scholarly journals Racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality across Michigan, United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa S. Parpia ◽  
Abhishek Pandey ◽  
Isabel Martinez ◽  
Abdulrahman M. El-Sayed ◽  
Chad R. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Systemic Racism ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Mortality Burden ◽  
Comorbidity Burden ◽  
The Us ◽  
Black Populations

AbstractBlack populations in the US are disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, but the increased mortality burden after accounting for health and demographic characteristics is not well understood. We evaluated COVID-19 mortality in Michigan using individual-level death certificate and surveillance data from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services from March 16 to October 26, 2020. Among the 6,065 COVID-19-related deaths, Black individuals experienced 3.6 times the mortality rate as White individuals. Black individuals under 65 years without comorbidities had a mortality rate 12.6 times that of their White counterparts. After accounting for age, sex, and comorbidities, we found that Black individuals in all strata are at higher risk of COVID-19 mortality than their White peers. We demonstrate that inequities in mortality are driven by ongoing systemic racism, as opposed to comorbidity burden or older age, and further highlight how underlying disparities across the race are compounded in crises.

scholarly journals Leading cancers contributing to educational disparities in cancer mortality in the US, 2017

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana R. Withrow ◽  
Neal D. Freedman ◽  
James T. Gibson ◽  
Mandi Yu ◽  
Anna M. Nápoles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
High School ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Bachelor's Degree ◽  
Educational Disparities ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Death Certificate Data ◽  
The Us

Abstract Purpose To inform prevention efforts, we sought to determine which cancer types contribute the most to cancer mortality disparities by individual-level education using national death certificate data for 2017. Methods Information on all US deaths occurring in 2017 among 25–84-year-olds was ascertained from national death certificate data, which include cause of death and educational attainment. Education was classified as high school or less (≤ 12 years), some college or diploma (13–15 years), and Bachelor's degree or higher (≥ 16 years). Cancer mortality rate differences (RD) were calculated by subtracting age-adjusted mortality rates (AMR) among those with ≥ 16 years of education from AMR among those with ≤ 12 years. Results The cancer mortality rate difference between those with a Bachelor's degree or more vs. high school or less education was 72 deaths per 100,000 person-years. Lung cancer deaths account for over half (53%) of the RD for cancer mortality by education in the US. Conclusion Efforts to reduce smoking, particularly among persons with less education, would contribute substantially to reducing educational disparities in lung cancer and overall cancer mortality.

Enhancing measurement in health outcomes research supported by Agencies within the US Department of Health and Human Services

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (S1) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryce B. Reeve ◽  
Laurie B. Burke ◽  
Yen-pin Chiang ◽  
Steven B. Clauser ◽  
Lisa J. Colpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Outcomes Research ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Health And Human Services ◽  
Health Outcomes Research ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Us

Should Blood Lead Screening Recommendations Be Revised?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Birt Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Universal Screening ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Consensus Conference ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Blood Lead Screening

In October 1991, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended blood lead (BPb) screening for virtually all 1-year-old children and, preferably, for all 2-year-old children as well.1 In April 1993, the US Department of Health and Human Services distributed guidelines recommending that all newborns, regardless of race or ethnicity, be screened for sickle cell anemia.2 In June 1993, the National Institutes of Health issued a consensus conference recommendation that all infants be tested for hearing impairment within the first 3 months of life, preferably before newborns leave the hospital.3 In each instance, these screening recommendations were developed because a group of experts, after identifying a child health problem within its area of interest, believed that universal screening was indicated.

Suicide and Homicide among Native Americans: Anomie Or Social Learning?

1991 ◽  
Vol 68 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1137-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Young
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Social Learning ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Health And Human Services ◽  
Indian Health ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Social Disintegration ◽  
The Us

Analysis of data for 12 areas of the Indian Health Services from the US Department of Health and Human Services yielded a rho of .61 between poverty and suicide for men and a significant rho of .65 for poverty with homicide rates. The Navajo area is an exception, raising for study questions about social disintegration. For the women, poverty was not significantly related to suicide or homicide rates, raising additional questions about social disintegration.

scholarly journals Uninformed refusals: objections to enrolment in clinical trials conducted under an Exception from Informed Consent for emergency research

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Victoria Vorholt ◽  
Neal W Dickert
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Informed Consent ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Emergency Research ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Practical Implications

Clinical trials in emergency situations present unique challenges, because they involve enrolling individuals who lack capacity to consent in the context of acute illness or injury. The US Department of Health and Human Services and Food and Drug Administration regulations allowing an Exception from Informed Consent (EFIC) in these circumstances contain requirements for community consultation, public disclosure and restrictions on study risks and benefits. In this paper, we analyse an issue raised in the regulations that has received little attention or analysis but is ethically complex. This challenge is when to solicit and honour objections to EFIC trial enrolment, including from non-legally appointed representatives. We address novel questions involving whose objections should be honoured, what level of understanding is necessary for objections to be considered valid and how hard investigators should work to offer an opportunity to object. We present a set of criteria that provide conceptual and practical guidance. We argue that objections should be honoured if they undermine one of the key assumptions that allows for the permissibility of EFIC trials: that individuals would likely not object to enrolment based on their values or preferences. We then clarify the practical implications of this approach through examination of three cases of refusal in an EFIC study.

A Tragic Epidemic

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-318
Author(s):  
WILLIAM C. VAN OST
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Chemical Dependency ◽  
Medical Professionals ◽  
Psychosocial Effects ◽  
Health And Human Services ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Us

To the Editor.— Whenever discussion of the destructive psychosocial effects of chemical dependency emerges among medical professionals, a controversy invariably follows. Too often, discussion turns into debate, anger overcomes reason, and strong feelings are judged to be too emotional. A sad commentary about the majority of our profession is the abrogation of responsibility, leaving the major concern in the field of alcohol/drug abuse to the care of other health professionals.1-5 For those who require documentation of the belief, which I fully share, that chemical dependency can be successfully prevented and treated, I refer them to the recent "breakthrough" article by MacDonald6 as well as publications of the US Department of Health and Human Services.7,8

Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy

2019 ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
Saira Ajmal ◽  
Zelalem Temesgen
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Services ◽  
First Line ◽  
Health And Human Services ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Us

Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to • Discuss categories of regimens for first-line antiretroviral therapy. • Recognize the basis for the US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) guidelines for initial antiretroviral therapy. • Recognize and apply recommended regimens for initiation of antiretroviral therapy....

Classes of Antiretrovirals

2019 ◽  
pp. 225-238
Author(s):  
David E. Koren
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Human Services ◽  
Health And Human Services ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Us

Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to • Describe the classes of antiretroviral (ARV) medications and the factors influencing treatment dosing. • Understand the US Department of Health and Human Services panel’s recommended initial HIV treatments and relevant clinical trials. •...

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