scholarly journals Universal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and utility in the immunodiagnosis of Salmonellosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel A Justiz-Vaillant ◽  
Belkis Ferrer-Cosme ◽  
Suzette Curtello
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Bacterial Proteins ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Igg Binding ◽  
The Family ◽  
Infectious Microorganism ◽  
Egg Yolks ◽  
Immunoglobulin Binding

AbstractThe aims of this research are confirming the feasibility of hybrid immunoglobulin-binding reagents, its used in ELISAs for IgG/IgY detection and detecting specific antibodies against an infectious microorganism (Salmonella spp) in various animal species using a universal diagnostic ELISA. Hybrid immunoglobulin-binding bacterial proteins (IBP) including recombinant protein LA, recombinant protein LG, and recombinant protein AG have been produced for improvement of their binding affinity to a much larger number of immunoglobulins. This hybrid bacterial protein thus represents a powerful tool for binding, detection, and purification of immunoglobulins and their fragments. However, SpLA-LG-peroxidase and SpLAG-anti-IgY-peroxidase were produced by the periodate method. They have shown to be effective reagents. Their binding affinity to immunoglobulins surpasses previous hybrid IgG-binding proteins reported, including the most known SpAG, SpLA and SpLG. The IgY fraction was isolated from the egg yolks of a variety of birds including species of chicken, bantam hen, guinea hen, quail, goose, duck, wild and domestic pigeon, parakeet, cattle egret, pheasant, and ostrich. The IgY fraction was isolated by the chloroform-polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. An ELISA for anti-Salmonella spp antibodies was employed with some modifications to determine the presence of antibodies in humans, laying hens, geese, quails, and pigeons. Salmonella are motile, flagellated rod-shaped zoonotic pathogens which may survive with or without oxygen. They belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is implicated with typhoid fever and food-borne illnesses. This pathogen is associated with several diseases, which may become fatal and negatively impact the health of individuals and various economies globally. The poultry industry is most impacted and vulnerable to the onslaught of this pernicious microbe.

Preparation and use of immunoglobulin-binding affinity supports on Emphaze beads

1995 ◽  
Vol 691 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg T. Hermanson ◽  
Gloria R. Mattson ◽  
Randall I. Krohn
Keyword(s):  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Immunoglobulin Binding

scholarly journals Evaluating the risk of contracting salmonellosis from egg yolk "parmesan" based on water activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianna Vuu ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Helen Heacock
Keyword(s):  
Water Activity ◽  
Intrinsic Factor ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Minimum Amount ◽  
P Value ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Egg Yolks ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Treatment Step

Background: Egg yolk parmesan recipes have been gaining popularity since 2015. Most recipes include a heat treatment step which would kill egg-associated pathogens such as salmonella, however a significant number of recipes do not; resulting in a higher risk of salmonella growth and thus higher potential to cause food borne illness. Methods: Salt-curing affects an intrinsic factor called water activity (Aw). At 0.93 Aw or below salmonella is unable to grow. This study measured the minimum amount of time required for the salt curing process to inhibit the growth of salmonella. To achieve this batches of egg yolk parmesan were made using varying curing durations and then the water activity of the finished product was measured. A one sample t-test statistical analysis was conducted to determine if, with 99% confidence, the water activity of yolks cured for the chosen duration can reliably reduce water activity below 0.93. Results: The minimum amount of time required for the water activity to decrease below 0.93 was 24 hours. Results were as follows: N = 39; the p-value is 0.0000000 and the power is 1.0000000. Conclusion: This is strong evidence to suggest that large grade A chicken egg yolks cured in a 74% kosher salt and 26% white granulated sugar mixture for 24 hours at refrigeration temperature will have a water activity below 0.93. Therefore, it can be concluded that curing for 24 hours will inhibit potential salmonella growth.  

Hepatitis E virus

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Meng
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Efficient Cell Culture System ◽  
The Family ◽  
Avian Hev ◽  
Animal Strains

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-strand, positive-sense RNA virus of approximately 7.2 kb in size. HEV is classified in the family Hepeviridae consisting of four recognized major genotypes that infect humans and other animals. Genotypes 1 and 2 HEV are restricted to humans and often associated with large outbreaks and epidemics in developing countries with poor sanitation conditions, whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV infect humans, pigs and other animal species and are responsible for sporadic cases of hepatitis E in both developing and industrialized countries. The avian HEV associated with Hepatitis-Splenomegaly syndrome in chickens is genetically and antigenically related to mammalian HEV, and likely represents a new genus in the family. There exist three open reading frames in HEV genome: ORF1 encodes non-structural proteins, ORF2 encodes the capsid protein, and the ORF3 encodes a small phosphoprotein. ORF2 and ORF3 are translated from a single bicistronic mRNA, and overlap each other but neither overlaps ORF1. Due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system and a practical animal model for HEV, the mechanisms of HEV replication and pathogenesis are poorly understood. The recent identification and characterization of animal strains of HEV from pigs and chickens and the demonstrated ability of cross-species infection by these animal strains raise potential public health concerns for zoonotic HEV transmission. It has been shown that the genotypes 3 and 4 HEV strains from pigs can infect humans, and vice versa. Accumulating evidence indicated that hepatitis E is a zoonotic disease, and swine and perhaps other animal species are reservoirs for HEV. A vaccine against HEV is not yet available.

scholarly journals The veterinary perspective of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
N. Lawal ◽  
A.B. Onoja
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Virus Entry ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Epidemiological Trend ◽  
The Family ◽  
Epidemiological Trends ◽  
And Control ◽  
Severe Respiratory Illness

Coronaviridae is a family of RNA viruses responsible for two previous epidemics of viral pneumonia and related illnesses: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in 2002 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in 2012. The current COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a new member of the family Coronaviridae, named SARS-CoV-2 which emerged in December, 2019 in Wuhan, China. Infected persons present with severe respiratory illness including pneumonia. There have been reports of confirmed cases in different animal species that became infected with SARS-CoV-2, suggesting possible reverse zoonosis. In this review, we discussed the origin, biology, genome organization, replication and virus entry into host cells, immune mechanisms, epidemiological trends, prevention and control strategies employed in combating the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19, Epidemiological trend, Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2

scholarly journals Enteroviruses from Humans and Great Apes in the Republic of Congo: Recombination within Enterovirus C Serotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inestin Amona ◽  
Hacène Medkour ◽  
Jean Akiana ◽  
Bernard Davoust ◽  
Mamadou Lamine Tall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
Human Feces ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
The Family ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
The Republic

Enteroviruses (EVs) are viruses of the family Picornaviridae that cause mild to severe infections in humans and in several animal species, including non-human primates (NHPs). We conducted a survey and characterization of enteroviruses circulating between humans and great apes in the Congo. Fecal samples (N = 24) of gorillas and chimpanzees living close to or distant from humans in three Congolese parks were collected, as well as from healthy humans (N = 38) living around and within these parks. Enteroviruses were detected in 29.4% of gorilla and 13.15% of human feces, including wild and human-habituated gorillas, local humans and eco-guards. Two identical strains were isolated from two humans coming from two remote regions. Their genomes were similar and all genes showed their close similarity to coxsackieviruses, except for the 3C, 3D and 5′-UTR regions, where they were most similar to poliovirus 1 and 2, suggesting recombination. Recombination events were found between these strains, poliovirus 1 and 2 and EV-C99. It is possible that the same EV-C species circulated in both humans and apes in different regions in the Congo, which must be confirmed in other investigations. In addition, other studies are needed to further investigate the circulation and genetic diversity of enteroviruses in the great ape population, to draw a definitive conclusion on the different species and types of enteroviruses circulating in the Republic of Congo.

scholarly journals Genetic characterisation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from poultry in Cairo, Egypt

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdel-Maksoud ◽  
Rania Abdel-Khalek ◽  
Atef El-Gendy ◽  
Rawia F. Gamal ◽  
Hemmat M. Abdelhady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Integrase Gene ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Egg Yolks ◽  
Health And Economic Development ◽  
Resistance Rates

Background: Food-borne diseases pose serious health problems, affecting public health and economic development worldwide.Methods: Salmonella was isolated from samples of chicken parts, skin samples of whole chicken carcasses, raw egg yolks, eggshells and chicken faeces. Resulting isolates were characterised by serogrouping, serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Antibiotic resistance genes and integrons were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: The detection rates of Salmonella were 60%, 64% and 62% in chicken parts, skin, and faeces, respectively, whereas the egg yolks and eggshells were uniformly negative. Salmonella Kentucky and S. Enteritidis serotypes comprised 43.6% and 2.6% of the isolates, respectively, whilst S. Typhimurium was absent. Variable resistance rates were observed against 16 antibiotics; 97% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, 96% to nalidixic acid and tetracycline and 76% to ampicillin. Multidrug resistance was detected in 82% (64/78) of the isolates and ESBL production was detected in 8% (6/78). The β-lactamase blaTEM-1 gene was detected in 57.6% and blaSHV-1 in 6.8% of the isolates, whilst the blaOXA gene was absent. The sul1gene was detected in 97.3% and the sul2 gene in 5.3% of the isolates. Sixty-four of the 78 isolates (82%) were positive for the integrase gene (int I) from class 1 integrons, whilst int II was absent.Conclusion: This study reveals the presence of an alarming number of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates in the local poultry markets in Cairo. The high levels of drug resistance suggest an emerging problem that could impact negatively on efforts to prevent and treat poultry and poultry-transmitted human diseases in Egypt.

scholarly journals HABITAT USE STRATEGY OF VERTEBRATES IN AN EMERGING NATURE RESERVE

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-80
Author(s):  
A. L.A. SHOTUYO ◽  
O. A. JAYEOLA ◽  
I. A. AYODELE
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Control

The habitat use strategy of vertebrates in Alabata Strict Nature Reserve was studied. Twenty (20) sample plots of 25m x 25m (0.062ha) were laid at random over the total area of the study site for data collection. King Census and Line Transect methods were modified for this study using direct and indirect modes of wildlife stock assessment for an accurate collection of data due to the dense nature of the vegetation in some areas. One hundred and twenty-one vertebrate species, belonging to fifty-six families were recorded. Twenty-seven families were represented by just a single species each, while thirteen families had two species each. The family Colubridae was represented by ten species, while Rattudae and  Sciuridae had a single species respectively. Birds were the most encountered (more than 60%) followed by mammals (more than 20%) while the Order Reptalia constitutes the remaining (less than 20%). Food and cover requirements abound in the study area, which explains the availability of a variety of fauna species. There is a strong association between the environmental variables and animal species thus; distribution, performance and survival of the species are directly influenced by these variables. The Principal component analysis and Ordination shows that the ecosystem of the study site is not stable yet. This can be observed from the clustering of the animal species together in an attempt to make the best use of the environment. The maintenance of a healthy ecosystem is largely dependent on its management and control of activities of man and animals.  

scholarly journals Drawing as a Periphery in Architectural Learning

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Leonor ◽  
◽  
Madeira Rodrigues ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
The Family ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Main Engine ◽  
The Way

The conquest of a dominant place over the members of the same race, with the result of using the power such a place allows and having the acceptance of the other members for being the leaders is a characteristic of the adult relationship between almost all animal species. The former time of childhood was dedicated to the imitation of the adults and to the experimenting of behaviors, or, in other words, learning and playing. Humberto Maturama believes that humans are, in behavioral tenns, an exception, as the time of childhood is extended throughout most adult life, which defines us humans as a neotenic race, and with the use of other behaviors, we have transformed what is the usual master/slave relation of adult members from other races. Like this, the family in the way we live it, becomes a human-invented structure that implies relationships between its members which are bounded by mutual trust and love. Mutatis mutandis we spend our life repeating relationships that use the same pattern. In this way, love would be the main engine of evolution and also our greatest invention.

Autoimmunity to glomerular antigens in Henoch—Schoenlein nephritis

1992 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. O'Donoghue ◽  
F. Jewkes ◽  
R. J. Postlethwaite ◽  
F. W. Ballardie
Keyword(s):  
Iga Nephropathy ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Antibody Binding ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glomerular Injury ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Igg Binding ◽  
Immunoglobulin Binding

1. Henoch—Schoenlein nephritis and IgA nephropathy share clinical and immunological features, but the pathogenesis of neither condition is established. We have recently described IgG autoantibodies to glomerular components in active IgA nephropathy and have now sought evidence for a similar autoimmune component in Henoch—Schoenlein purpura. 2. Sera from 26 patients with Henoch—Schoenlein nephritis and six patients with Henoch—Schoenlein purpura without accompanying nephritis were studied and compared with sera from 20 patients with other forms of glomerulonephritis and 40 normal subjects. E.l.i.s.a.s were developed to detect IgA and IgG binding to the ligand from whole human glomeruli previously described, laminin, DNA, cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) and a panel of dietary constituents (BSA, α-caesin, β-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin and wheat gliadin). 3. Sera from 16 of the 26 patients with Henoch—Schoenlein nephritis displayed increased IgG binding to the human glomerular extract compared with the normal control group (P<0.001), whereas IgG binding was not significantly raised in the patients with Henoch—Schoenlein purpura without evidence of renal involvement. IgA binding was not raised compared with control subjects. Serum IgA and IgG binding to other potential autoantigens or antigens present on dietary constituents was not significantly different in patients with Henoch—Schoenlein nephritis or patients with Henoch—Schoenlein purpura without nephritis compared with control subjects. 4. Western blotting of the denatured and reduced glomerular extract revealed binding of IgG, from the sera of patients with active Henoch—Schoenlein nephritis, to glomerular components of Mr 48000 and 58000, similar to the Mr of the glomerular antigens identified in IgA nephropathy. Immunoglobulin binding was shown to be specific antibody binding using F(ab')2 fragments from the IgG fraction of e.l.i.s.a.-positive sera. 5. Clinical associations showed in 10 of 11 patients with Henoch—Schoenlein nephritis whose sera were studied in remission: IgG antiglomerular antibody binding fell to within the normal range (P<0.05). 6. These results demonstrate an autoimmune component in Henoch—Schoenlein nephritis, and the close temporal relationship with active nephritis implies that this may be a critical component in the pathogenesis of glomerular injury. The absence of specific antibody, or non-specific immunoglobulin binding, to any of the range of dietary constituents or other putative autoantigens tested suggests that polyclonal B-cell activation is not an important feature of Henoch—Schoenlein nephritis.

scholarly journals Characterization of Bacterial Drug Antiporters Homologous to Mammalian Neurotransmitter Transporters

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (21) ◽  
pp. 7518-7525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyal Vardy ◽  
Sonia Steiner-Mordoch ◽  
Shimon Schuldiner
Keyword(s):  
Halobacterium Salinarum ◽  
Major Facilitator Superfamily ◽  
Control Measurement ◽  
Multidrug Transporters ◽  
Bacterial Proteins ◽  
Distinct Cluster ◽  
The Family ◽  
Major Facilitator ◽  
Dependent Transport

ABSTRACT Multidrug transporters are ubiquitous proteins, and, based on amino acid sequence similarities, they have been classified into several families. Here we characterize a cluster of archaeal and bacterial proteins from the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). One member of this family, the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) was previously shown to remove both neurotransmitters and toxic compounds from the cytoplasm, thereby conferring resistance to their effects. A BLAST search of the available microbial genomes against the VMAT sequence yielded sequences of novel putative multidrug transporters. The new sequences along with VMAT form a distinct cluster within the dendrogram of the MFS, drug-proton antiporters. A comparison with other proteins in the family suggests the existence of a potential ion pair in the membrane domain. Three of these genes, from Mycobacterium smegmatis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, and Halobacterium salinarum, were cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The proteins conferred resistance to fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol (at concentrations two to four times greater than that of the control). Measurement of antibiotic accumulation in cells revealed proton motive force-dependent transport of those compounds.

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