scholarly journals The acoustic quality and health in urban environments (SALVE) project: Study design, rationale and methodology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Haselhoff ◽  
Bryce Lawrence ◽  
Jonas Hornberg ◽  
Salman Ahmed ◽  
Robynne Sutcliffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
List Type ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Sound Recordings ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Project Study ◽  
Acoustic Quality

AbstractSound pressure levels expressed in variations of decibel (dB) formulations are a common approach to describe the urban acoustic environment (AE). In recent years, different approaches gained traction to describe the urban AE, like the soundscape ecology approach, which focuses on the natural environment. To determine the feasibility of applying this approach to cities, a comprehensive dataset of high-quality sound recordings with high spatial and temporal resolution is essential.The acoustic quality and health in urban environments (SALVE) project aims to establish a spatially and temporally high-resolution dataset of the urban AE using land use categories. Since 2019, we assess the AE at selected places in the densely populated city of Bochum, Germany. For a high temporal resolution, we used automatic devices at 52 locations that recorded every 26 minutes for three minutes. For a high spatial resolution, we used manual devices to perform a five-minute recording four times a year at 730 selected locations. Altogether, we ended up with 1,500,493 minutes of sound recordings.Aim here is to outline our sampling design, methods used, and applied quality procedures in order to achieve a well-defined and high quality dataset presented for further scientific analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this represents one of the most extensive datasets currently available, which will provide a comprehensive database for future in-depth analyses of the associations between the urban AE, urban fabric and human health.HighlightsA conceptual sampling framework for measuring the urban acoustic environment is givenOne of the most extensive datasets of the urban acoustic environment is introducedExperiences and results of the field work of the SALVE-Project are presented

scholarly journals Application of an Ultrasonic Sensor to Monitor Soil Erosion and Deposition

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-974
Author(s):  
Jessica E. Knox ◽  
Aaron R. Mittelstet
Keyword(s):  
Surface Topography ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ultrasonic Sensor ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
List Type ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Frequency Measurements ◽  
Sediment Monitoring

HighlightsA sediment monitoring system was developed to measure erosion and deposition.The system uses an ultrasonic sensor to take high-frequency measurements.Tests in controlled lab settings showed high accuracy.The system measured 43.5 cm of deposition from two storm events.Abstract. Monitoring erosion at high temporal resolution can provide researchers and managers the data necessary to manage erosion. Current erosion monitoring methods tend to be invasive to the area of interest, record low-frequency measurements, have a narrow spatial range of measurement, or are expensive. There is a need for an affordable system capable of monitoring erosion and deposition non-invasively at high temporal resolution. The objectives of this research were to (1) design and construct a non-invasive sediment monitoring system (SMS) using an ultrasonic sensor capable of monitoring erosion and deposition continuously, (2) test the system in the lab and field, and (3) determine the applications and limitations of the system. The SMS was tested in the lab to determine the extent to which the soil type, slope, surface topography, change in distance, and vegetation impacted the measurements of the ultrasonic sensor. Soil type, slope, and surface topography had little effect on the measurement, but distance and the introduction of vegetation impacted the measurement. In the field during high flows, as erosion and deposition occurred, the changes in distance were determined in near real-time, allowing calculation of erosion and deposition quantities. The SMS was deployed to monitor deposition on sandy streambanks in the Nebraska Sandhills and erosion on a streambank and field plot in Lincoln, Nebraska. The SMS proved successful in measuring sediment change during high-flow events but yielded some error: ±1.06 mm in controlled lab settings and ±10.79 mm when subjected to environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind. Keywords: Deposition, Erosion, Monitoring, Ultrasonic sensor.

scholarly journals Decoding the Influence of Anticipatory States on Visual Perception in the Presence of Temporal Distractors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freek Van Ede ◽  
Sammi R Chekroud ◽  
Mark G Stokes ◽  
Anna C Nobre
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
List Type ◽  
Distractor Interference ◽  
Alpha Oscillations ◽  
Cognitive Influences ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
Eeg Recordings

AbstractWhile it has long been recognised that anticipatory states amplify early EEG responses to visual targets in humans, it remains unclear how such modulations relate to the actual content of the neural representation, and help prioritise targets among temporally competing distractor stimuli. Using multivariate orientation decoding of high temporal resolution EEG recordings, we first demonstrate that anticipation also increases the amount of stimulus-identity information contained in these early brain responses. By characterising the influence of temporally adjacent distractors on target identity decoding, we additionally reveal that anticipation does not just attenuate distractor interference on target representations but, instead, delay it. Enhanced target decoding and distractor resistance are further predicted by the attenuation of posterior 8-14 Hz alpha oscillations. These findings offer several novel insights into how anticipatory states shape neural representations in service of resolving sensory competition in time, and they highlight the potential of non-invasive multivariate electrophysiology to track cognitive influences on perception in tasks with rapidly changing displays.HighlightsAnticipatory states help resolve visual competition in timeAnticipation enhances early target coding and delays distractor interferenceAttenuated alpha oscillations also enhance target coding and distractor resistanceEEG decoding is a powerful tool for tracking percepts in rapidly changing displaysSignificance statementWhile the neural mechanisms by which anticipatory states help prioritise inputs that compete in space have received ample scientific investigation, the mechanisms by which the human brain accomplishes such prioritisation for inputs that compete in time remain less well understood. We used high temporal resolution EEG decoding to individuate (and track in time) neural information linked to visual target and distractors stimuli that were presented in close temporal proximity. This revealed that anticipatory states help resolve temporally competing percepts by a combination of enhanced target (but not distractor) coding as well as delayed interference on this target coding caused by temporally adjacent distractors – thus allocating a “protective temporal window” for high-fidelity target processing.

scholarly journals A Novel Strategy to Reconstruct NDVI Time-Series with High Temporal Resolution from MODIS Multi-Temporal Composite Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1397
Author(s):  
Linglin Zeng ◽  
Brian D. Wardlow ◽  
Shun Hu ◽  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Guoqing Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ndvi Time Series ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Composite Data

Vegetation indices (VIs) data derived from satellite imageries play a vital role in land surface vegetation and dynamic monitoring. Due to the excessive noises (e.g., cloud cover, atmospheric contamination) in daily VI data, temporal compositing methods are commonly used to produce composite data to minimize the negative influence of noise over a given compositing time interval. However, VI time series with high temporal resolution were preferred by many applications such as vegetation phenology and land change detections. This study presents a novel strategy named DAVIR-MUTCOP (DAily Vegetation Index Reconstruction based on MUlti-Temporal COmposite Products) method for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time-series reconstruction with high temporal resolution. The core of the DAVIR-MUTCOP method is a combination of the advantages of both original daily and temporally composite products, and selecting more daily observations with high quality through the temporal variation of temporally corrected composite data. The DAVIR-MUTCOP method was applied to reconstruct high-quality NDVI time-series using MODIS multi-temporal products in two study areas in the continental United States (CONUS), i.e., three field experimental sites near Mead, Nebraska from 2001 to 2012 and forty-six AmeriFlux sites evenly distributed across CONUS from 2006 to 2010. In these two study areas, the DAVIR-MUTCOP method was also compared to several commonly used methods, i.e., the Harmonic Analysis of Time-Series (HANTS) method using original daily observations, Savitzky–Golay (SG) filtering using daily observations with cloud mask products as auxiliary data, and SG filtering using temporally corrected composite data. The results showed that the DAVIR-MUTCOP method significantly improved the temporal resolution of the reconstructed NDVI time series. It performed the best in reconstructing NDVI time-series across time and space (coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.93~0.94) between reconstructed NDVI and ground-observed LAI). DAVIR-MUTCOP method presented the highest robustness and accuracy with the change of the filtering parameter (R2 = 0.99~1.00, bias = 0.001, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.020). Only MODIS data were used in this study; nevertheless, the DAVIR-MUTCOP method proposed a universal and potential way to reconstruct daily time series of other VIs or from other operational sensors, e.g., AVHRR and VIIRS.

scholarly journals The acoustic quality and health in urban environments (SALVE) project: Study design, rationale and methodology

2022 ◽  
Vol 188 ◽  
pp. 108538
Author(s):  
Timo Haselhoff ◽  
Bryce Lawrence ◽  
Jonas Hornberg ◽  
Salman Ahmed ◽  
Robynne Sutcliffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Design Rationale ◽  
Project Study ◽  
Acoustic Quality

scholarly journals Harmonized and high-quality datasets of aerosol optical depth at a US continental site, 1997–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgueni Kassianov ◽  
Erol Cromwell ◽  
Justin Monroe ◽  
Laura D. Riihimaki ◽  
Connor Flynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
Optical Depth ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Wavelength Dependence ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Climate Change Assessment ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAerosol optical depth (AOD) characterizes the aerosol burden in the atmosphere, while its wavelength dependence is a sign of particle size. Long-term records of wavelength-resolved AOD with high quality and suitable continuity are required for climate change assessment. Typically, climate-related studies use AOD products provided by several, and perhaps different, ground-based instruments. The measurements from these instruments often have different accuracy and temporal resolution. To preserve the advantages of these products (high quality) and to reduce their disadvantages (patchy records), we generate a merged dataset obtained from four instruments deployed at a US continental site in which a nearly-continuous AOD record is found at two wavelengths (500 and 870 nm) with high quality and high temporal resolution (1-min) for a 21-yr period (1997–2018). The combined dataset addresses: (1) varying data quality and resolution mismatch of the individual AOD records, and (2) the uncertainty of the merged AOD and its relevance for user-specified needs. The generated dataset will be beneficial for a wide range of applications including aerosol-radiation interactions.

Multidetector-row Computed Tomography in the Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease – New Techniques and Insights

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas H Mahnken ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Multidetector Row ◽  
Ct Scanners ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Cardiac Mdct

Over the last decade, cardiac computed tomography (CT) technology has experienced revolutionary changes and gained broad clinical acceptance in the work-up of patients suffering from coronary artery disease (CAD). Since cardiac multidetector-row CT (MDCT) was introduced in 1998, acquisition time, number of detector rows and spatial and temporal resolution have improved tremendously. Current developments in cardiac CT are focusing on low-dose cardiac scanning at ultra-high temporal resolution. Technically, there are two major approaches to achieving these goals: rapid data acquisition using dual-source CT scanners with high temporal resolution or volumetric data acquisition with 256/320-slice CT scanners. While each approach has specific advantages and disadvantages, both technologies foster the extension of cardiac MDCT beyond morphological imaging towards the functional assessment of CAD. This article examines current trends in the development of cardiac MDCT.

scholarly journals Geological CO2 quantified by high-temporal resolution stable isotope monitoring in a salt mine

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander H. Frank ◽  
Robert van Geldern ◽  
Anssi Myrttinen ◽  
Martin Zimmer ◽  
Johannes A. C. Barth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Underground Mines ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Salt Mine ◽  
Gas Migration ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Anthropogenic Contributions

AbstractThe relevance of CO2 emissions from geological sources to the atmospheric carbon budget is becoming increasingly recognized. Although geogenic gas migration along faults and in volcanic zones is generally well studied, short-term dynamics of diffusive geogenic CO2 emissions are mostly unknown. While geogenic CO2 is considered a challenging threat for underground mining operations, mines provide an extraordinary opportunity to observe geogenic degassing and dynamics close to its source. Stable carbon isotope monitoring of CO2 allows partitioning geogenic from anthropogenic contributions. High temporal-resolution enables the recognition of temporal and interdependent dynamics, easily missed by discrete sampling. Here, data is presented from an active underground salt mine in central Germany, collected on-site utilizing a field-deployed laser isotope spectrometer. Throughout the 34-day measurement period, total CO2 concentrations varied between 805 ppmV (5th percentile) and 1370 ppmV (95th percentile). With a 400-ppm atmospheric background concentration, an isotope mixing model allows the separation of geogenic (16–27%) from highly dynamic anthropogenic combustion-related contributions (21–54%). The geogenic fraction is inversely correlated to established CO2 concentrations that were driven by anthropogenic CO2 emissions within the mine. The described approach is applicable to other environments, including different types of underground mines, natural caves, and soils.

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