, and a variation over the population (CV) of 52%. For human cells we identify the dominant role of the hematopoietic lineage to the total count of body cells (≈90%), and revise past estimates to reach a total of 3.0·1013human cells in the 70 kg ″reference man″ with 2% uncertainty and 14% CV. Our analysis updates the widely-cited 10:1 ratio, showing that the number of bacteria in our bodies is actually of the same order as the number of human cells. Indeed, the numbers are similar enough that each defecation event may flip the ratio to favor human cells over bacteria.

scholarly journals Molecular Politics, Wearables, and the Aretaic Shift in Biopolitical Governance

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-96
Author(s):  
Peter Lindner
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
The Body ◽  
Life Itself ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Body

Since the publication of Nikolas Rose’s ‘The Politics of Life Itself’ (2001) there has been vivid discussion about how biopolitical governance has changed over the last decades. This article uses what Rose terms ‘molecular politics’, a new socio-technical grip on the human body, as a contrasting background to ask anew his question ‘What, then, of biopolitics today?’ – albeit focusing not on advances in genetics, microbiology, and pharmaceutics, as he does, but on the rapid proliferation of wearables and other sensor-software gadgets. In both cases, new technologies providing information about the individual body are the common ground for governance and optimization, yet for the latter, the target is habits of moving, eating and drinking, sleeping, working and relaxing. The resulting profound differences are carved out along four lines: ‘somatic identities’ and a modified understanding of the body; the role of ‘expert knowledge’ compared to that of networks of peers and self-experimentation; the ‘types of intervention’ by which new technologies become effective in our everyday life; and the ‘post-discipline character’ of molecular biopolitics. It is argued that, taken together, these differences indicate a remarkable shift which could be termed aretaic: its focus is not ‘life itself’ but ‘life as it is lived’, and its modality are new everyday socio-technical entanglements and their more-than-human rationalities of (self-)governance.

The Key Role of Headrest Optimization in Driver Comfort

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-599
Author(s):  
Hamid Gheibollahi ◽  
Masoud Masih-Tehrani ◽  
Mohammadmehdi Niroobakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Body Model ◽  
Sitting Posture ◽  
Conventional Vehicle ◽  
Body Model ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Stiffness And Damping

In this study, adding a headrest to the conventional vehicle driver seat is investigated to improve the driver comfort and decrease the driver damages. For this purpose, a conventional biomechanical human body model of wholebody vibrations is provided and modified by adding a head degree of freedom to the body model and a headrest to the seat model. The basic model is in the sitting posture, lumped parameters and has nine DOFs for the human body, on contrary to the proposed model which has ten DOFs. The new human body DOF is the twisting motion of the head and neck. This new DOF is generated because of headrest adding to the driver’s seat. To determine the head discomforts, the Seat to Head (STH) indexes are studied in two directions: horizontal and vertical. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the STH in different directions. The optimization variables are stiffness and damping parameters of the driver’s seat which are 12 for the basic model and are 16 for a new seat. The integer programming is used for time reduction. The results show that new seat (equipped by headrest) has very better STH in both directions.

scholarly journals Microbiocenosis Of Open Cavities Of The Body

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Ziyaeva E.R. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Topical Problem ◽  
Normal Microflora ◽  
Open Cavities

The article is devoted to a review of the topical problem of our time “Microbiocenosis of open cavities of the body and its role in the occurrence of many diseases of the human body ”. It has now been proven that the normal microflora of the human body plays a huge role in the normal course of life processes. The slightest violation of the composition of microorganisms leads to various irreversible defects in the normal course of human life, which are associated with the functions of the microbiocenosis and which no medicine can replace. The concept of microbiocenosis appeared in the 70s of the last century, although the first stone in this direction was put by Louis Pasteur, who proved the role of a microorganism in the process of fermentation and digestion. Many scientists contributed to the leap forward development of this science, which was forced due to errors in the use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic drugs. Yes, indeed, the path of development of the science of biocenoses is closely related to the misuse of drugs, which often leads to dysbiosis. In addition, environmental pollution due to the uncontrollable development of urbanization plays a huge role in the development of dysbiotic processes.Therefore, with the aim of acquainting readers with the concept of biocenoses, certain pathways of pathogenetic links in the development of various diseases in violation of the composition of the normal microflora of the human body, we set ourselves the task of conducting a partial review of the achievement of the science of biocenoses of open cavities of the body.

scholarly journals Physiology of magnesium metabolism and the use of magnesium in intensive care (literature review with the results of own observations, part 1)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
S.V. Kursov ◽  
V.V. Nikonov ◽  
O.V. Biletskyi ◽  
O.I. Fedets ◽  
V.O. Homenko
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Water Compartment ◽  
Water Space

The first part of the review presents data on the content of magnesium in organs and tissues of the human body, the role of magnesium in the implementation of multiple functions, and the peculiarities of its intake and excretion from the body. A significant part of the review is devoted to methods for determining the concentration of magnesium in biological fluids of the human body. The advantages, disadvantages and limitations of various methods are presented. The most common methods for studying the concentration of magnesium in biological fluids of the body, which are used in clinical medicine all over the world, are photometric methods with dyes. The role of the fraction of ionized magnesium in the body, the content of which is determined electrochemically, is still uncertain. Cellular magnesium studies are extremely complex and time-consuming. Cells of different organs and tissues normally contain very different amounts of magnesium. It is not possible to judge about the presence of magnesium deficiency in the body by its concentration in plasma or serum. To detect a decrease in the tissue content of magnesium, tests with magnesium load and the subsequent observation of the rate of its excretion from the body are used. The causes for the development of hypomagnesemia are extremely numerous. The main of them are: any severe stress, restriction of magnesium intake into the body, an increase in its losses through the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys in various pathological conditions. The formation of hypomagnesemia is facilitated by therapy with numerous medications, which are very widely used in clinical practice, and especially in the intensive care. Studies on the distribution of magnesium in the body after its intravenous administration have shown that, despite the large size of hydrated magnesium ions, they can not only paradoxically quickly spread in the extracellular water space, but most likely are also able to quickly penetrate through cell membranes, spreading in the intracellular water compartment.

scholarly journals Corporate social responsibility in the Canadian context: the new role of corporations in community involvement and social issues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary K. Foster ◽  
Agnes B. Meinhard
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The Body ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The Us ◽  
Corporate Social

[First paragraph of Introduction]: The rapidly growing literature investigating corporate social responsibility (CSR) attests to the world-wide interest in this trend, both from an academic perspective and as a legitimate component of commercial success (Burson-Marsteller, 2000; Waddock & Graves, 1997). To date, most of the research has been conducted in the US, and indeed research interest in this topic dates back to the 1930s and 1940s (Carroll, 1999). The body of knowledge about CSR in Canada is more modest and has mostly focused on investigating social disclosure from an accounting perspective (Levin, 1982; Zeghal & Ahmed, 1990). One reason for this narrow focus has been historical. Unlike in the US, the Canadian government has been the primary architect, builder and funder of the social safety net. Until very recently, this dominant role of government has preempted the need for widespread corporate participation in the provision of social services. Thus tracking the nature and scope of CSR activities in the private sector has not been a major area of interest for Canadian researchers. Indeed, as recently as the 1980s, much of the CSR focus in Annual Reports of Canadian companies was on internal human resource issues such as employee health, safety and training, and not on community and social service issues (Zeghal & Ahmed, 1990). Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series,TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management Citation:

scholarly journals Metaphors and cultural models

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-101
Author(s):  
Thu Thi Kieu Nguyen ◽  
Hien Thi Thu Bach
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Cultural Experience ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
The Common ◽  
Shed Light

Conceptual metaphors have long been believed to be formed in human minds and yet grounded in physical and cultural experience. The article aims at elaborating on the cultural aspect of the issue by clarifying the role of cultural models. The culturally specific aspect of metaphors have shed light on the incongruence between sets of metaphorical expressions of different languages, hence different cultural models despite the common physical experience of human body. One illustration from Ning Yu’s study about the differences between Chinese ‘xin’ and its English counterparts ‘heart/ mind’ confirms the claim that ‘metaphors are grounded in bodily experience but shaped by cultural understanding’. Another illustration is an analysis of Vietnamese versus English metaphors of heart, which also leads to confirmation of cultural factors in the forming of conceptual metaphors.

scholarly journals Battle between plants as antioxidants with free radicals in human body

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Jamshidi-kia ◽  
Joko Priyanto Wibowo ◽  
Mostafa Elachouri ◽  
Rohollah Masumi ◽  
Alizamen Salehifard-Jouneghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidants

Free radicals are constructed by natural physiological activities in the human cells as well as in the environment. They may be produced as a result of diet, smoking, exercise, inflammation, exposure to sunlight, air pollutants, stress, alcohol and drugs. Imbalanced redox status may lead to cellular oxidative stress, which can damage the cells of the body, resulting in an incidence of various diseases. If the endogenous antioxidants do not stop the production of reactive metabolites, they will be needed to bring about a balance in redox status. Natural antioxidants, for example plants, play an important part in this context. This paper seeks to report the available evidence about oxidative stress and the application of plants as antioxidant agents to fight free radicals in the human body. For this purpose, to better understand oxidative stress, the principles of free radical production, the role of free radicals in diseases, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and the role of herbs and diet in oxidative stress are discussed.

scholarly journals Hyperammonemia in clinical practice: analysis of own clinical observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (38) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Z. M. Galeeva ◽  
O. F. Galiullin ◽  
E. G. Yeziukova ◽  
R. G. Tukhbatullina
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Practice Analysis ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
The Brain

The article presents scientific data on the role of ammonia in the human body, examines in detail the mechanism of formation and utilization of ammonia in the body. The questions of etiology and separate forms of pathogenesis of hyperammonemia, and its influence on the processes of fibrosis in the liver and the role of stellate liver cells in it are highlighted separately. The data on the influence of hyperammonemia on cognitive functions of the brain with the development of encephalopathy are presented, which is of great importance in clinical practice, during medical examination. The data of own observations are given, the questions of drug therapy are highlighted.

HIV: gastrointestinal disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 485-506
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Pancreatic Diseases ◽  
The Common

This chapter describes the importance of the gut to HIV infection, as it contains the largest lymphoid tissue of the body (gut-associated lymphoid tissue). This chapter explains the role of gut permeability and microbial translocation in immune activation and HIV disease progression. HIV persists in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue even in aviraemic-treated patients. The chapter provides gastrointestinal (GI), from oral down to anal manifestations of HIV disease. The chapter lists the common presentations, their differential diagnosis, and how to manage them. Specifically, the chapter gives information about GI opportunistic infections and malignancies. As diarrhoea is common in HIV infection, the chapter provides practical guide, and algorithm for the management of chronic diarrhoea. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases in HIV are also discussed.

Mimi Nichter, Fat talk: What girls and their parents say about dieting. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000. Pp. xi, 263. Hb $22.95.

2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 811-815
Author(s):  
Mary Bucholtz
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Harvard University ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Talk ◽  
Teenage Girls ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Medical Anthropologist ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Equal Interest

The relationship between language and the body has become an increasingly prominent area of research within linguistics and related disciplines. Some investigators of this question have examined how facts about the human body are encoded in linguistic structure, while others have explored the use of the body as a communicative resource in interaction. Surprisingly little, however, has been written about the role of language in constructing the body as a social object. In Fat talk, Mimi Nichter, a medical anthropologist, addresses this issue by examining the discourse of dieting among American teenage girls. Although language itself is not the center of the analysis, Nichter draws on a wide range of sociolinguistic research to investigate how the body is constructed through talk – a question that will be of equal interest to scholars of language, culture, and society.

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