scholarly journals Shared genetic etiology of age of menarche and socioeconomic variables: No evidence for genetic overlap with psychiatric traits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Steppan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Mr Studies ◽  
Genetic Etiology ◽  
Genetic Overlap ◽  
Age Of Menarche ◽  
Shared Genetic

AbstractEarlier research has shown observational associations of early pubertal timing and poor mental health. Mendelian randomization (MR) studies demonstrated a transient effect of pubertal timing on mental health during adolescence, but not later in life. MR studies also showed that there is a likely causal association of pubertal timing with life history traits. However, the strongest causal effects and genetic correlations with age of menarche have been found for Body Mass Index (BMI). As high BMI is associated with lower socioeconomic status and with poor mental health, the shared genetic etiology of socioeconomic status, BMI and poor mental health is not yet fully understood. BMI correlates negatively with socioeconomic status and several mental health outcomes. Despite their substantial genetic overlap, the underlying genetic etiology of these phenotypes remains unclear. In this study we applied Linkage Disequi-librium score regression to test genetic correlations of age of menarche with 33 socioeconomic, life history, social interaction, personality and psychiatric traits, and BMI. We further applied spectral decomposition and hierarchical clustering to the genetic correlation matrix. After controlling for multiple testing, we could only identify significant genetic correlations with BMI and three socioeconomic traits (household income, deprivation and parental longevity). The results suggest that genome-wide association studies on age of menarche also contain socioeconomic information. Future MR studies aiming to test the unconfounded effect of pubertal timing should make sure that genetic instruments have no pleiotropic effect on socioeconomic variables, or (if possible) also control for socioeconomic status on the observational level.

scholarly journals Shared genetic etiology between cortical brain morphology and tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A. Rabinowitz ◽  
Adrian I. Campos ◽  
Jue-Sheng Ong ◽  
Luis M. García-Marín ◽  
Sarael Alcauter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Genetic Etiology ◽  
Genetic Overlap ◽  
Shared Genetic

ABSTRACTGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have independently identified hundreds of genomic regions associated with brain morphology and substance use. However, the genetic overlap between brain structure and substance use has not been characterized. Here we leverage GWAS summary data of 71 brain imaging measures and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use to investigate their genetic overlap using LD score regression. We also used genomic structural equation modeling to model a ‘substance use common genetic factor’ and examined its genetic overlap with brain structure. After accounting for multiple testing, we identified eight significant negative genetic correlations, including between alcoholic drinks per week and average cortical thickness and intracranial volume with the age of smoking initiation; and five positive genetic correlations, including between insula surface area and lifetime cannabis use, and between the common factor with pericalcarine surface area. Our findings highlight a shared genetic etiology between variation in cortical brain morphology and substance use.

scholarly journals Shared Genetic Etiology between Cortical Brain Morphology and Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill A Rabinowitz ◽  
Adrian I Campos ◽  
Jue-Sheng Ong ◽  
Luis M García-Marín ◽  
Sarael Alcauter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Genetic Etiology ◽  
Genetic Overlap ◽  
Shared Genetic

Abstract Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants associated with brain morphology and substance use behaviors (SUB). However, the genetic overlap between brain structure and SUB has not been well characterized. We leveraged GWAS summary data of 71 brain imaging measures and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use to investigate their genetic overlap using linkage disequilibrium score regression. We used genomic structural equation modeling to model a “common SUB genetic factor” and investigated its genetic overlap with brain structure. Furthermore, we estimated SUB polygenic risk scores (PRS) and examined whether they predicted brain imaging traits using the Adolescent Behavior and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. We identified 8 significant negative genetic correlations, including between (1) alcoholic drinks per week and average cortical thickness, and (2) intracranial volume with age of smoking initiation. We observed 5 positive genetic correlations, including those between (1) insula surface area and lifetime cannabis use, and (2) the common SUB genetic factor and pericalcarine surface area. SUB PRS were associated with brain structure variation in ABCD. Our findings highlight a shared genetic etiology between cortical brain morphology and SUB and suggest that genetic variants associated with SUB may be causally related to brain structure differences.

scholarly journals Psychological trauma and the genetic overlap between posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Mundy ◽  
Christopher Hübel ◽  
Joel Gelernter ◽  
Daniel Levey ◽  
Robin M. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Single Episode ◽  
Genetic Overlap

AbstractBackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly reported co-occurring mental health consequences following psychological trauma exposure. The disorders have high genetic overlap. We investigated whether the genetics of PTSD were associated with reported trauma in individuals with MDD. Since trauma is associated with recurrent MDD, we also investigated whether the genetics of PTSD were associated with episode recurrence.MethodsGenetic correlations were estimated between PTSD and MDD in the presence and MDD in the absence of reported exposure to psychological trauma, and recurrent and single-episode MDD, based on genetic data from UK Biobank Mental Health Questionnaire respondents (N=157,358). Genetic correlations were replicated using PTSD data from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and Million Veteran Program. Polygenic risk scores were generated to investigate whether individuals with MDD who have higher genetic risk for PTSD were more likely to report psychological trauma than those with lower genetic risk.ResultsIndividuals with MDD with a higher genetic risk for PTSD were significantly more likely to report exposure to psychological trauma than those with lower risk [OR=1.06 (1.03-1.09) Empricial p<0.001]. PTSD was significantly more genetically correlated with recurrent MDD than with MDD in the absence of reported psychological trauma [rg differences = ∼0.2, p<0.008]. Participants who had experienced recurrent depressive episodes reported significantly higher trauma rates than participants who had experienced a single episode [chisquare>167, p<0.001].ConclusionsGenetic risk for PTSD in individuals with MDD may influence the way in which traumatic life events are perceived, responded to and reported.

scholarly journals The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Distress: A Within and Between Twin Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 312-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine R. Lam ◽  
Jessica Tyler ◽  
Katrina J. Scurrah ◽  
Nicola J. Reavley ◽  
Gillian S. Dite
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Lifestyle Questionnaire ◽  
Psychological Distress Scale ◽  
Distress Scale

AbstractLow socioeconomic status (SES) has been established as a risk factor for poor mental health; however, the relationship between SES and mental health problems can be confounded by genetic and environmental factors in standard regression analyses and observational studies of unrelated individuals. In this study, we used a within-pair twin design to control for unmeasured genetic and environmental confounders in investigating the association between SES and psychological distress. We also employed within–between pair regression analysis to assess whether the association was consistent with causality. SES was measured using the Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD), income and the Australian Socioeconomic Index 2006 (AUSEI06); psychological distress was measured using the Kessler 6 Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Data were obtained from Twins Research Australia’s Health and Lifestyle Questionnaire (2014–2017), providing a maximum sample size of 1395 pairs. Twins with higher AUSEI06 scores had significantly lower K6 scores than their co-twins after controlling for shared genetic and environmental traits (βW [within-pair regression coefficient] = −0.012 units, p = .006). Twins with higher income had significantly lower K6 scores than their co-twins after controlling for familial confounders (βW = −0.182 units, p = .002). There was no evidence of an association between the IRSD and K6 scores within pairs (βW, p = .6). Using a twin design to eliminate the effect of potential confounders, these findings further support the association between low SES and poor mental health, reinforcing the need to address social determinants of poor mental health, in addition to interventions targeted to individuals.

scholarly journals Postpartum mood among universally screened high and low socioeconomic status patients during COVID-19 social restrictions in New York City

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Silverman ◽  
Laudy Burgos ◽  
Zoe I. Rodriguez ◽  
Omara Afzal ◽  
Alyssa Kalishman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
New York ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Future Health

AbstractThe mental health effects of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on postpartum women are of increasing concern among mental health practitioners. To date, only a handful of studies have explored the emotional impact of the pandemic surrounding pregnancy and none have investigated the consequence of pandemic-related social restrictions on the postpartum mood of those living among different socioeconomic status (SES). All postpartum patients appearing to the Mount Sinai Health System for their postpartum appointment between January 2, 2020 and June 30, 2020, corresponding to before and during pandemic imposed social restrictions, were screened for mood symptomatology using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Each patient’s socioeconomic status (high/low) was determined by their location of clinical service. A total of 516 postpartum patients were screened. While no differences in EPDS scores were observed by SES prior to social restrictions (U = 7956.0, z = − 1.05, p = .293), a significant change in mood symptomatology was observed following COVID-19 restrictions (U = 4895.0, z = − 3.48, p < .001), with patients living in lower SES reporting significantly less depression symptomatology (U = 9209.0, z = − 4.56, p < .001). There was no change in symptomatology among patients of higher SES (U = 4045.5, z = − 1.06, p = .288). Postpartum depression, the most common complication of childbearing, is a prevalent, cross-cultural disorder with significant morbidity. The observed differences in postpartum mood between patients of different SES in the context of temporarily imposed COVID-19-related social restrictions present a unique opportunity to better understand the specific health and social support needs of postpartum patients living in urban economic poverty. Given that maternal mental illness has negative long-term developmental implications for the offspring and that poor mental health reinforces the poverty cycle, future health policy specifically directed towards supporting postpartum women living in low SES by ameliorating some of the early maternal burdens associated with balancing employment-family-childcare demands may assist in interrupting this cycle while simultaneously improving the long-term outcomes of their offspring.

scholarly journals Dissecting the genetic overlap of education, socioeconomic status, and mental health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Wendt ◽  
G. A. Pathak ◽  
T. Lencz ◽  
J. H. Krystal ◽  
J. Gelernter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Genetic Overlap ◽  
Genome Wide Data

AbstractSocioeconomic status (SES) and education (EDU) are phenotypically associated with psychiatric disorders and behavior. It remains unclear how these associations influence the genetic risk for mental health traits and EDU/SES individually. Using information from >1 million individuals, we conditioned the genetic risk for psychiatric disorders, personality traits, brain imaging phenotypes, and externalizing behaviors with genome-wide data for EDU/SES. Accounting for EDU/SES significantly affected the observed heritability of psychiatric traits ranging from 2.44% h2 decrease for bipolar disorder to 29.0% h2 decrease for Tourette syndrome. Neuroticism h2 significantly increased by 20.23% after conditioning with SES. After EDU/SES conditioning, novel neuronal cell-types were identified for risky behavior (excitatory), major depression (inhibitory), schizophrenia (excitatory and GABAergic), and bipolar disorder (excitatory). Conditioning with EDU/SES also revealed unidirectional causality between brain morphology and mental health phenotypes. Our results indicate genetic discoveries of mental health outcomes may be limited by genetic overlap with EDU/SES.

scholarly journals Mental Health Crisis 911 Calls, Resources, and Inequality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Frankham
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Mental Health Crisis ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Health Related

WORKING PAPER Is socioeconomic status a predictor of mental health-related 911 calls independent of mental health? Answering this question is important because knowing which factors are associated with mental health-related calls could influence effective resource allocation. I analyze census tract- level data across three cities and find that a lack of financial resources is positively associated with mental health-related calls, independent of poor mental health. I argue that individuals of low socioeconomic status rely on this public safety net more so than affluent individuals, and that this is an under-recognized mechanism by which individuals of low socioeconomic status with mental illness come into contact with police.

scholarly journals Dissecting the shared genetic architecture of suicide attempt, psychiatric disorders and known risk factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh Mullins ◽  
Jooeun Kang ◽  
Adrian I Campos ◽  
Jonathan R I Coleman ◽  
Alexis C Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Genetic Etiology ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Shared Genetic

AbstractSuicide is a leading cause of death worldwide and non-fatal suicide attempts, which occur far more frequently, are a major source of disability and social and economic burden. Both are known to have a substantial genetic etiology, which is partially shared and partially distinct from that of related psychiatric disorders. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 29,782 suicide attempt (SA) cases and 519,961 controls in the International Suicide Genetics Consortium and conditioned the results on psychiatric disorders using GWAS summary statistics, to investigate their shared and divergent genetic architectures. Two loci reached genome-wide significance for SA: the major histocompatibility complex and an intergenic locus on chromosome 7, which remained associated after conditioning and has previously been implicated in risk-taking, smoking, and insomnia. SA showed strong genetic correlation with psychiatric disorders, particularly major depression, and also with smoking, lower socioeconomic status, pain, lower educational attainment, reproductive traits, risk-taking, sleep disturbances, and poorer overall general health. After conditioning, the genetic correlations between SA and psychiatric disorders decreased, whereas those with non-psychiatric traits remained largely unchanged. Our results identify a risk locus that contributes more strongly to SA than other phenotypes and suggest the existence of a shared genetic etiology between SA and known risk factors that is not mediated by psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Disparities in Health Outcomes of Return Migrants in Mexico

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando A. Wilson ◽  
Jim P. Stimpson ◽  
José A. Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Mexican Migration ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Usa

Objective. The epidemiological paradox posits that immigrants in USA experience better health outcomes than nonimmigrants with similar socioeconomic status. However, little is known about the development of health problems over the life course for immigrants who return to their country of origin. Methods. The Mexican Migration Project provides detailed information on immigration, health, and socioeconomic status for 671 unauthorized migrants, 101 legal migrants, and 3,748 nonmigrants. Cox regression estimated the adjusted hazard of developing hypertension, diabetes/prediabetes, poor mental health, and heart and lung problems. Results. Legal immigrants to USA did not have a significantly higher risk of having a self-reported diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, heart or lung problems, or poor mental health compared to nonmigrants. However, the hazard ratio for unauthorized deported immigrants ranged from 2.25 (CI: 1.29–3.93) for diabetes to 4.43 (CI: 2.33–8.40) for poor mental health compared to nonmigrants. Conclusions. Health problems occur several years earlier among unauthorized immigrants compared to individuals who never migrated. Poor access to healthcare services combined with USA lifestyle and working conditions after migration to the USA may contribute to an increased risk for the development of chronic health conditions later in life.

scholarly journals The Effects of Severe and Frequent Back Pain on Mental Health: Does Perceived Socioeconomic Status Matter?

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 399-399
Author(s):  
Christina Mu ◽  
Dylan Jester ◽  
Peggy Cawthon ◽  
Katie Stone ◽  
Soomi Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Pain Severity ◽  
Pain Frequency

Abstract Back pain and mental health are related. The relationship may differ by socioeconomic status (SES); yet, research has not examined the moderating role of perceived SES. We examined if the association between back pain and poor mental health is more pronounced for older men with lower perceived SES. We used a sample of community-dwelling older men (&gt;65yrs) with back pain from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (n=4,035). Participants reported their perceived SES in comparison to others in the community and in the nation (1=lowest—10=highest), back pain severity (mild—severe), and frequency (rarely—all of the time). Mental health was assessed with the 12-item Short Form Health Survey. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic and health covariates. Greater pain severity and higher pain frequency were associated with poorer mental health (p&lt;.001). Only severe pain was associated with poorer mental health (p&lt;.001). Pain ‘some of the time’ (p=.02), ‘most of the time’ (p=.02), and ‘all of the time’ (p=.001) were associated with poorer mental health. Adverse effects of pain were reduced with greater community SES (p&lt;.001 for severe pain; p=.02 for ‘all of the time’ pain frequency) and greater national SES (p=.01 for severe pain; frequency n.s.). Reports of pain were worse for individuals with lower SES. Adverse associations of severe and high frequency back pain with poor mental health are more apparent in older men with lower perceived SES. Where one ranks oneself within their community or nation can influence the pain and mental health link.

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