scholarly journals Learning can be detrimental for a parasitic wasp

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Bertoldi ◽  
Gabriele Rondoni ◽  
Ezio Peri ◽  
Eric Conti ◽  
Jacques Brodeur
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Evolutionary Trap ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
First Case ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Foraging Decisions ◽  
Telenomus Podisi

AbstractAnimals have evolved the capacity to learn, and the conventional view is that learning allows individuals to improve foraging decisions. We describe a first case of maladaptive learning where a parasitoid learns to associate chemical cues from an unsuitable host, thereby re-enforcing a reproductive cul-de-sac (evolutionary trap). Telenomus podisi parasitizes eggs of the exotic stink bug Halyomorpha halys at the same rate as eggs of its coevolved host, Podisus maculiventris, but the parasitoid cannot complete its development in the exotic species. We hypothesized that T. podisi learns to exploit cues from this non-coevolved species, thereby increasing unsuccessful parasitism rates. We conducted bioassays to compare the responses of naïve vs. experienced parasitoids on chemical footprints left by one of the two host species. Both naïve and experienced females showed a higher response to footprints of P. maculiventris than of H. halys. Furthermore, parasitoids that gained an experience on H. halys significantly increased their residence time within the arena and the frequency of re-encounter with the area contaminated by chemical cues. Maladaptive learning in the T. podisi - H. halys association is expected to further decrease parasitoid reproductive success and have consequences for population dynamics of sympatric native and exotic host species.

scholarly journals Learning can be detrimental for a parasitic wasp

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0238336
Author(s):  
Valeria Bertoldi ◽  
Gabriele Rondoni ◽  
Ezio Peri ◽  
Eric Conti ◽  
Jacques Brodeur
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Halyomorpha Halys ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Evolutionary Trap ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Foraging Decisions ◽  
Telenomus Podisi

Animals have evolved the capacity to learn, and the conventional view is that learning allows individuals to improve foraging decisions. The parasitoid Telenomus podisi has been shown to parasitize eggs of the exotic stink bug Halyomorpha halys at the same rate as eggs of its coevolved host, Podisus maculiventris, but the parasitoid cannot complete its development in the exotic species. We hypothesized that T. podisi learns to exploit cues from this non-coevolved species, thereby increasing unsuccessful parasitism rates. We conducted bioassays to compare the responses of naïve vs. experienced parasitoids on chemical footprints left by one of the two host species. Both naïve and experienced females showed a higher response to footprints of P. maculiventris than of H. halys. Furthermore, parasitoids that gained an experience on H. halys significantly increased their residence time within the arena and the frequency of re-encounter with the area contaminated by chemical cues. Hence, our study describes detrimental learning where a parasitoid learns to associate chemical cues from an unsuitable host, potentially re-enforcing a reproductive cul-de-sac (evolutionary trap). Maladaptive learning in the T. podisi—H. halys association could have consequences for population dynamics of sympatric native and exotic host species.

scholarly journals Host density predicts the probability of parasitism by avian brood parasites

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1769) ◽  
pp. 20180204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliana Medina ◽  
Naomi E. Langmore
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
First Time ◽  
Determining Factor

The spatial distribution of hosts can be a determining factor in the reproductive success of parasites. Highly aggregated hosts may offer more opportunities for reproduction but can have better defences than isolated hosts. Here we connect macro- and micro-evolutionary processes to understand the link between host density and parasitism, using avian brood parasites as a model system. We analyse data across more than 200 host species using phylogenetic comparative analyses and quantify parasitism rate and host reproductive success in relation to spatial distribution using field data collected on one host species over 6 years. Our comparative analysis reveals that hosts occurring at intermediate densities are more likely to be parasitized than colonial or widely dispersed hosts. Correspondingly, our intraspecific field data show that individuals living at moderate densities experience higher parasitism rates than individuals at either low or high densities. Moreover, we show for the first time that the effect of host density on host reproductive success varies according to the intensity of parasitism; hosts have greater reproductive success when living at high densities if parasitism rates are high, but fare better at low densities when parasitism rates are low. We provide the first evidence of the trade-off between host density and parasitism at both macro- and micro-evolutionary scales in brood parasites. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

Diversity, distribution and parasitism rates of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera) on sigmodontine rodents (Cricetidae) from Argentinian Patagonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sanchez ◽  
M. Lareschi
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Parasitism Rate ◽  
Host Environment ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Causative Agents

AbstractFleas have great medical relevance as vectors of the causative agents of several diseases in animals and humans and rodents are the principal reservoirs for these pathogens. Argentinian Patagonia has the highest diversity of rodent fleas in South America. However, parasitism rates of rodents by fleas, the factors that influence them and the ecological aspects that modulate geographical distributions of flea–host association remain unknown for this region. This is the first study to record the diversity, prevalence, abundance, geographical distributions and host ranges of fleas in Argentinian Patagonia. It also compares parasitism rates among Patagonian ecoregions and host species. We captured 438 rodents belonging to 13 species, which harboured 624 fleas from 11 species and subspecies (P = 46%; mean abundance = 1.44). The high parasitism rates obtained were consistent with previous records for other arid regions, suggesting that Patagonia favours the survival and development of Siphonaptera. Host geographic range and abundance were related to the parasitological indexes: host species with high-density populations had the highest mean flea abundance and prevalence, whereas widely distributed hosts had the highest richness and diversity of flea species. Our results contribute to the knowledge of the flea–host–environment complex. Our analysis of flea distributions and parasitism rate in Central Patagonia may be useful in epidemiological studies of flea-borne diseases and provide a basis for implementing surveillance systems for better risk assessment of emerging zoonoses in the region.

scholarly journals Selectivity of pesticides registered for soybean crop on Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo Zantedeschi ◽  
Anderson Dionei Grützmacher ◽  
Juliano de Bastos Pazini ◽  
Flávio Amaral Bueno ◽  
Larissa Longaray Machado
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Trissolcus Basalis ◽  
Glufosinate Ammonium ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Telenomus Podisi ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

ABSTRACT The use of pesticides in the soybean crop may impair the biological control, if the products are not selective to Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis, which are important stink bug egg parasitoids. This study aimed to assess the selectivity of 15 pesticides registered for soybean crop on adults of T. podisi and T. basalis. Three laboratory bioassays were performed, totaling 18 treatments, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The insecticides (g or mL of a.i.) imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin (0.25 + 0.03), deltamethrin (0.06), thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.27 + 0.35), acephate (1.87) and fenitrothion (1.25) are harmful to both parasitoids species. Flubendiamide (1.20), diflubenzuron (2.00), Bacillus thuringiensis (0.08) and lufenuron (0.12) are innocuous to both parasitoids. The fungicides azoxystrobin + flutriafol (0.31 + 0.31), trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (0.37 + 0.44), pyraclostrobin + metconazole (0.33 + 0.12) and trifloxystrobin + cyproconazole (0.94 + 0.40) are innocuous to T. podisi, but slightly harmful to T. basalis. The herbicides glufosinate ammonium salt (0.50) and glyphosate isopropylamine salt (1.20) are innocuous to both parasitoids.

scholarly journals Effects of Essential Oils from Two Species of Piperaceae on Parasitized and Unparasitized Eggs of Oebalus insularis (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) by Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1901400
Author(s):  
Bruno Zachrisson ◽  
Ana Santana ◽  
Mahabir Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Insect Eggs ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽  
Telenomus Podisi ◽  
Rice Stink Bug

Biological control of Oebalus insularis eggs is considered an important strategy in the control of this rice “stink bug”. Effects of essential oils (EOs) from Piper jacquemontianum Kunth and Piper marginatum Jacq. (Piperaceae) on the viability of parasitized and unparasitized eggs by Telenomus podisi, in concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0%, were evaluated. EOs from both species at a concentration of 2% affected the development of embryons of O. insularis as well as of T. podisi after 24 and 48h of their administration. In both species, P. jacquemontanium and P. marginatum LC50, 24 h before the application of treatments on eggs of O. insularis was 3.835 y 3.037, respectively. LC50 after 48 h of treatment with EOs showed contrasting results which varied from 2.207 and 1.811. for P. jacquemontianum and P. marginatum, respectively. LC50 calculated before 24 h in parasitized eggs of O. insularis by T. podisi, was 3.037 and 2.171 for P. jacquemontianum y P. marginatum, respectively, while after 48h of treatment it was 1.166 y 1.935, respectively. Absorption of the EO components by the unparasitized and parasitized eggs of O. insularis by T. podisi was higher after 48 h of exposition. This is due to the longer exposure time, which allows higher penetration of the EOs into the interior of insect eggs by microscopic pores and micropyle.

Chemical cues modulating electrophysiological and behavioural responses in the parasitic wasp Cotesia sesamiae

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tamiru ◽  
T.J.A. Bruce ◽  
C.M. Woodcock ◽  
M.A. Birkett ◽  
C.A.O. Midega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Test Dose ◽  
Olfactometer Bioassay ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Cotesia Sesamiae ◽  
Crop Pests ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Electrophysiological Activity ◽  
Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles

A better understanding of the chemical cues employed by parasitoids to locate their herbivore hosts will contribute towards effective exploitation of parasitoids as biological control agents against damaging crop pests. The current study was conducted to establish key bioactive compounds mediating behavioural response in the parasitic wasp Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron, 1906) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by employing electrophysiological techniques and behavioural studies. Electroantennogram (EAG) recording with synthetic equivalents of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) using C. sesamiae confirmed that 13 compounds elicited electrophysiological activity. In an olfactometer bioassay, only (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)-β-farnesene, and (E,E)-4,8,-trimethyl-1,3,7-tridecatetraene elicited behavioural responses from the parasitoid when tested individually at a natural dose, while (R)-linalool and (E)-caryophyllene were attractive at the highest test dose. Other EAG-active HIPVs were not attractive either at lower or higher concentrations, suggesting their role as blend components rather than functioning as attractants by themselves. In contrast, nine-component synthetic HIPV blends formulated in the same ratio and concentration as in a natural sample was as attractive as the original headspace sample. By providing further insights into maize–stemborer–parasitoid tritrophic interactions, results from this study will help in selecting crop cultivars emitting appropriate HIPVs to attract natural enemies and perhaps repel damaging crop pests.

scholarly journals Selectivity of Insecticides Against Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) on Corn

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elidiane Feltrin-Campos ◽  
Marcos Gino Fernandes ◽  
Gabrielle de Lima Masson ◽  
Thaís Araujo Corrêa ◽  
José Fernando Jurca Grigolli
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Biological Trait ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Euschistus Heros ◽  
Telenomus Podisi

Use of synthetic insecticides remains main control strategy for percevejo-marrom (Euschistus heros) in corn. However, indiscriminate use of these products can have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Thus, incorporation of bio-agents like Telenomus podisi a preferred option in corn pest management. Study was conductedto evaluate the effects of insecticides application on T. podisi mortality rates, the number of eggs parasitized by the F0 generation, and number of emergent F1 parasitoids. The insecticides tested were: imidacloprid+bifenthrin, bifenthrin+carbosulfan, thiametoxam+lambda-cyhalothrin, acephate, bifenthrin, and imidacloprid at the highest concentrations indicated for corn. Each insecticide was classified according to its selectivity, based on the methodology proposed by IOBC/WPRS. Only imidacloprid did not affect parasitoid survival however the parasitism rates of F0 females, were affected, classifying this product as slightly harmful for this biological trait. Regarding parasitoid emergence (F1), thiametoxam+lambda-cyhalothrin was classified as moderately harmful, while bifenthrin+carbosulfan and bifenthrin were considered harmful, no parasitism occurred. Thus the evaluated insecticides were classified as slightly harmful to the parasitoid T. podisi under laboratory conditions for the biological characteristics evaluated. Further studies under semi-field and field conditions are needed in order to confirm these toxicity levels on T. podisi.

scholarly journals Emerging Hantaviruses in Central Argentina: first case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome caused by Alto Paraguay Virus and a novel orthohantavirus in Scapteromys aquaticus rodent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla M Bellomo ◽  
Daniel Alonso ◽  
Tamara Ricardo ◽  
Rocío Coelho ◽  
Sebastián Kehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Central Argentina ◽  
First Case ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

AbstractOrthohantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne pathogens that cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in humans. They have a wide range of rodent reservoir hosts and are transmitted to humans through aerosolized viral particles generated by the excretions of infected individuals. Since the first description of HPS in Argentina, new hantaviruses have been reported throughout the country, most of which are pathogenic to humans.We present here the first HPS case infected with Alto Paraguay virus reported in Argentina. Until now, Alto Paraguay virus was considered a non-pathogenic orthohantavirus since it was identified in a rodent, Hollochilus chacarius. In addition to this, with the goal of identifying potential hantavirus host species in the province of Santa Fe, we finally describe a novel orthohantavirus found in the native rodent Scapteromys aquaticus, which differed from other hantaviruses described in the country so far.Our findings implicate an epidemiological warning regarding these new orthohantaviruses circulating in Central Argentina as well as new rodent species that must be considered as hosts from now on.

scholarly journals Emerging hantaviruses in Central Argentina: First case of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome caused by Alto Paraguay virus, and a novel orthohantavirus in Scapteromys aquaticus rodent

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0009842
Author(s):  
Carla Bellomo ◽  
Daniel Oscar Alonso ◽  
Tamara Ricardo ◽  
Rocío Coelho ◽  
Sebastián Kehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
Central Argentina ◽  
First Case ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Orthohantaviruses are emerging rodent-borne pathogens that cause Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in humans. They have a wide range of rodent reservoir hosts and are transmitted to humans through aerosolized viral particles generated by the excretions of infected individuals. Since the first description of HPS in Argentina, new hantaviruses have been reported throughout the country, most of which are pathogenic to humans. We present here the first HPS case infected with Alto Paraguay virus reported in Argentina. Until now, Alto Paraguay virus was considered a non-pathogenic orthohantavirus since it was identified in a rodent, Holochilus chacarius. In addition to this, with the goal of identifying potential hantavirus host species in the province of Santa Fe, we finally describe a novel orthohantavirus found in the native rodent Scapteromys aquaticus, which differed from other hantaviruses described in the country so far. Our findings implicate an epidemiological warning regarding these new orthohantaviruses circulating in Central Argentina as well as new rodent species that must be considered as hosts from now on.

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