scholarly journals Light-induced indeterminacy alters shade avoiding tomato leaf morphology

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Ravi Kumar ◽  
Aashish Ranjan ◽  
Julie Pelletier ◽  
Brad Townsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Canonical Pathways ◽  
Induced Changes

Plants sense foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall leaf area and leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, described. Using a meta-analysis of >18,000 previously published leaflet outlines, we demonstrate that shade avoidance alters leaf shape in domesticated tomato and wild relatives. The effects of shade avoidance on leaf shape are subtle with respect to individual traits, but are combinatorially strong. We then seek to describe the developmental origins of shade-induced changes in leaf shape by swapping plants between light treatments. Leaf size is light-responsive late into development, but patterning events, such as stomatal index, are irrevocably specified earlier. Observing that shade induces increases in shoot apical meristem size, we then describe gene expression changes in early leaf primordia and the meristem using laser microdissection. We find that in leaf primordia shade avoidance is not mediated through canonical pathways described in mature organs, but rather the expression of KNOX and other indeterminacy genes, altering known developmental pathways responsible for patterning leaf shape. We also demonstrate that shade-induced changes in leaf primordium gene expression largely do not overlap with those found in successively initiated leaf primordia, providing evidence against classic hypotheses that shaded leaf morphology results from prolonged production of juvenile leaf types.

scholarly journals Vein-to-blade ratio is an allometric indicator of climate-induced changes in grapevine leaf size and shape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Joey Mullins ◽  
Zoë Migicovsky ◽  
Margaret Frank ◽  
Robert VanBuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Blade Area ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Induced Changes

ABSTRACTPremiseAs a leaf expands, its shape dynamically changes. Previously, we documented an allometric relationship between vein and blade area in grapevine leaves. Larger leaves have a smaller ratio of primary and secondary vein area relative to blade area compared to smaller leaves. We sought to use allometry as an indicator of leaf size to measure the environmental effects of climate on grapevine leaf morphology.MethodsWe measure the ratio of vein-to-blade area in 8,412 leaves from the same 208 vines across four growing seasons (2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017) using 21 homologous landmarks. Matching leaves by vine and node, we correlate size and shape of grapevine leaves with climate variables.Key resultsVein-to-blade ratio varies strongly between years in ways that blade or vein area do not. Maximum daily temperature and to a lesser degree precipitation are the most strongly correlated climate variables with vein-to-blade ratio, indicating that smaller leaves are associated with heat waves and drought. Leaf count and overall leaf area of shoots and the vineyard population studied also diminish with heat and drought. Grapevine leaf primordia initiate in buds the year prior to when they emerge, and we find that climate during the previous growing season exerts the largest statistical effects over these relationships.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the profound effects of heat and drought on the vegetative morphology of grapevines and show that vein-to-blade ratio is a strong allometric indicator of the effects of climate on grapevine leaf morphology.

scholarly journals Uncovering Potential Roles of Differentially Expressed Genes, Upstream Regulators, and Canonical Pathways in Endometriosis Using an In Silico Genomics Approach

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Zeenat Mirza ◽  
Umama A. Abdel-dayem
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cell Cycle Checkpoint ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Checkpoint Control ◽  
Canonical Pathways

Endometriosis is characterized by ectopic endometrial tissue implantation, mostly within the peritoneum, and affects women in their reproductive age. Studies have been done to clarify its etiology, but the precise molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology remain unclear. We downloaded genome-wide mRNA expression and clinicopathological data of endometriosis patients and controls from NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus, after a systematic search of multiple independent studies comprising 156 endometriosis patients and 118 controls to identify causative genes, risk factors, and potential diagnostic/therapeutic biomarkers. Comprehensive gene expression meta-analysis, pathway analysis, and gene ontology analysis was done using a bioinformatics-based approach. We identified 1590 unique differentially expressed genes (129 upregulated and 1461 downregulated) mapped by IPA as biologically relevant. The top upregulated genes were FOS, EGR1, ZFP36, JUNB, APOD, CST1, GPX3, and PER1, and the top downregulated ones were DIO2, CPM, OLFM4, PALLD, BAG5, TOP2A, PKP4, CDC20B, and SNTN. The most perturbed canonical pathways were mitotic roles of Polo-like kinase, role of Checkpoint kinase proteins in cell cycle checkpoint control, and ATM signaling. Protein–protein interaction analysis showed a strong network association among FOS, EGR1, ZFP36, and JUNB. These findings provide a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanism of endometriosis, identified biomarkers, and represent a step towards the future development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic options.

scholarly journals Identification of Vietnamese Paphiopedilum Species Using Vegetative Morphology

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Huyen- Trang Vu ◽  
My-Huyen Bui ◽  
Quoc-Luan Vu ◽  
Thanh-Diem Nguyen ◽  
Hop Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
The One ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
First Time ◽  
Efficient Recognition

Background: Discrimination of Paphiopedilum species using floral morphology has been used effectively and commonly due to distinct features of their reproductive parts. Most classification references also focus on description of flower morphology and structure. Nevertheless species preservation meets great problems when illegal trading plants are mostly at non-flowered or plantlet stages. Molecular approaches have been applied and obtained highly precise results but spent time and could not rate 100% of resolution over the genus. Thus, quickly identification using only vegetative characteristics would be an efficient support for other distinguishing methods and a remarkable contribution to the detection and prevention of Paphiopedilum ilicit sales. Aims: In this research we aimed to describe in details leaf features of Paphiopedilum species in Vietnam serving for quick and easy discriminating species without flower present or laboratory techniques. Study Design:  Observed variables based on qualitative features of leaf shape, color, vein feature, thickness, toughness and quantitative features of leaf size were saved and organized using Microsoft Excel 2010. Place and Duration of Study: Tay Nguyen Institute for Scientific Research, Agricultural Genetics Institute, between November 2018 and November 2019. Methodology: We minutely analyzed the leaf morphology of nineteen species and two variants which belongs to Vietnamese Paphiopedilum population in an order manner from parameters that easiest to be realized to the less clearly traits for the most efficient recognition even to the one who is not botanist. Results: 16 out of 20 species were identified using leaf morphology. This rate was up to 100% when combining morphological and molecular methods without the present of their flowers. An artificial key to genus Paphiopedilum using the vegetative details was first time established. Conclusion: Leaf morphology can be effectively used as the first step for identifying Paphiopedilum species. Our results provided useful tool in severally or in combination with molecular methods in biodiversity and commercial management of these valuable species.

Phenotypic variation of Chinese aspens and their relationships to similar taxa in Europe and North America

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton V. Barnes ◽  
Fuqing Han
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Central China ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
North Central ◽  
Polymorphic Species

Morphological variation of leaves and pubescence of buds and shoots from Chinese aspen taxa (sect. Populus of Populus) were studied and compared with those of North American aspens. Data were analyzed for 648 clones from 19 Provinces of Chinese aspen taxa identified on herbarium specimens as P. bonatii Gomb., P. davidiana Dode, P. rotundifolia Griff. var. bonatii Gomb., P. rotundifolia Griff. var. duclouxiana (Dode) Gomb., and P. tremula L. In addition, data from field collections of intact shoots of 137 clones of P. davidiana (Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Shaanxi Provinces) and from 821 clones of P. tremula from Europe were also analyzed. Leaf morphology of herbarium specimens identified as P. davidiana, the most widely distributed Chinese taxon, varied markedly among populations, especially between northern and southwestern China. Clones of P. davidiana from northern and northwestern China were markedly different from those of the P. rotundifolia complex of southwestern China. However, clones identified as P. davidiana from southwestern China were similar to those of P. rotundifolia in leaf shape, number of teeth, and pubescence; they differed only in leaf size. Striking within- and among-population differences were found for field collections of P. davidiana in northeast China. Buds and seasonally determinate shoots of P. davidiana were glabrous in northeast and north-central China; pubescence increased markedly to the southwest. Buds and shoots of clones of the P. rotundifolia complex and P. tremula were predominantly pubescent. The Eurasian aspen taxa are enormously polymorphic in leaf morphology and pubescence; clinal variation along geographic gradients in China, Japan, and Europe are pronounced. Based on studies to date, we would tend to recognize P. davidiana and P. rotundifolia as races of P. tremula. It may be that in all of Eurasia there is but a single, highly polymorphic species, viz. P. tremula. Key words: aspens, China, Eurasia, Populus, morphology, systematics.

scholarly journals Leaf shape and size variation in bur oaks: An empirical study and simulation of sampling strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara C Desmond ◽  
Mira Garner ◽  
Seamus Flannery ◽  
Alan T Whittemore ◽  
Andrew L Hipp
Keyword(s):  
Total Variation ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Simulation Code ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Site Variation ◽  
Bur Oak

PREMISE: Oaks are notoriously variable in leaf morphology, but little is known regarding the partial contributions of climate, population, latitude, and individual tree to total variation in leaf morphology. This study examines the contributions of within-tree, among-tree, and among-site variation to the total variation in leaf morphology in bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), one of North America's most geographically widespread oak species. METHODS: Samples were collected from four sites each at northern, central, and southern latitudes of the bur oak range. Ten leaf size traits were measured, and variance in these traits and eight ratios was partitioned into tree, population, and latitude components. We then parameterized a series of leaf collections simulations using empirical covariance among leaves on trees and trees at sites. KEY RESULTS: Leaf size measurements were highly responsive to latitude. Site contributed more than tree to total variation in leaf morphology. Simulations suggest that power to detect among-site variance in leaf morphology can be estimated most efficiently with increases in either leaves per tree (10-11 leaves from each of 5 trees) or trees per site (5 leaves from each of 10+ trees). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the utility of both simulating sampling and controlling for variance in sampling for leaf morphology, whether the questions being addressed are ecological, evolutionary, or taxonomic. Simulation code is provided to help researchers plan sampling strategies to maximize the ability to detect among-site variance in leaf morphology.

Microarray reveals positive effects of green and black tea polyphenols on TNF[alpha]-induced changes of gene expression

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husna Zulkipli ◽  
Norita Salim ◽  
Gabriele Anisah Froemming ◽  
Aletza Mohd Ismail ◽  
Hapizah Nawawi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Tea Polyphenols ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Black Tea Polyphenols ◽  
Green And Black Tea ◽  
Induced Changes

Gemmae in Tetralophozia setiformis (Anastrophyllaceae, Marchantiophyta) and their second record in Eurasia

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
M. V. Dulin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Northern Urals ◽  
Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Murmansk Region

Tetralophozia setiformis is a widespread species occurring usually without organs of sexual and asexual reproduction. Gemmae of Tetralophozia setiformis were observed for the second time in Russia and Eurasia in the Northern Urals, Komi Republic. They form compact masses over upper leaves. The compact masses consist largely (70 %) of immature gemmae. Description of gemmae and gemmiparous shoots from the Northern Urals and their comparison with those from the other known localities, namely British Columbia (Canada) and the Murmansk Region (European Russia) were carried out. The gemmiparous plants of T. setiformis from the Northern Urals have approximately the same width as plants without gemmae but they are shorter. The leaves of gemmiparous plants from the Northern Urals are similar to leaves of gemmiparous plants from British Columbia. The leaf shape in upper part of the gemmiparous shoots varies from the typical to ± modified from gemmae production. These leaf shape transitions include reduction of leaf size and lobe number from 4 to 2–3, suppression of development and disappearance of characteristic teeth at the base of sinus. Gemmae size (17 × 22 μm) of plants from the Northern Urals is within variability recorded for plants from the Murmansk Region and British Columbia.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document