scholarly journals Soil solution in Swiss forest stands: a 20 year’s time series

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Braun
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil Matrix ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Year 2000

AbstractThe chemistry of the soil solution is influenced by atmospheric deposition of air pollutants, by exchange processes between the soil matrix and the soil solution and by processes between the rhizosphere and the soil. At sites of the Intercantonal Long-term Forest Observation Programme in Switzerland the soil solution has been monitored since 1998 in a number of forest plots growing from 9 to 47 sites in a wide range of soil conditions and air pollution impacts. The results show various site-specific developments of soil acidification. At sites with already advanced acidification (pH < 4.2), the acidification indicators remained rather stable at high levels, possibly due to the high buffering capacity of the aluminum buffer (pH 4.2 – 3.8). In contrast, in less acidified sites the acidification still progressed further which is reflected by e.g. the ongoing decrease of the base cation to aluminum ratio. Main driver of the acidification is the high N deposition which provokes cation loss and impedes sustainable nutrient balances for tree nutrition in the majority of plots examined. On an average for the years 2005-2017, N leaching rates were 9.4 kg N ha-1 yr-1, ranging from 0.04 to 53 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Three plots with high N input show very low N leaching, suggesting that N leaching may not always be a good eutrophication indicator. Both N deposition and N leaching have decreased since the year 2000 but the latter trend is partly also due to increased drought.

Nitrate in soil water in three Norway spruce stands in southwest Sweden as related to N-deposition and soil, stand, and foliage properties

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 836-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Örjan Nohrstedt ◽  
Ulf Sikström ◽  
Eva Ring ◽  
Torgny Näsholm ◽  
Peter Högberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
Potential Nitrification ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
The Difference

N-cycling was studied at three Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) sites located within a distance of 30 km in southwest Sweden. Nitrate concentrations in soil water at 50-cm depth differed substantially between the three sites, annual site means being 0, 1, and 9 mg N•L−1. Using simulated runoff, the leaching of inorganic N from the two sites with the highest concentrations was estimated at, respectively, 7–8 and 19–30 kg•ha−1 during the hydrological year 1991–1992. The N-deposition measured as throughfall was 31 kg•ha−1 on the second site, suggesting that it was close to being N-saturated. The differences in nitrate concentration and estimated leaching across sites were not related to differences in forest growth or suggested symptoms of forest decline, such as canopy defoliation and nutrient deficiency. Nitrate concentrations were unrelated to N-deposition in an open field, but positively related to N-deposition in throughfall. However, the difference in N-leaching between the two main sites was much larger than the difference in N-deposition in throughfall. The difference in leaching seemed related to soil conditions. The soil with the highest leaching had the largest potential nitrification and a low C/N ratio (17–20) in the upper part of the profile. Nitrate concentrations in the soil water were positively related to the concentrations of arginine and 15N in foliage, which supports the use of these two variables as indicators of forests approaching N-saturation.

Review of vadose zone soil solution sampling techniques

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (NA) ◽  
pp. 215-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Fares ◽  
Sanjit K. Deb ◽  
Samira Fares
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments

Understanding the composition and fluxes of vadose zone soil water is extremely important to many environmental studies, and hence the monitoring of soil solution is of basic interest for different scientific and practical fields, including pedologic studies, water-use management, fate and transport of environmentally consequential pollutants, monitoring of disposal from mining and industries, nutrient management of agricultural and forest ecosystems, ecology, and environmental protection. Soil solution sampling techniques for effectively monitoring the quality and quantity of vadose zone soil pore water have been used to assess the persistence and transport of potential groundwater pollutants, assess the ecological and human health impact of such pollutants, and develope appropriate remediation strategies. However, there is still no consensus as to best techniques for soil solution collection at most field or laboratory soil conditions. The purpose of this review is to evaluate different laboratory and in-situ techniques of vadose zone soil solution sampling. This comprehensive review presents and discusses advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, problems and limitations of some of these techniques, proper installation, operation and pretreatment of samplers, interaction of pollutants with sampler materials, and proper selection of samplers under a wide range of potential pollutants measurements to provide a background and guidelines for the evaluation of recent developments.

Effect of high rates of potassium chloride fertiliser on banana leaf conductance, plant growth, nutrient concentration and root death under contrasting watering regimes

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Vimpany ◽  
G. G. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Banana Leaf

Weak root systems, which predispose banana plants with a bunch to topple, are common in the Australian subtropical banana industry. Many banana growers consider the problem could be associated with the use of potassium chloride (KCl) fertiliser under dry soil conditions. We assessed the effect of high rates of KCl on banana leaf abaxial conductance (gab), plant growth including root weights, and whole plant nutrient concentration under a range of watering regimes using banana plants growing in troughs of soil in a glasshouse. The trial factorially combined watering after 15 (W1), 30 (W2), 60 (W3) and 120 (W4) mm evaporation from nearby bins with 4 rates of KCl—78 (T1), 376 (T2), 617 (T3) and 796 (T4) g/m2. At the end of the trial exchangeable potassium on the T4 treatment was 5.8 cmol(+)/kg with 31% of this in the soil solution. A substantial proportion of exchangeable calcium, magnesium and sodium were also displaced into the soil solution. Banana leaf abaxial conductance peaked at 2–2.5 cm/s on the T1 W1 treatment combination, but decreased as soil matric potential decreased or KCl rate increased. The linear relationship for effect of KCl rate on gab indicated that gab was reduced by an average of 80% on the T4 treatment across a wide range of matric potentials. Increasing KCl and withholding irrigation generally had similar effects on the concentration of nutrient elements in the plant. The high concentration of KCl in the soil did not appear to interfere with plant uptake of calcium and magnesium. Plant size was reduced 42% on the T4 treatment, but at harvest most plant components were reduced more by infrequent watering than by the highest KCl rate. Dead root weight as a percentage of total root weight ranged from <30% for combinations of T1 or T2 with W1 or W2 to >50% for other treatment combinations. It was concluded that the interaction of dry soil conditions and reasonable fertiliser application rates was unlikely to contribute greatly to the death of banana roots in the field.

scholarly journals Extensive reduction of surface UV radiation since 1750 in world's populated regions

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 7737-7751 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Kvalev&amp;aring;g ◽  
G. Myhre ◽  
C. E. Lund Myhre
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Ultra Violet Radiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extensive Surface ◽  
Year 2000

Abstract. Human activity influences a wide range of components that affect the surface UV radiation levels, among them ozone at high latitudes. We calculate the effect of human-induced changes in the surface erythemally weighted ultra-violet radiation (UV-E) since 1750. We compare results from a radiative transfer model to surface UV-E radiation for year 2000 derived by satellite observations (from Total Ozone Mapping Spectroradiometer) and to ground based measurements at 14 sites. The model correlates well with the observations; the correlation coefficients are 0.97 and 0.98 for satellite and ground based measurements, respectively. In addition to the effect of changes in ozone, we also investigate the effect of changes in SO2, NO2, the direct and indirect effects of aerosols, albedo changes and aviation-induced contrails and cirrus. The results show an increase of surface UV-E in polar regions, most strongly in the Southern Hemisphere. Furthermore, our study also shows an extensive surface UV-E reduction over most land areas; a reduction up to 20% since 1750 is found in some industrialized regions. This reduction in UV-E over the industrial period is particularly large in highly populated regions.

scholarly journals International Law and International Relations Theory: A New Generation of Interdisciplinary Scholarship

1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Slaughter ◽  
Andrew S. Tulumello ◽  
Stepan Wood
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
Regime Theory ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
American Society ◽  
Interdisciplinary Scholarship ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
Year 2000

Nine years ago, Kenneth Abbott published an article exhorting international lawyers to read and master regime theory, arguing that it had multiple uses for the study of international law. He went as far as to call for a “joint discipline” that would bridge the gap between international relations theory (IR) and international law (IL). Several years later, one of us followed suit with an article mapping the history of the two fields and setting forth an agenda for joint research. Since then, political scientists and international lawyers have been reading and drawing on one another’s work with increasing frequency and for a wide range of purposes. Explicitly interdisciplinary articles have won the Francis Deák Prize, awarded for the best work by a younger scholar in this Journal, for the past two years running; the publication of an interdisciplinary analysis of treaty law in the Harvard International Law Journal prompted a lively exchange on the need to pay attention to legal as well as political details; and the Hague Academy of International Law has scheduled a short course on international law and international relations for its millennial lectures in the year 2000. Further, the American Society of International Law and the Academic Council on the United Nations System sponsor joint summer workshops explicidy designed to bring young IR and IL scholars together to explore the overlap between their disciplines.

scholarly journals The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1125-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Stier ◽  
J. Feichter ◽  
S. Kinne ◽  
S. Kloster ◽  
E. Vignati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Normal Modes ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Extensive Evaluation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Year 2000

Abstract. The aerosol-climate modelling system ECHAM5-HAM is introduced. It is based on a flexible microphysical approach and, as the number of externally imposed parameters is minimised, allows the application in a wide range of climate regimes. ECHAM5-HAM predicts the evolution of an ensemble of microphysically interacting internally- and externally-mixed aerosol populations as well as their size-distribution and composition. The size-distribution is represented by a superposition of log-normal modes. In the current setup, the major global aerosol compounds sulfate (SU), black carbon (BC), particulate organic matter (POM), sea salt (SS), and mineral dust (DU) are included. The simulated global annual mean aerosol burdens (lifetimes) for the year 2000 are for SU: 0.80 Tg(S) (3.9 days), for BC: 0.11 Tg (5.4 days), for POM: 0.99 Tg (5.4 days), for SS: 10.5 Tg (0.8 days), and for DU: 8.28 Tg (4.6 days). An extensive evaluation with in-situ and remote sensing measurements underscores that the model results are generally in good agreement with observations of the global aerosol system. The simulated global annual mean aerosol optical depth (AOD) is with 0.14 in excellent agreement with an estimate derived from AERONET measurements (0.14) and a composite derived from MODIS-MISR satellite retrievals (0.16). Regionally, the deviations are not negligible. However, the main patterns of AOD attributable to anthropogenic activity are reproduced.

scholarly journals Effects of five years of frequent N additions, with or without acidity, on the growth and below-ground dynamics of a young Sitka spruce stand growing on an acid peat: implications for sustainability

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Sheppard ◽  
A. Crossley ◽  
F. J. Harvey ◽  
U. Skiba ◽  
P. Coward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Four Blocks ◽  
S Deposition

Abstract. A field manipulation study was established to demonstrate effects of simulated wet N and S deposition on a young (planted 1986) stand of Sitka spruce growing on a predominantly organic soil in an area of low (8–10 kg N ha-1 yr-1) background N deposition in the Scottish borders. From 1996, treatments (six) were applied to the canopies of ten-tree plots in each of four blocks. N was provided as NH4NO3, either with H2SO4 (pH 2.5) at 48 or 96 kg N ha-1 yr-1 inputs or without, at 48 kg N ha-1 yr-1 along with wet (rain water) and dry controls (scaffolding) and a S treatment (Na2SO4). Positive responses (+ >20% over 5 years) with respect to stem area increment were measured in response to N inputs, irrespective of whether acid was included. The positive response to N was not dose related and was achieved against falling base cation concentrations in the foliage, particularly with respect to K. The results suggest young trees are able to buffer the low nutrient levels and produce new growth when there is sufficient N. Inputs of 96 kg N ha-1 yr-1, in addition to ambient N inputs, on this site exceeded tree demand resulting in elevated foliar N, N2O losses and measurable soil water N. These excessive N inputs did not reduce stem area growth. Keywords: acid, canopy application, nitrogen, acid organic soil, simulated wet deposition, soil water, sulphur, young Sitka spruce

scholarly journals Modelling soil temperature and moisture and corresponding seasonality of photosynthesis and transpiration in a boreal spruce ecosystem

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 6419-6455
Author(s):  
S. H. Wu ◽  
P.-E. Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Ecosystem Model ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Eddy Flux ◽  
Flux Tower ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. Recovery of photosynthesis and transpiration is strongly restricted by low temperatures in air and/or soil during the transition period from winter to spring in boreal zones. The extent to which air temperature (Ta) and soil temperature (Ts) influence the seasonality of photosynthesis and transpiration of a boreal spruce ecosystem was investigated using a process-based ecosystem model (CoupModel) together with eddy covariance (EC) data from one eddy flux tower and nearby soil measurements at Knottåsen, Sweden. A Monte Carlo based uncertainty method (GLUE) provided prior and posterior distributions of simulations representing a wide range of soil conditions and performance indicators. The simulated results showed sufficient flexibility to predict the measured cold and warm Ts in the moist and dry plots around the eddy flux tower. Moreover, the model presented a general ability to describe both biotic and abiotic processes for the Norway spruce stand. The dynamics of sensible heat fluxes were well described the corresponding latent heat fluxes and net ecosystem exchange of CO2. The parameter ranges obtained are probably valid to represent regional characteristics of boreal conifer forests, but were not easy to constrain to a smaller range than that produced by the assumed prior distributions. Finally, neglecting the soil temperature response function resulted in fewer behavioural models and probably more compensatory errors in other response functions for regulating the seasonality of ecosystem fluxes.

scholarly journals Integrated Nitrogen CAtchment model (INCA) applied to a tropical catchment in the Atlantic Forest, São Paulo, Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 614-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ranzini ◽  
M. C. Forti ◽  
P. G. Whitehead ◽  
F. C. S. Arcova ◽  
V. de Cicco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Se Brazil

Abstract. Stream-water flows and in-stream nitrate and ammonium concentrations in a small (36.7 ha) Atlantic Forest catchment were simulated using the Integrated Nitrogen in CAtchments (INCA) model version 1.9.4. The catchment, at Cunha, is in the Serra do Mar State Park, SE Brazil and is nearly pristine because the nearest major conurbations, São Paulo and Rio, are some 450 km distant. However, intensive farming may increase nitrogen (N) deposition and there are growing pressures for urbanisation. The mean-monthly discharges and NO3-N concentration dynamics were simulated adequately for the calibration and validation periods with (simulated) loss rates of 6.55 kg.ha−1 yr−1 for NO3-N and 3.85 kg.ha−1 yr−1 for NH4-N. To investigate the effects of elevated levels of N deposition in the future, various scenarios for atmospheric deposition were simulated; the highest value corresponded to that in a highly polluted area of Atlantic Forest in Sao Paulo City. It was found that doubling the atmospheric deposition generated a 25% increase in the N leaching rate, while at levels approaching the highly polluted São Paulo deposition rate, five times higher than the current rate, leaching increased by 240%, which would create highly eutrophic conditions, detrimental to downstream water quality. The results indicate that the INCA model can be useful for estimating N concentration and fluxes for different atmospheric deposition rates and hydrological conditions.

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