scholarly journals Leaf shape and size variation in bur oaks: An empirical study and simulation of sampling strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara C Desmond ◽  
Mira Garner ◽  
Seamus Flannery ◽  
Alan T Whittemore ◽  
Andrew L Hipp
Keyword(s):  
Total Variation ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Site Variation ◽  
Bur Oak

PREMISE: Oaks are notoriously variable in leaf morphology, but little is known regarding the partial contributions of climate, population, latitude, and individual tree to total variation in leaf morphology. This study examines the contributions of within-tree, among-tree, and among-site variation to the total variation in leaf morphology in bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), one of North America's most geographically widespread oak species. METHODS: Samples were collected from four sites each at northern, central, and southern latitudes of the bur oak range. Ten leaf size traits were measured, and variance in these traits and eight ratios was partitioned into tree, population, and latitude components. We then parameterized a series of leaf collections simulations using empirical covariance among leaves on trees and trees at sites. KEY RESULTS: Leaf size measurements were highly responsive to latitude. Site contributed more than tree to total variation in leaf morphology. Simulations suggest that power to detect among-site variance in leaf morphology can be estimated most efficiently with increases in either leaves per tree (10-11 leaves from each of 5 trees) or trees per site (5 leaves from each of 10+ trees). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the utility of both simulating sampling and controlling for variance in sampling for leaf morphology, whether the questions being addressed are ecological, evolutionary, or taxonomic. Simulation code is provided to help researchers plan sampling strategies to maximize the ability to detect among-site variance in leaf morphology.

scholarly journals Identification of Vietnamese Paphiopedilum Species Using Vegetative Morphology

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Huyen- Trang Vu ◽  
My-Huyen Bui ◽  
Quoc-Luan Vu ◽  
Thanh-Diem Nguyen ◽  
Hop Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
The One ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
First Time ◽  
Efficient Recognition

Background: Discrimination of Paphiopedilum species using floral morphology has been used effectively and commonly due to distinct features of their reproductive parts. Most classification references also focus on description of flower morphology and structure. Nevertheless species preservation meets great problems when illegal trading plants are mostly at non-flowered or plantlet stages. Molecular approaches have been applied and obtained highly precise results but spent time and could not rate 100% of resolution over the genus. Thus, quickly identification using only vegetative characteristics would be an efficient support for other distinguishing methods and a remarkable contribution to the detection and prevention of Paphiopedilum ilicit sales. Aims: In this research we aimed to describe in details leaf features of Paphiopedilum species in Vietnam serving for quick and easy discriminating species without flower present or laboratory techniques. Study Design:  Observed variables based on qualitative features of leaf shape, color, vein feature, thickness, toughness and quantitative features of leaf size were saved and organized using Microsoft Excel 2010. Place and Duration of Study: Tay Nguyen Institute for Scientific Research, Agricultural Genetics Institute, between November 2018 and November 2019. Methodology: We minutely analyzed the leaf morphology of nineteen species and two variants which belongs to Vietnamese Paphiopedilum population in an order manner from parameters that easiest to be realized to the less clearly traits for the most efficient recognition even to the one who is not botanist. Results: 16 out of 20 species were identified using leaf morphology. This rate was up to 100% when combining morphological and molecular methods without the present of their flowers. An artificial key to genus Paphiopedilum using the vegetative details was first time established. Conclusion: Leaf morphology can be effectively used as the first step for identifying Paphiopedilum species. Our results provided useful tool in severally or in combination with molecular methods in biodiversity and commercial management of these valuable species.

scholarly journals Light-induced indeterminacy alters shade avoiding tomato leaf morphology

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Ravi Kumar ◽  
Aashish Ranjan ◽  
Julie Pelletier ◽  
Brad Townsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Canonical Pathways ◽  
Induced Changes

Plants sense foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall leaf area and leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, described. Using a meta-analysis of >18,000 previously published leaflet outlines, we demonstrate that shade avoidance alters leaf shape in domesticated tomato and wild relatives. The effects of shade avoidance on leaf shape are subtle with respect to individual traits, but are combinatorially strong. We then seek to describe the developmental origins of shade-induced changes in leaf shape by swapping plants between light treatments. Leaf size is light-responsive late into development, but patterning events, such as stomatal index, are irrevocably specified earlier. Observing that shade induces increases in shoot apical meristem size, we then describe gene expression changes in early leaf primordia and the meristem using laser microdissection. We find that in leaf primordia shade avoidance is not mediated through canonical pathways described in mature organs, but rather the expression of KNOX and other indeterminacy genes, altering known developmental pathways responsible for patterning leaf shape. We also demonstrate that shade-induced changes in leaf primordium gene expression largely do not overlap with those found in successively initiated leaf primordia, providing evidence against classic hypotheses that shaded leaf morphology results from prolonged production of juvenile leaf types.

scholarly journals Leaf shape and size variation in bur oaks: an empirical study and simulation of sampling strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara C. Desmond ◽  
Mira Garner ◽  
Seamus Flannery ◽  
Alan T. Whittemore ◽  
Andrew L. Hipp
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Shape And Size

Phenotypic variation of Chinese aspens and their relationships to similar taxa in Europe and North America

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton V. Barnes ◽  
Fuqing Han
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Central China ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
North Central ◽  
Polymorphic Species

Morphological variation of leaves and pubescence of buds and shoots from Chinese aspen taxa (sect. Populus of Populus) were studied and compared with those of North American aspens. Data were analyzed for 648 clones from 19 Provinces of Chinese aspen taxa identified on herbarium specimens as P. bonatii Gomb., P. davidiana Dode, P. rotundifolia Griff. var. bonatii Gomb., P. rotundifolia Griff. var. duclouxiana (Dode) Gomb., and P. tremula L. In addition, data from field collections of intact shoots of 137 clones of P. davidiana (Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Shaanxi Provinces) and from 821 clones of P. tremula from Europe were also analyzed. Leaf morphology of herbarium specimens identified as P. davidiana, the most widely distributed Chinese taxon, varied markedly among populations, especially between northern and southwestern China. Clones of P. davidiana from northern and northwestern China were markedly different from those of the P. rotundifolia complex of southwestern China. However, clones identified as P. davidiana from southwestern China were similar to those of P. rotundifolia in leaf shape, number of teeth, and pubescence; they differed only in leaf size. Striking within- and among-population differences were found for field collections of P. davidiana in northeast China. Buds and seasonally determinate shoots of P. davidiana were glabrous in northeast and north-central China; pubescence increased markedly to the southwest. Buds and shoots of clones of the P. rotundifolia complex and P. tremula were predominantly pubescent. The Eurasian aspen taxa are enormously polymorphic in leaf morphology and pubescence; clinal variation along geographic gradients in China, Japan, and Europe are pronounced. Based on studies to date, we would tend to recognize P. davidiana and P. rotundifolia as races of P. tremula. It may be that in all of Eurasia there is but a single, highly polymorphic species, viz. P. tremula. Key words: aspens, China, Eurasia, Populus, morphology, systematics.

scholarly journals Small-scale variations in leaf shape under anthropogenic disturbance in dioecious forest forb mercurialis perennis: A geometric morphometric examination

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vukica Vujic ◽  
Luka Rubinjoni ◽  
Sara Selakovic ◽  
Dragana Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Shape And Size

Plants are exposed to increasing levels of diverse human activities that have profound effects on their overall morphology and, specifically, on leaf morphology. Anthropogenic disturbances in urban and suburban forest recreational sites are attracting growing research interest. To explore the persisting recreational impact on leaf shape and size, we conducted a field study on the dioecious forb Mercurialis perennis L. (Euphorbiaceae), typical for undisturbed understory communities. We selected adjacent sites in a suburban forest, which experience contrasting regimes of disturbance by human trampling under otherwise concordant natural conditions. Patterns of leaf shape and size variation and putative sex-specific response to disturbance were analyzed using a geometric morphometric approach. In addition to leaf-level data, plant height, internode and leaf number were analyzed to explore the same response at the whole-plant level. The results show significant variations associated with disturbance at both levels: plants growing under a heavy disturbance regime had shorter stems with a greater number of wider and shorter leaves. Significant differences between sites were also found for leaf size, with larger leaves observed in an undisturbed site. The effects of sex and sex x site interaction on leaf size and shape were nonsignificant, pointing to the absence of sexual dimorphism and sex-specific response to disturbance. Contrary to leaf shape and size, all three analyzed shoot traits showed highly significant sexual dimorphism, with male plants being higher and having higher leaf and internode count.

Gemmae in Tetralophozia setiformis (Anastrophyllaceae, Marchantiophyta) and their second record in Eurasia

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
M. V. Dulin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Northern Urals ◽  
Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Murmansk Region

Tetralophozia setiformis is a widespread species occurring usually without organs of sexual and asexual reproduction. Gemmae of Tetralophozia setiformis were observed for the second time in Russia and Eurasia in the Northern Urals, Komi Republic. They form compact masses over upper leaves. The compact masses consist largely (70 %) of immature gemmae. Description of gemmae and gemmiparous shoots from the Northern Urals and their comparison with those from the other known localities, namely British Columbia (Canada) and the Murmansk Region (European Russia) were carried out. The gemmiparous plants of T. setiformis from the Northern Urals have approximately the same width as plants without gemmae but they are shorter. The leaves of gemmiparous plants from the Northern Urals are similar to leaves of gemmiparous plants from British Columbia. The leaf shape in upper part of the gemmiparous shoots varies from the typical to ± modified from gemmae production. These leaf shape transitions include reduction of leaf size and lobe number from 4 to 2–3, suppression of development and disappearance of characteristic teeth at the base of sinus. Gemmae size (17 × 22 μm) of plants from the Northern Urals is within variability recorded for plants from the Murmansk Region and British Columbia.

The impact of leaf shape on the feeding preference of insect herbivores: experimental and field studies with Capsella and Phyllotreta

1996 ◽  
Vol 351 (1348) ◽  
pp. 1671-1677 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Flea Beetles ◽  
Shape Effects ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
The Impact

Leaves display an enormous array of sizes and shapes. Although these attributes appear to have evolved primarily in response to abiotic conditions in the plant’s habitat, the importance of insect herbivores as additional selective agents is still poorly understood. A necessary requirem ent for leaf size and shape to evolve in response to attack by insects is that insects must respond to and/or be affected by, leaf morphology. We tested leaf-shape preferences in adult flea beetles ( Phyllotreta spp.) feeding on the highly variable rosette leaves of Capsella bursa-pastoris . Contrary to theoretical expectation (Brown & Lawton 1991), leaves with deeply lobed margins were more intensely damaged, both in field-collected and experimental plants. In two ancillary experiments with Capsella , we found that Spodoptera caterpillars showed no preferences for leaf shape, but that adult vine weevils ( Otiorhynchus sulcatus ) did, preferring (as predicted), undivided over divided leaves. We conclude that Brown & Law ton’s (1991) hypothesis is at best weakly supported by laboratory data for vine weevils, refuted by laboratory data for Spodoptera , and consistently refuted by both laboratory and field data for flea beetles. Although the experiment tried to reduce confounding variables to a minimum, interpretation was complicated by correlations between leaf shape and other developmental parameters of the plants, and highlights the difficulty of disentangling leaf-shape effects from other confounding factors.

Salacia fugax, an elusive new South American Salacioideae (Celastraceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 317 (4) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIO ANTONIO LOMBARDI ◽  
MARCELA SERNA GONZÁLEZ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New South ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Fruit Size And Shape

A new South American species of Salacia (Celastraceae, Salacioideae) found in Colombia and Venezuela, Salacia fugax Lombardi & M.Serna is described here. It is characterized by its indument, small long acuminate leaves with short petioles, branched inflorescences, flowers with an annular-pulvinate disk, and small pyriform fruits. This new species resembles S. mennegana J.Hedin ex Lombardi and S. opacifolia (J.F.Macbr.) A.C.Sm. by its short petioles, leaf shape, slender branched inflorescence, perianth form, and similar disc, but S. fugax differs by its hairs, leaf size and apex, calyx, and fruit size and shape.

scholarly journals Leaf shape is a predictor of fruit quality and cultivar performance in tomato

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Rowland ◽  
Kristina Zumstein ◽  
Hokuto Nakayama ◽  
Zizhang Cheng ◽  
Amber M. Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Tomato Crop

SummaryCommercial tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most widely grown vegetable crops worldwide. Heirloom tomatoes retain extensive genetic diversity and a considerable range of fruit quality and leaf morphological traits.Here the role of leaf morphology was investigated for its impact on fruit quality. Heirloom cultivars were grown in field conditions and BRIX by Yield (BY) and other traits measured over a fourteen-week period. The complex relationships among these morphological and physiological traits were evaluated using PLS-Path Modeling, and a consensus model developed.Photosynthesis contributed strongly to vegetative biomass and sugar content of fruits but had a negative impact on yield. Conversely leaf shape, specifically rounder leaves, had a strong positive impact on both fruit sugar content and yield. Cultivars such as Stupice and Glacier, with very round leaves, had the highest performance in both fruit sugar and yield. Our model accurately predicted BY for two commercial cultivars using leaf shape data as input.This study revealed the importance of leaf shape to fruit quality in tomato, with rounder leaves having significantly improved fruit quality. This correlation was maintained across a range of diverse genetic backgrounds and shows the importance of leaf morphology in tomato crop improvement.

scholarly journals To the question of the origin of the cultural assortment   of Dagestan apricots through assessing the variability   of leaf morphological characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
D. M. Anatov ◽  
Z. M. Аsadulaev ◽  
R. M. Osmanov ◽  
K. I. Akhmedova
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Mahalanobis Distances ◽  
Traditional Cultivars ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Degree Of Similarity

Aim. The paper presents the results of assessment of the indigenous nature and  degree of similarity of apricot cultivars growing in the collection of the Mountain  Botanical Garden, Gunib, Dagestan, Russia based on a comparative analysis of the  variability of leaf morphological characteristics.   Material and Methods. The material assessed consisted of 33 apricot cultivars of  various ecological and geographical origins aggregated in the following groups: (a)  Dagestan – traditional cultivars; (b) Moscow ‐ selection from the Tsytsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences based on wild forms of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; (c) European and (d) Asian ‐ from Central Asia, Tajikistan, China  and Altai.   Results. The closeness of Dagestan and European varieties in comparison with Asian  and Moscow varieties was shown. Most Dagestan (16 of 19) and European varieties  have round‐shaped leaves (leaf shape index 80‐ 100%), while those from Asia and  the Moscow Botanical Garden have leaves which are elongated elliptical and oval  (60‐80%). Using the method of principal component analysis (PCA), it was established that most cultivars of Dagestan origin have similar leaf shapes and sizes, of  which Tlama kurak (wide‐round), Hekobarsh (elongated) were distinguished by leaf  shape and Esdelik by leaf size.   Conclusion. Based on a discriminant analysis (Squared Mahalanobis Distances), it  was found that the indices of indicators of leaf attributes (width/length of leaf lamina; petiole length/length of lamina; apex angle/corner of leaf base) are more reliable criteria for differentiating apricot varieties into ecological and geographical  groups than their morphological characteristics.  

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