scholarly journals A GRAB sensor reveals activity-dependent non-vesicular somatodendritic adenosine release

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaofa Wu ◽  
Yuting Cui ◽  
Huan Wang ◽  
Kun Song ◽  
Zhengwei Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Vesicular Release ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Retrograde Signal ◽  
Modulating Functions ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe purinergic signaling molecule adenosine (Ado) modulates many physiological and pathological brain functions,but its spatiotemporal release dynamics in the brain remains largely unknown. We developed a genetically encoded GPCR-Activation–Based Ado sensor (GRABAdo) in which Ado-induced changes in the human A2A receptor are reflected by fluorescence increases. This GRABAdo revealed that neuronal activity-induced extracellular Ado elevation was due to direct Ado release from somatodendritic regions of the neuron, requiring calcium influx through L-type calcium channels, rather than the degradation of extracellular ATP. The Ado release was slow (∼30 s) and depended on equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) rather than conventional vesicular release mechanisms. Thus, GRABAdo reveals an activity-dependent slow Ado release from somatodendritic region of the neuron, potentially serving modulating functions as a retrograde signal.

scholarly journals Microglia monitor and protect neuronal function through specialized somatic purinergic junctions

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 367 (6477) ◽  
pp. 528-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csaba Cserép ◽  
Balázs Pósfai ◽  
Nikolett Lénárt ◽  
Rebeka Fekete ◽  
Zsófia I. László ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purinergic Signaling ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Neuronal Cell Bodies ◽  
Calcium Load ◽  
Neuronal Functions ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Microglia are the main immune cells in the brain and have roles in brain homeostasis and neurological diseases. Mechanisms underlying microglia–neuron communication remain elusive. Here, we identified an interaction site between neuronal cell bodies and microglial processes in mouse and human brain. Somatic microglia–neuron junctions have a specialized nanoarchitecture optimized for purinergic signaling. Activity of neuronal mitochondria was linked with microglial junction formation, which was induced rapidly in response to neuronal activation and blocked by inhibition of P2Y12 receptors. Brain injury–induced changes at somatic junctions triggered P2Y12 receptor–dependent microglial neuroprotection, regulating neuronal calcium load and functional connectivity. Thus, microglial processes at these junctions could potentially monitor and protect neuronal functions.

TEORI KECERDASAN, PENDIDIKAN ANAK, DAN KOMUNIKASI DALAM KELUARGA

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muskinul Fuad
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Howard Gardner ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Family ◽  
Education Today ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spatial Logics

The education system in Indonesia emphasize on academic intelligence, whichincludes only two or three aspects, more than on the other aspects of intelligence. For thatreason, many children who are not good at academic intelligence, but have good potentials inother aspects of intelligence, do not develop optimally. They are often considered and labeledas "stupid children" by the existing system. This phenomenon is on the contrary to the theoryof multiple intelligences proposed by Howard Gardner, who argues that intelligence is theability to solve various problems in life and produce products or services that are useful invarious aspects of life.Human intelligence is a combination of various general and specific abilities. Thistheory is different from the concept of IQ (intelligence quotient) that involves only languageskills, mathematical, and spatial logics. According to Gardner, there are nine aspects ofintelligence and its potential indicators to be developed by each child born without a braindefect. What Gardner suggested can be considered as a starting point to a perspective thatevery child has a unique individual intelligence. Parents have to treat and educate theirchildren proportionally and equitably. This treatment will lead to a pattern of education that isfriendly to the brain and to the plurality of children’s potential.More than the above points, the notion that multiple intelligences do not just comefrom the brain needs to be followed. Humans actually have different immaterial (spiritual)aspects that do not refer to brain functions. The belief in spiritual aspects and its potentialsmeans that human beings have various capacities and they differ from physical capacities.This is what needs to be addressed from the perspective of education today. The philosophyand perspective on education of the educators, education stakeholders, and especially parents,are the first major issue to be addressed. With this step, every educational activity andcommunication within the family is expected to develop every aspect of children'sintelligence, especially the spiritual intelligence.

scholarly journals (Ascorb)ing Pb Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1311
Author(s):  
Faraz Ahmad ◽  
Ping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Developmental Exposure ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Pb Exposure ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potent Therapeutic Agent

Lead (Pb) neurotoxicity is a major concern, particularly in children. Developmental exposure to Pb can alter neurodevelopmental trajectory and has permanent neuropathological consequences, including an increased vulnerability to further stressors. Ascorbic acid is among most researched antioxidant nutrients and has a special role in maintaining redox homeostasis in physiological and physio-pathological brain states. Furthermore, because of its capacity to chelate metal ions, ascorbic acid may particularly serve as a potent therapeutic agent in Pb poisoning. The present review first discusses the major consequences of Pb exposure in children and then proceeds to present evidence from human and animal studies for ascorbic acid as an efficient ameliorative supplemental nutrient in Pb poisoning, with a particular focus on developmental Pb neurotoxicity. In doing so, it is hoped that there is a revitalization for further research on understanding the brain functions of this essential, safe, and readily available vitamin in physiological states, as well to justify and establish it as an effective neuroprotective and modulatory factor in the pathologies of the nervous system, including developmental neuropathologies.

Simulation of sports movement training based on machine learning and brain-computer interface

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Linuo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Joint Learning ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Movement Training ◽  
Practical Effect ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
The Brain

Injuries and hidden dangers in training have a greater impact on athletes ’careers. In particular, the brain function that controls the motor function area has a greater impact on the athlete ’s competitive ability. Based on this, it is necessary to adopt scientific methods to recognize brain functions. In this paper, we study the structure of motor brain-computer and improve it based on traditional methods. Moreover, supported by machine learning and SVM technology, this study uses a DSP filter to convert the preprocessed EEG signal X into a time series, and adjusts the distance between the time series to classify the data. In order to solve the inconsistency of DSP algorithms, a multi-layer joint learning framework based on logistic regression model is proposed, and a brain-machine interface system of sports based on machine learning and SVM is constructed. In addition, this study designed a control experiment to improve the performance of the method proposed by this study. The research results show that the method in this paper has a certain practical effect and can be applied to sports.

Effects of the SNAP25 on Integration Ability of Brain Functions in Children With ADHD

2020 ◽  
pp. 108705472096456
Author(s):  
Yue Yang ◽  
Gang Peng ◽  
Hongwu Zeng ◽  
Diangang Fang ◽  
Linlin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Lingual Gyrus ◽  
Window Method ◽  
Central Gyrus ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effects of SNAP25 on the integration ability of intrinsic brain functions in children with ADHD, and whether the integration ability was associated with working memory (WM). Methods: A sliding time window method was used to calculate the spatial and temporal concordance among five rs-fMRI regional indices in 55 children with ADHD and 20 healthy controls. Results: The SNAP25 exhibited significant interaction effects with ADHD diagnosis on the voxel-wise concordance in the right posterior central gyrus, fusiform gyrus and lingual gyrus. Specifically, for children with ADHD, G-carriers showed increased voxel-wise concordance in comparison to TT homozygotes in the right precentral gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus. The voxel-wise concordance was also found to be related to WM. Conclusion: Our findings provided a new insight into the neural mechanisms of the brain function of ADHD children.

scholarly journals Emergence Of Consciousness And Qualia From A Complex Brain

Folia Medica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
Jakob Korf
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
General System ◽  
Resolution Power ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Higher Brain Functions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Qualia are private conscious experiences of which the associated feelings can be reported to other people. Whether qualia are amenable to scientific exploration has often been questioned, which is challenged by the present article. The following arguments are given: 1. the configuration of the brain changes continuously and irreversibly, because of genetic and environmental influences and interhuman communication; 2. qualia and consciousness are processes, rather than states; 3. private feelings, including those associated with qualia, should be positioned in the context of a personal brain as being developed during life; 4. consciousness and qualia should be understood in the context of general system theory, thus concluding that isolated, in vitro, properties of neurons and other brain constituents might marginally contribute to the understanding of higher brain functions, mind or qualia; 5. current in vivo approaches have too little resolution power - in terms of space and time - to delineate individual and subjective brain processes. When subtle personalized properties of the nervous system can be assessed in vivo or in vitro, qualia can scientifically be investigated. We discuss some approaches to overcome these barriers.

scholarly journals Proteomic insights into synaptic signaling in the brain: the past, present and future

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yalan Xu ◽  
Xiuyue Song ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Yin Wang ◽  
Peifeng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Synaptic Signaling ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Data Independent Acquisition ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Neural Communication ◽  
Chemical Synapses ◽  
The Brain

AbstractChemical synapses in the brain connect neurons to form neural circuits, providing the structural and functional bases for neural communication. Disrupted synaptic signaling is closely related to a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In the past two decades, proteomics has blossomed as a versatile tool in biological and biomedical research, rendering a wealth of information toward decoding the molecular machinery of life. There is enormous interest in employing proteomic approaches for the study of synapses, and substantial progress has been made. Here, we review the findings of proteomic studies of chemical synapses in the brain, with special attention paid to the key players in synaptic signaling, i.e., the synaptic protein complexes and their post-translational modifications. Looking toward the future, we discuss the technological advances in proteomics such as data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS), cross-linking in combination with mass spectrometry (CXMS), and proximity proteomics, along with their potential to untangle the mystery of how the brain functions at the molecular level. Last but not least, we introduce the newly developed synaptomic methods. These methods and their successful applications marked the beginnings of the synaptomics era.

Finite Difference Time Domain Simulations of Hybrid Neurotransducers Based Optical Microlasers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Manzo ◽  
Omar Cavazos
Keyword(s):  
Finite Difference ◽  
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Numerical Technique ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Living Matter ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Laser Modes ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Different pathologies such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Wilson’s diseases, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy due to blasts and impacts affect the brain functions altering the neuronal electrical activity. An important aspect of the brain study is the use of non-invasive, non-surgical methodologies that are suitable to the well-being of the patients. Only a portion of the electromagnetic field can be detected by applying sensors outside the scalp; in addition, surgery is often involved if sensors are applied in the subcutaneous region of the skull. Optical techniques applied to biomedical research and diagnostics have been spread during the last decades. For example, near infrared light (NIR) of spectral range goes from 800 nm to 1300 nm, it is harmless radiation for the living tissue, and can penetrate the living matter in depth as, it turns out that most of the living matter is transparent to the NIR light. Optical microlasers have been recently proposed as neurotransducers for minimally invasive neuron activity detection for the next generation of brain-computer interface (BCI) systems. They are lightweight, require low power consumption and exhibit low latency. This novel sensor that can be made of biocompatible material is coupled with a voltage sensitive dye; the fluorescence of the dye, which is excited by an external light source, is used to generate optical (laser) modes. Any variation in the neurons’ membrane electric potential via evanescent field’s perturbation turn affect the shifting of these laser modes. In order to reduce the energy required to power these devices and to improve their optical emission, metal nanoparticles can be coupled in order to use their plasmonic effect. In this paper, finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) numerical technique is used to analyze the performances on a dye-doped microlaser. Purcell effect and resonant wavelengths are observed.

Mortal Body, Immortal Mind

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Hans Goller
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Body Experiences ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Near Death Experiences ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Alternative Theories

Neuroscientists keep telling us that the brain produces consciousness and consciousness does not survive brain death because it ceases when brain activity ceases. Research findings on near-death-experiences during cardiac arrest contradict this widely held conviction. They raise perplexing questions with regard to our current understanding of the relationship between consciousness and brain functions. Reports on veridical perceptions during out-of-body experiences suggest that consciousness may be experienced independently of a functioning brain and that self-consciousness may continue even after the termination of brain activity. Data on studies of near-death-experiences could be an incentive to develop alternative theories of the body-mind relation as seen in contemporary neuroscience.

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