scholarly journals Heliorhodopsin evolution is driven by photosensory promiscuity in monoderms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul-Adrian Bulzu ◽  
Vinicius Silva Kavagutti ◽  
Maria-Cecilia Chiriac ◽  
Charlotte D. Vavourakis ◽  
Keiichi Inoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
History Of ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Biological Complexes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Occurrence Patterns ◽  
Type 3

The ability to harness Sun’s electromagnetic radiation by channeling it into high-energy phosphate bonds empowered microorganisms to tap into a cheap and inexhaustible source of energy. Life’s billion-years history of metabolic innovations led to the emergence of only two biological complexes capable of harvesting light: one based on rhodopsins and the other on (bacterio)chlorophyll. Rhodopsins encompass the most diverse and abundant photoactive proteins on Earth and were until recently canonically split between type-1 (microbial rhodopsins) and type-2 (animal rhodopsins) families. Unexpectedly, the long-lived type-1/type-2 dichotomy was recently amended through the discovery of heliorhodopsins (HeRs) (Pushkarev et al. 2018), a novel and exotic family of rhodopsins (i.e. type-3) that evaded recognition in our current homology-driven scrutiny of life’s genomic milieu. Here, we bring to resolution the debated monoderm/diderm occurrence patterns by conclusively showing that HeR distribution is restricted to monoderms. Furthermore, through investigating protein domain fusions, contextual genomic information, and gene co-expression data we show that HeRs likely function as generalised light-dependent switches involved in the mitigation of light-induced oxidative stress and metabolic circuitry regulation. We reason that HeR’s ability to function as sensory rhodopsins is corroborated by their photocycle dynamics (Pushkarev et al. 2018) and that their presence and function in monoderms is likely connected to the increased sensitivity to light-induced damage of these organisms (Maclean et al. 2009).

scholarly journals Failed Dermal Allograft Procedures in Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears Can Still Improve Pain and Function. The “Biologic Tuberoplasty Effect”

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7_suppl4) ◽  
pp. 2325967118S0009
Author(s):  
Raffy Mirzayan ◽  
Michael Allan Stone ◽  
Michael Batech ◽  
Daniel Acevedo ◽  
Anshu Singh
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Goutallier Classification ◽  
And Function ◽  
Type 3

Objectives: Massive rotator cuff tears (MRCT) are a challenging problem. Dermal allografts have been used in “bridging” procedures and superior capsule reconstruction (SCR). Both have led to clinical improvement, but without correlation with post-operative imaging. The purpose of this study is to examine graft integrity on MRI in patients who underwent an SCR or bridging procedure to determine if graft integrity correlates with functional outcome. We also propose a new classification of dermal allograft re-tear on MRI. Methods: This study was approved by our IRB. Between 2006 and 2016, 11 patients (12 shoulders) underwent a bridging procedure and 10 patients underwent an SCR for MRCT with a dermal allograft by a single surgeon. The grafts were secured to the tuberosity in a double-row, trans-osseous equivalent (DR-TOE) fashion. Pre- and post-operative VAS, acromiohumeral distance (AHD), and ASES scores, and pre-operative Hamada grade and Goutallier classification were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. An MRI was obtained on all patients post-operatively to assess graft integrity. The status of the graft was divided into three types based on MRI findings: Type 1- Graft intact medially (rim of cuff or glenoid) AND laterally (greater tuberosity); Type 2- Graft intact laterally but torn medially; Type 3- Graft torn laterally. The shoulders were then grouped based on these types for further analysis. Results: The average age was 61 (range: 49-73). Average follow-up was 21.6 months (range: 8-80). Average length from surgery to MRI was 13.9 months (range: 6-80). There was a significant improvement in VAS (pre-8.1 to post-1.3) and ASES (pre-26.3 to post-84.6) in Type 1 (P<0.01) and in VAS (pre-7.0 to post-0.7) and ASES (pre-32.6 to post-91.2) in Type 2 (P<0.01). There was no difference in post-operative VAS (1.3 vs 0.7) and ASES (84.6 vs 91.2) between Type 1 and Type 2 (P=0.8). There was no improvement in VAS (pre-7.3 vs post-5.7) and ASES (pre-30.6 vs post-37.2) in Type 3. There was a significant difference in post-operative VAS (5.7 vs 1) and ASES (37.2 vs 88.1) between Type 3 versus Types 1+2, respectively (P<0.01). The AHD decreased in type 3 (pre-7.8 mm to post-3.2 mm, P=0.02) but did not change in Types 1+2 (pre-7.8 mm to post-8.0 mm, P=0.7). Conclusion: In patients who have SCR or “bridging” procedures for MRCT with a dermal allograft, there is significant improvement in VAS and ASES scores if the graft heals to the tuberosity, regardless if it is still intact to the glenoid (in SCR) or the rim of rotator cuff tendon (“bridging”). Individuals whose graft is torn from the tuberosity did not have improvement in VAS or ASES scores versus baseline. There was no significant difference in AHD in all groups. We believe that the dermal graft acts as a “biologic (interpositional) tuberoplasty,” preventing bone-to-bone contact between the tuberosity and the acromion, thus eliminating pain and improving function. We still recommend performing an SCR when indicated because it has been shown to restore the normal kinematics of the shoulder in a laboratory setting. However, careful attention should be paid to the repair of the graft to the tuberosity, so that in case the primary procedure fails medially, the graft can still improve pain and function.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT, PERSISTENCE, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TYPE 2, POLIOMYELITIS COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY IN MAN

1952 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Casals ◽  
Peter K. Olitsky ◽  
Albert B. Sabin
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Type 3

Sera from 81 patients with a diagnosis of paralytic or non-paralytic poliomyelitis, and from 159 individuals of similar age groups giving no history of the disease, were tested with a high titered, complement-fixing poliomyelitis antigen of Type 2 (Lansing-like). The antigen consisted of brain tissue from newborn mice injected with the MEF1 strain of virus as previously adapted to these animals. The presence or absence of Type 2 neutralizing antibody in the sera under test was found not to affect the complement fixation. Positive reactions were obtained with 57 per cent of the sera deriving from non-paralytic patients and in 70 per cent from paralytics, when the specimens were tested at a dilution of 1:16. The complement-fixing antibody was often present in highest titer as early as 24 hours after the onset of poliomyelitis, and in almost all instances within 7 days. In about half of the patients a 4-fold or greater drop in titer occurred within 3 months, with little or no change in the others. The incidence of titers of 1:16 or higher with the control sera varied with the season of the year at which they were procured, 3 per cent of the winter samples proving positive and 13 per cent of the summer. The tests of sera from the group of patients from whom poliomyelitis virus was recovered, disclosed no significant differences between those having the paralytic and those having the non-paralytic disease. Type 1 (Brunhilde-like) strains of virus were recovered from many of the patients yielding positive tests, although they presented no evidence of previous or concurrent infection with Type 2 virus. This finding shows that Type 1 virus can give rise in patients to Type 2 complement-fixing antibody. The application of these data to the serologic diagnosis of poliomyelitis infection in man will of necessity be limited until information is obtained on the development, persistence, and significance of complement-fixation reactions with antigens deriving from Type 1 and Type 3 poliomyelitis strains.

scholarly journals Theory of language: a taxonomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrik Austin
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
School Type ◽  
Evolutionary Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
And Linguistics

AbstractThe study of language has been historically proposed as a model for human sciences. For the structuralists, it is because languages, like society, and cultural habits, are man-made rule-based systems. For the Darwinists, it is because cultures and societies are like living species, and can be studied with biological methodology. Sociology, biology and linguistics are considered analogous in different ways. To support work in theoretical and applied linguistics, this paper discusses the problem of the nature of language, investigating how the question “What is language?” has been approached from different angles. Textbook answers guide us in many different directions: language is a tool for communication—and for thinking. It is a collection of words and instructions how to use them. It is the characteristic which—arguably—separates humans from other animals. It is a social construction, a system of symbols, a system of systems, and so on. To classify perspectives, the intellectual history of schools of linguistic thought is examined, connecting linguistic theory with related disciplines. A taxonomy is proposed based on two axes: humanistic versus biological; and historical versus systemic. Main linguistics frameworks are identified and placed into a fourfold table based on these axes. They include the Bloomfieldian school (Type 1); Saussurean structuralism and its derivatives (Type 2); generative grammar and biolinguistics (Type 3); and cognitive‒evolutionary linguistics (Type 4).

scholarly journals The evolutionary history of topological variations in the CPA/AT transporters

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. e1009278
Author(s):  
Govindarajan Sudha ◽  
Claudio Bassot ◽  
John Lamb ◽  
Nanjiang Shu ◽  
Yan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Domain ◽  
Structure Topology ◽  
Fold Type ◽  
History Of ◽  
Topology Information ◽  
Transport Of Ions ◽  
And Function ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Shed Light

CPA/AT transporters are made up of scaffold and a core domain. The core domain contains two non-canonical helices (broken or reentrant) that mediate the transport of ions, amino acids or other charged compounds. During evolution, these transporters have undergone substantial changes in structure, topology and function. To shed light on these structural transitions, we create models for all families using an integrated topology annotation method. We find that the CPA/AT transporters can be classified into four fold-types based on their structure; (1) the CPA-broken fold-type, (2) the CPA-reentrant fold-type, (3) the BART fold-type, and (4) a previously not described fold-type, the Reentrant-Helix-Reentrant fold-type. Several topological transitions are identified, including the transition between a broken and reentrant helix, one transition between a loop and a reentrant helix, complete changes of orientation, and changes in the number of scaffold helices. These transitions are mainly caused by gene duplication and shuffling events. Structural models, topology information and other details are presented in a searchable database, CPAfold (cpafold.bioinfo.se).

Classification and Approach to Patients with Functional Voice Disorders

1982 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Koufman ◽  
P. David Blalock
Keyword(s):  
Voice Quality ◽  
Voice Disorders ◽  
Psychosomatic Disorders ◽  
Functional Dysphonia ◽  
Median Period ◽  
And Function ◽  
Type 3

Functional voice disorders result from vocal misuse or abuse; they are more easily recognized than other psychosomatic disorders because the clinician is able to visualize the laryngeal structure and function. If those structures appear normal, then an aberration of voice quality can be assumed to be functional. Functional dysphonia with prolonged aberrant vocal usage may lead to development of secondary pathological lesions of the larynx, which, although true pathological entities, must be recognized as resulting from the underlying and preceding functional disorder. In this report, we present a classification of and an approach to the diagnosis and treatment of functional voice disorders. On the basis of our clinical experience with 52 patients, we distinguished five types of functional voice disorders: type 1, hysterical aphonia/dysphonia; type 2, habituated hoarseness; type 3, falsetto voice; type 4, vocal abuse; and type 5, postoperative dysphonia. Forty-eight of the 52 patients (92%) were followed for a median period of 16 months (range 2–51 months). Therapy yielded excellent results in patients with types 1, 2 and 3; good results with types 4 and 5.

Abstract W P23: Predictors of Time From Groin Puncture to Base Catheter Placement

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Aghaebrahim ◽  
Christopher Streib ◽  
Srikant Rangaraju ◽  
Anat Horev ◽  
Stacie Demel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Catheter Placement ◽  
Stroke Therapy ◽  
Arterial Access ◽  
Tandem Occlusion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Type 3

Background and Purpose: Time to reperfusion is recognized as an important predictor of good outcome in endovascular stroke therapy. A significant but unstudied factor in delay to reperfusion is prolonged time from groin puncture to base catheter placement (P2C). The purpose of this study was to assess the factors that influence time from P2C in the cohort of patients in whom procedural steps were collected prospectively. Methods: A prospective analysis of patients who had intra-arterial therapy for acute stroke from August of 2012 to August of 2013 was performed. Following characteristics were collected: baseline clinical demographics, aortic arch types, time from P2C, procedural and clinical outcomes. Results: Data from a total of 143 patients were collected prospectively {median age 69 years; median baseline NIH Stroke Scale 16; occlusion sites: MCA-M1 71%; MCA-M2 13%, ICA-T 6%, basilar artery 10%, tandem occlusion 26%}. Patients were further divided based on their arch type (type 1: 48%, type 2: 33%, type 3: 13%). Majority of the patients were treated with newer mechanical embolectomy devices (manual aspiration +/- stent-retriever 96%). Recanalization rate (TICI 2b or 3) was 90%. The median procedural times were as follow (minutes): time from P2C: 20, time from baseline catheter to reperfusion: 36, median total procedural times: 85. The rate of favorable functional outcomes at 90 days (mRS 0-2) was 45%. Patients with favorable outcomes had shorter P2C (31 min vs. 19 min p=0.02). In a multivariate analysis the predictors of longer P2C were age (OR 1.04, P=0.05, 95% CI 1.00-1.08), vertebrobasilar location (OR 5.4, P=0.027, 95% CI 1.21-24.1), smoking (OR 3.7, P=0.02, 95% 1.2-11.1), and with trend toward significance for hypertension (OR 3.03, P=0.062, 95% 0.94-0.97). Discussion: Shorter P2C is associated with higher rate of favorable outcomes. Independent risk factors associated longer time are age, vertebrobasilar occlusions, active smoking and history of hypertension. Alternative arterial access may be considered in patients who are likely to have longer P2C.

Morphological Typing of Endometrial Adenocarcinoma as the Basis of the Natural History of the Tumor.

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Filotico ◽  
Mario Trabucco ◽  
Francesco Faggiano ◽  
Giovanni Mannarini ◽  
Silvana Grasso
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Endometrial Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Endocrine Treatment ◽  
Morphological Criterion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Type 3

Current ideas on Müllerian tumors of the ovary are applied to the classification of endometrial adenocarcinomas, which are divided into four main histotypes: Type 1 or homologous or endometrioid (65 % of cases); Type 2 or Fallopianlike (15.8 %); Type 3 or cervical-like (13.4%) and Type 4 or unclassifiable (5%). This classification aims to provide a useful morphological criterion for forecasting the sensitivity of endometrial adenocarcinomas to endocrine treatment with progestational agents. Type 1 accounts for about 80 % of all adenocarcinomas of the endometrium in the fifth decade of life, which is supposed to be the period most exposed to estrogenic stimulation. These adenocarcinomas represent only 14 % of all endometrial adenocarcinomas. The above results are based on a 155-case series.

scholarly journals SCARRED UTERUS;

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (03) ◽  
pp. 304-307
Author(s):  
SAIMA PERVEEN ◽  
ALI ZUL HASNAIN
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Caesarean Section Rate ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Placenta Praevia ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Scarred Uterus ◽  
Type 3

Objective: To study frequency of Scarred Uterus in placenta praevia. Design: Descriptive observational study. Place andDuration Of Study: December 2008-December 2009 Holy family Hospital Rawalpindi. Patients and Methods: 50 patients with placentapraevia presented to Holy Family Hospital Gynae and Obs unit II during this period. All patients either admitted through emergency or Gynaeoutpatient department were included. Results: The mean age of patients with placenta Praevia was 29.04 year with (SD =5.11).The meangestational age was 34.6 weeks and (SD = 2.7). Fourteen (28%) patients were gravida 2 and 13(26%) were primigravida. Fifteen (30%) patientswere para 1 & 14 (28%) were para 0. Painless vaginal bleeding was the presenting complaint in 38(76%) patients, whereas 12(24%) patientswere diagnosed on routine ultrasonography. Nine (18%) cases underwent spontanouse vertex delivery and 41 (82%) cases were delivered bycaesarean section. Placenta Praevia type 1 in 7 (14%) cases. Placenta Praevia type 2 in 20 (40%) cases, type 3 in 14 (28%) cases, type 4 in 9(18%) cases . Previous history of scarred uterus was found in 16 (32%) cases .Post partum haemorrhage occurred in 13 (26%) cases.caesarean hysterectomy in 5 (10%) cases. Conclusions: A scarred uterus leads to increase frequency of Placenta Praevia, scarring of uteruscan be reduced by keeping the caesarean section rate within reasonable limits and instead of doing surgical evacuation of retained products ofconception, suction and evacuation by suction canula.

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE REGULATION DURING TUITION

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.M. Satarkulova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The assessment and dynamic control over students’ status is a very important task. It allows timely detection of prenosological status prior to pathology and health maintenance in students. The objective of the paper is to assess the adaptive abilities of the body, to analyze changes in heart rate variability indicators in students with various types of autonomic regulation, to identify prenosological status and precursory pathological symptoms. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 302 students from India, aged 21.54±1.43. Programming complex «Psychophysiologist» was used to register the main HRV parameters within 5 minutes. Health status was evaluated according to the index of functional changes and the scale of functional states. Results. N.I. Shlyk (2009) distinguished two groups of students with different types of autonomic regulation: type 1 (53 %) with moderate and type 2 (5 %) with marked characteristics of central regulation profile, type 3 (35 %) with moderate and type 4 (7 %) with marked characteristics of autonomous regulation profile. Main parameters of HRV and adaptation potential were defined for each student.All the parameters characterized functional and health status. Conclusions. It was shown that 82 % of trial subjects (type 1), 53 % (type 2), 94 % (type 3) and 95 % (type 4) demonstrated satisfactory adaptation and their physiological processes were at an optimal level. 18 % of students (type 1) demonstrated reduced adaptive abilities of the body. Moreover, they were under moderate stress. 47 % of subjects (type 2) were also under a significant stress, which was proven by excessively high SI, low SDNN and TP, and an increased index of functional changes. 5 % of students (type 4) revealed dysfunctional characteristics in the heart rhythm, peculiar to pathology. Keywords: foreign students, heart rate variability, types of autonomic regulation, adaptation potential, functional status. Оценка состояния студентов и динамический контроль за ним является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет своевременно выявлять у студентов донозологические состояния, предшествующие патологии, и способствовать сохранению здоровья. Цель. Оценка адаптивных возможностей организма, анализ изменений показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма у студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции, выявление донозологических состояний и ранних признаков патологии. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 302 студента в возрасте 21,54+1,43 года из Индии. Регистрировались основные параметры ВСР в течение 5 мин с использованием программно-аппаратного комплекса «Психофизиолог». Состояние и уровень здоровья оценивались по индексу функциональных изменений и шкале функциональных состояний. Результаты. По способу, предложенному Н.И. Шлык, выделены группы студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции: I (53 %) и II типы (5 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием центрального контура регуляции соответственно, III (35 %) и IV типы (7 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием автономного контура регуляции соответственно. У каждого из студентов определены основные параметры ВСР и адаптационного потенциала, характеризующие функциональное состояние и уровень здоровья. Выводы. Показано, что для 82 % обследуемых с I типом, 53 % со II типом, 94 % c III типом и 95 % с IV типом регуляции характерно состояние удовлетворительной адаптации, физиологические процессы сохраняются на оптимальном уровне. В группе студентов I типа у 18 % студентов адаптивные возможности организма снижены, выявлено состояние умеренного напряжения. У 47 % обследуемых II типа также зафиксировано состояние резко выраженного напряжения, индикатором которого является чрезмерно высокое значение SI, низкие величины SDNN и ТP, повышенное значение индекса функциональных изменений. В группе студентов с IV типом у 5 % учащихсяв регуляции ритма сердца выявлены дисфункциональные признаки, характерные для патологии. Ключевые слова: иностранные студенты, вариабельность сердечного ритма, типы вегетативной регуляции, адаптационный потенциал, функциональное состояние.

POLIOMYELITIS IN CANADIAN ESKIMOS: LABORATORY STUDIES. V. TYPE 1 AND TYPE 3 POLIOMYELITIS ANTIBODY LEVELS IN BAFFIN ISLAND ESKIMOS

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
W. Wood ◽  
Eina M. Clark ◽  
F. T. Shimada ◽  
A. J. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Baffin Island ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Type 3

Studies on the basic immunology of poliomyelitis in Canadian Eskimos have been continued. Some 87 sera collected from Eskimos at Pangnirtung, Baffin Island, have been examined for the presence of Type 1 and Type 3 poliomyelitis antibody by quantitative tests in tissue cultures. The same sera were previously examined for Type 2 antibody by quantitative tests in mice. The results of the three determinations are now presented together for comparison. These sera came from Eskimos aged 2 to 72 years of age. None of the Eskimos showed any evidence of paralysis. Examination of the medical records did not suggest that any paralytic disease had been present in this part of Baffin Island. Very few of the sera showed the presence of poliomyelitis antibody; thus, Type 1 antibody was demonstrated in the sera of 8%, Type 2 antibody in the sera of 9%, and Type 3 antibody in the sera of 14%. No significant number of Eskimos below the age of 45 years had acquired poliomyelitis antibody. The antibody titers mostly ranged between 10−1.0 and 10−2.0, and were significantly lower than the titers customarily found in recently paralyzed cases. These findings suggest that poliomyelitis infection occurred in Pangnirtung Eskimos many years before the date on which the samples were taken (1951). These results point to the worldwide prevalence of the three types of poliomyelitis virus.

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