Abstract
Background
Symmetry is a sign of physiological and healthy movements, as pathologies are often described by increased asymmetries. Nevertheless, based on precisely measured data, even healthy individuals will show small asymmetries in their movements. However, so far there do not exist commonly accepted methods and reference values for gait symmetry in a healthy collective. Therefore, a comparison and presentation of reference values calculated by 3 different methods of symmetry indices for lower limb joint angles during walking, ascending, and descending stairs were shown.
Methods
Thirty-five healthy participants were analyzed during walking, ascending, and descending stairs with the help of the inertial measurement system MyoMotion. Using the normalized symmetry index (SInorm), the symmetry index (SI) as the integral of the symmetry function, and another normalized symmetry index (NSI), the symmetry of joint angles was evaluated. For statistical evaluation of differences, repeated measurement models and Bland–Altman-Plots were used.
Results
Apart from a bias between the symmetry indices, they were comparable in the predefined limits of 5%. For all parameters, significantly higher asymmetry was found for ankle dorsi/-plantarflexion, compared with the hip and knee flexion. Moreover, the interaction effect of the joint and movement factors was significant, with an increased asymmetry of the hip and knee during descending stairs greater than while ascending stairs or walking, but a reduced symmetry of the ankle during walking when compared to descending. The movement only showed significant effects when analyzing the SInorm.
Conclusion
Even for healthy individuals, small asymmetries of movements were found and presented as reference values using 3 different symmetry indices for dynamic lower limb joint angles during 3 different movements. For the quantification of symmetrical movements differences between the joints, movements, and especially their interaction, are necessary to be taken into account. Moreover, a bias between the methods should be noted. The potential for each presented symmetry index to identify pathological movements or track a rehabilitation process was shown but has to be proven in further research.
Trial registration: DRKS00025878.
Confirmatory evidence that healthy individuals can adaptively adjust prior expectations and interoceptive precision estimates
