scholarly journals Affective neural signatures do not distinguish women with emotion dysregulation from healthy controls: A mega-analysis across three task-based fMRI studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sicorello ◽  
J. Herzog ◽  
T.D. Wager ◽  
G. Ende ◽  
M. Müller-Engelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Positive Reactivity ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Neural Signatures

AbstractPathophysiological models are urgently needed for personalized treatments of mental disorders. However, most potential neural markers for psychopathology are limited by low interpretability, prohibiting reverse inference from brain measures to clinical symptoms and traits. Neural signatures—i.e. multivariate brain-patterns trained to be both sensitive and specific to a construct of interest—might alleviate this problem, but are rarely applied to mental disorders. We tested whether previously developed neural signatures for negative affect and discrete emotions distinguish between healthy individuals and those with mental disorders characterized by emotion dysregulation, i.e. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and complex Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (cPTSD). In three different fMRI studies, a total sample of 192 women (49 BPD, 62 cPTSD, 81 healthy controls) were shown pictures of scenes with negative or neutral content. Based on pathophysiological models, we hypothesized higher negative and lower positive reactivity of neural emotion signatures in participants with emotion dysregulation. The expression of neural signatures differed strongly between neutral and negative pictures (average Cohen’s d = 1.17). Nevertheless, a mega-analysis on individual participant data showed no differences in the reactivity of neural signatures between participants with and without emotion dysregulation. Confidence intervals ruled out even small effect sizes in the hypothesized direction and were further supported by Bayes factors. Overall, these results support the validity of neural signatures for emotional states during fMRI tasks, but raise important questions concerning their link to individual differences in emotion dysregulation.

Mental Disorders in Battered Women: An Empirical Study

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Gleason
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Battered Women ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Battered Woman ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Diagnostic Interview Schedule ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Prevalence of mental disorders in 62 battered women receiving services from a Florida battered woman agency was identified by means of a structured interview, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Of the total sample of battered women, 30 were in a shelter operated by the agency and 32 were living in their own homes and receiving assistance from the agency. Resultant diagnoses met diagnostic criteria developed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (3rd. ed.) of the American Psychiatric Association. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule is a 263 item structured interview used in the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiological Catchment Area program carried out in the early 1980s. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule permits the use of 10,953 females in the epidemiological study as a comparison group of normal women. Scoring of the interviews was done by a computer diagnostic program with absolute decision rules. Extremely high prevalence was found for psychosexual dysfunction, major depression, post traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. These diagnoses appear to reflect the major components of the battered woman syndrome developed by Lenore Walker and the study approximates Walker's request for improved methodology in the research into the psychology of the battered woman.

scholarly journals Affective neural signatures do not distinguish women with emotion dysregulation from healthy controls: A mega-analysis across three task-based fMRI studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 100019
Author(s):  
M. Sicorello ◽  
J. Herzog ◽  
T.D. Wager ◽  
G. Ende ◽  
M. Müller-Engelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Neural Signatures

scholarly journals Combatants’ Self-assessment of Mental Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Andrey Soloviev ◽  
Ilya Bondar ◽  
Elena Ichitovkina
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Health Group ◽  
Complete Survey ◽  
Post Traumatic

In order to analyze the self-assessment of mental health status of combatants, a year after the execution of operational and service tasks in special conditions, a complete survey of 964 combatants was conducted, which were divided into three groups by level of mental health: Group I - 338 people – healthy combatants who were not provided with rehabilitation assistance; Group II - 311 persons who for 6 years prior to the survey, according to the outpatient cards revealed prenosological neurotic conditions, clinical data on the presence of borderline mental disorders (BMD) after returning from combat zones in this group was not revealed, they were provided with short-term psycho-correctional assistance by psychologists at the place of service; Group III – 315 people who were diagnosed with adaptation disorders (AD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in this regard, they were treated and medical & psychological rehabilitation. A year after the events, a clinical examination and a questionnaire were conducted. It is shown that the mental state of combatants with BMD is characterized by the absence of clinical symptoms, which indicates the effectiveness of the activities. Given the fact that persons who did not receive psycho-prophylactic and rehabilitation aid, a year after participating in the fighting are identified psychosomatic disorders and specific psychopathological symptoms, we have proposed the improvement of methodological approaches to providing them with psychoprophylactic assistance with the development of legislative regulation of complex rehabilitation measures. Keywords: Combatants; Mental disorders; Self-assessment; Stages of rehabilitation

scholarly journals Decision making under ambiguity and risk in adolescent-onset schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandan Li ◽  
Fengyan Zhang ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Yifan Zhang ◽  
Tingting Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Syndrome Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Abnormal Pattern ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective Numerous studies have identified impaired decision making (DM) under both ambiguity and risk in adult patients with schizophrenia. However, the assessment of DM in patients with adolescent-onset schizophrenia (AOS) has been challenging as a result of the instability and heterogeneity of manifestations. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Game of Dice Task (GDT), which are frequently used to evaluate DM respectively under ambiguity and risk, are sensitive to adolescents and neuropsychiatric patients. Our research intended to examine the performance of DM in a relatively large sample of patients with AOS using the above-mentioned two tasks. We also aimed to take a closer look at the relationship between DM and symptom severity of schizophrenia. Methods We compared the performance of DM in 71 patients with AOS and 53 well-matched healthy controls using IGT for DM under ambiguity and GDT for DM under risk through net scores, total scores and feedback ration. Neuropsychological tests were conducted in all participants. Clinical symptoms were evaluated by using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in 71 patients with AOS. Pearson’s correlation revealed the relationship among total score of DM and clinical and neuropsychological data. Results Compared to healthy controls, patients with AOS failed to show learning effect and had a significant difference on the 5th block in IGT and conducted more disadvantageous choices as well as exhibited worse negative feedback rate in GDT. Apart from DM impairment under risk, diminished DM abilities under ambiguity were found related to poor executive function in AOS in the present study. Conclusions Our findings unveiled the abnormal pattern of DM in AOS, mainly reflected under the risky condition, extending the knowledge on the performance of DM under ambiguity and risk in AOS. Inefficient DM under risk may account for the lagging impulse control and the combined effects of developmental disease. In addition, our study demonstrated that the performance on IGT was related to executive function in AOS.

scholarly journals Application of Psychometric Approach for ASD Evaluation in Russian 3–4-Year-Olds

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 1608
Author(s):  
Andrey Nasledov ◽  
Sergey Miroshnikov ◽  
Liubov Tkacheva ◽  
Kirill Miroshnik ◽  
Meriam Uld Semeta
Keyword(s):  
Autistic Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Compact Set ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Screening System ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
Biological Problem ◽  
Choice Tasks

Background: Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is a significant socio-biological problem due to its wide prevalence and negative outcomes. In the current study, we aimed to develop an autism scale for early and accurate differentiation of 3- to 4-year-olds at risk for ASD since there is no systematic monitoring of young children in Russia yet. Methods: The total sample (N = 324) included 116 children with ASD, 131 children without ASD (healthy controls), and 77 children with developmental delay (DD). An online survey of specialists working with children was conducted based on a specially designed autism questionnaire consisting of 85 multiple-choice tasks distributed across 12 domains. Initially, each child was assessed by 434 items using a dichotomous scale (0 = no, 1 = yes). Factor and discriminant analyses were performed to identify a compact set of subscales that most accurately and with sufficient reliability predicted whether a child belongs to the ASD group. Results: As a result, four subscales were obtained: Sensorics, Emotions, Hyperactivity, and Communication. The high discriminability of the subscales in distinguishing the ASD group from the non-ASD group was revealed (accuracy 85.5–87.0%). Overall, the obtained subscales meet psychometric requirements and allow for creating an online screening system for wide application.

scholarly journals TERT rs2736100 and TERC rs16847897 genotypes moderate the association between internalizing mental disorders and accelerated telomere length attrition among HIV+ children and adolescents in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan Kalungi ◽  
Eugene Kinyanda ◽  
Jacqueline S. Womersley ◽  
Moses L. Joloba ◽  
Wilber Ssembajjwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Telomere Length ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Component Gene

Abstract Background Internalizing mental disorders (IMDs) (depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder) have been associated with accelerated telomere length (TL) attrition; however, this association has not been investigated in the context of genetic variation that has been found to influence TL. We have previously reported an association between IMDs and accelerated TL attrition among Ugandan HIV+ children and adolescents. This study investigated the moderating effects of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms in the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) (rs2736100, rs7726159, rs10069690 and rs2853669) and the telomerase RNA component gene (TERC) (rs12696304, rs16847897 and rs10936599) on the association between IMDs and TL, among Ugandan HIV+ children (aged 5–11 years) and adolescents (aged 12–17 years). Results We found no significant interaction between IMDs as a group and any of the selected SNPs on TL at baseline. We observed significant interactions of IMDs with TERT rs2736100 (p = 0.007) and TERC rs16847897 (p = 0.012), respectively, on TL at 12 months. Conclusions TERT rs2736100 and TERC rs16847897 moderate the association between IMDs and TL among Ugandan HIV+ children and adolescents at 12 months. Understanding the nature of this association may shed light on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying advanced cellular aging in IMDs.

scholarly journals Neuronal variability of Resting State activity in Eating Disorders: increase and decoupling in Ventral Attention Network and relation with clinical symptoms

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela V. Spalatro ◽  
Federico Amianto ◽  
Zirui Huang ◽  
Federico D’Agata ◽  
Mauro Bergui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Attention Network ◽  
State Activity ◽  
New Perspective

AbstractBackground:Despite the great number of resting state functional connectivity studies on Eating Disorders (ED), no biomarkers could be detected yet. Therefore, we here focus on a different measure of resting state activity that is neuronal variability. The objective of this study was to investigate neuronal variability in the resting state of women with ED and to correlate possible differences with clinical and psychopathological indices.Methods:58 women respectively 25 with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), 16 with Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and 17 matched healthy controls (CN) were enrolled for the study. All participants were tested with a battery of psychometric tests and underwent a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) resting state scanning. We investigated topographical patterns of variability measured by the Standard Deviation (SD) of the Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal (as a measure of neuronal variability) in the resting-state and their relationship to clinical and psychopathological indices.Results:Neuronal variability was increased in both anorectic and bulimic subjects specifically in the Ventral Attention Network (VAN) compared to healthy controls. No significant differences were found in the other networks. Significant correlations were found between neuronal variability of VAN and various clinical and psychopathological indices.Conclusions:We here show increased neuronal variability of VAN in ED patients. As the VAN is relevant for switching between endogenous and exogenous stimuli, our results showing increased neuronal variability suggest unstable balance between body attention and attention to external world. These results offer new perspective on the neurobiological basis of ED. Clinical and therapeutic implication will be discussed.

scholarly journals Mental imagery in psychiatry: conceptual & clinical implications

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Ji ◽  
David J. Kavanagh ◽  
Emily A. Holmes ◽  
Colin MacLeod ◽  
Martina Di Simplicio
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Transdiagnostic Treatment ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Dysfunction ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Linguistic Cognition

Mental imagery refers to the experience of perception in the absence of external sensory input. Deficits in the ability to generate mental imagery or to distinguish it from actual sensory perception are linked to neurocognitive conditions such as dementia and schizophrenia, respectively. However, the importance of mental imagery to psychiatry extends beyond neurocognitive impairment. Mental imagery has a stronger link to emotion than verbal-linguistic cognition, serving to maintain and amplify emotional states, with downstream impacts on motivation and behavior. As a result, anomalies in the occurrence of emotion-laden mental imagery has transdiagnostic significance for emotion, motivation, and behavioral dysfunction across mental disorders. This review aims to demonstrate the conceptual and clinical significance of mental imagery in psychiatry through examples of mood and anxiety disorders, self-harm and suicidality, and addiction. We contend that focusing on mental imagery assessment in research and clinical practice can increase our understanding of the cognitive basis of psychopathology in mental disorders, with the potential to drive the development of algorithms to aid treatment decision-making and inform transdiagnostic treatment innovation.

scholarly journals Caesar in Vietnam: Did Roman Soldiers Suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
AISLINN MELCHIOR
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Post Traumatic

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) made its first appearance in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1980, partly as a result of the ongoing treatment of veterans from the Vietnam War. Although PTSD is not only or even primarily a disorder caused by combat, combat is a regular trigger and my chief concern in what follows. Therefore I will not be examining such evidence as exists for the psychological traumas of civilians in the ancient world who were exposed to violence, rape, enslavement, or the execution of family members in the context of conquest. My focus is on the soldier.

scholarly journals A de novo variant in CASK gene causing intellectual disability and brain hypoplasia: A Case Report and Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yanyan Nie ◽  
Yu Mu ◽  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Xiaowei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
De Novo Mutation ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Bioinformatics Analyses ◽  
Whole Exome ◽  
De Novo Variant

Abstract Background：The pathogenic variation of CASK gene can cause CASK related mental disorders. The main clinical manifestations are microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, X-linked mental disorders with or without nystagmus and FG syndrome. The main pathogenic mechanism is the loss of function of related protein caused by mutation. We reported a Chinese male newborn with a de novo variant in CASK gene. Case presentation：We present an 18-day-old baby with intellectual disability and brain hypoplasia. Whole-exome sequencing was performed, which detected a hemizygous missense mutation c.764G>A of CASK gene. The mutation changed the 255th amino acid from Arg to His. Software based bioinformatics analyses were conducted to infer its functional effect.Conclusions：In this paper, a de novo mutation of CASK gene was reported. Moreover, a detailed description of all the cases described in the literature is reported.CASK mutations cause a variety of clinical phenotypes. Its diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of typical clinical symptoms. Genetic testing should be performed as early as possible if this disease is suspected. This case provides an important reference for the diagnosis and treatment of future cases.

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