scholarly journals Domestication effects on aggressiveness: Comparison of biting motivation and bite force between wild and domesticated finches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Suzuki ◽  
Kazuo Okanoya
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Bite Force ◽  
Fear Response ◽  
Physiological Trait ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Domestication Syndrome ◽  
Bengalese Finch ◽  
In The Wild

ABSTRACTDomesticated animals evolve unique traits, known as domestication phenotypes or the domestication syndrome, due to their adaptation to a captive environment and changes in selection pressures. After being tamed, the Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica) has undergone behavioural and physiological trait changes that differ from those of its wild ancestor, the white-rumped munia (Lonchura striata). The Bengalese finch has complex songs, lower fear response, and lower corticosterone levels than those in the white-rumped munia. We hypothesized that domesticated finches increase the effort to reproduce in lieu of maintaining fitness for survival as needed in the wild. Aggressiveness and bite performance affect survival rates and reproductive success, and are good indicators of adaptability in the natural environment. Therefore, we compared the aggressiveness and biting force of white-rumped munias with those of Bengalese finches to explore the evolutionary mechanisms of behavioural changes due to domestication. We found that the Bengalese finch had decreased aggressiveness (incidence of aggressive biting birds and the number of bite responses) and bite force than those in the white-rumped munia due to domestication. Therefore, we believe they could allocate more resources for breeding that would otherwise be needed for coping with predators through aggression.

scholarly journals Utilization of Trash Fish for Cultivation of Crablet Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Heppi Iromo ◽  
Dori Rachmawani ◽  
Abdul Jabarsyah ◽  
Zainuddin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Carapace Width ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Scylla Serrata ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Trichiurus Lepturus ◽  
Trash Fish ◽  
In The Wild

The high demand for mud crabs in North Kalimantan causes catch to increase in the wild. If it is not balanced with efforts to increase its aquaculture of mud crab, in the future there will be a decline in population. This study aims to determine the growth and survival rate of mud crab seed (crablet, Scylla serrata) in the application method of different types of trash fish. This research used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The Crablet used carapace width average 0.07-0.09 cm and weigh average 0.05-0.07 g with total 150 crablets. The treatments applied by trash fish were (A) Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), (B) Longfin Herrings Fish (Ilisha elongata), (C) Sword Fish (Trichiurus lepturus) and (D) Snails (Telescopium telescopium). The results were The best weight growth of crablet occurs in the treatment of T. lepturus (P>0.05) and  the highest of survival rates of crablet were found in treatment T. telescopium (P<0.05)  than the other. The trash fish were used turned out to be able survival of crablet mud crab (Scylla serrata).

scholarly journals Fitness of breeders in social Damaraland mole-rats is independent of group size

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Thorley ◽  
Hanna Bensch ◽  
Kyle Finn ◽  
Tim Clutton-Brock ◽  
Markus Zöttl
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Successful Reproduction ◽  
Related Group ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Using Data

Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis) are usually viewed as an obligatorily group living eusocial species in which successful reproduction is dependent on reproductive altruism of closely related group members. However, the reproductive ecology of social mole-rats in their natural environment remains poorly understood and it is unclear to what extent successful reproduction is dependent on assistance from other group members. Using data from a 7-year field study of marked individuals, we show that, after dispersal from their natal group, individuals typically settled alone in new burrow systems where they enjoyed high survival rates, and often remained in good body condition for several years before finding a mate. Unlike most other eusocial or singular cooperative breeders, we found that Damaraland mole-rats reproduced successfully in pairs without helpers and experimentally formed pairs had the same reproductive success as larger established groups. Overall there was only a weak increase in reproductive success with increasing group size and no effect of group size on adult survival rates across the population. Juveniles in large groups grew faster early in life but their growth rates declined subsequently so that they eventually plateaued at a lower maximum body mass than juveniles from small groups. Taken together, our data suggest that the fitness benefits of group living to breeders are small and we suggest that extended philopatry in Damaraland mole-rats has evolved because of the high costs and constraints of dispersal rather than because of strong indirect benefits accrued through cooperative behaviour.

scholarly journals Cabin Fever: Exploring the Possibility of a Wilderness Experience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Brittany Inglis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Design Intent ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Wilderness Experience ◽  
In The Wild

<p>New Zealand’s backcountry huts do not stimulate a meaningful connection between the occupant and their surrounding natural environment. Generic solutions provided by the Department of Conservation are dictated by a nostalgic frame of mind, rather than evolving from the intrinsic qualities of nature. This exploration is for those who seek to find and feel a sense of wilderness in our modern times. Despite our inherent desires to be amongst nature, our architecture does not facilitate our fascination. The intimate scale of interiors provides an insight that is detailed and intuitive, allowing for the emotive experience of the occupant to be the primary concern of the design intent. This thesis investigates the potential for a new wilderness experience by exploring and critiquing past and present backcountry huts. By focusing on the necessities needed for survival in a manner that dissolves the physical and mental barriers that these factors can implement, the outcome provides a vison for alternative habitation in the wild.</p>

Paddlefish: Ecological, Aquacultural, and Regulatory Challenges of Managing a Global Resource

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
First Year ◽  
Side Channel ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
Successful Recruitment ◽  
Class Strength ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Key Features

<i>Abstract</i>.—Inadequate recruitment is a concern in many stocks of Paddlefish <i>Polyodon spathula</i>. Despite the importance of maintaining adequate recruitment, little understanding exists of specific recruitment factors and mechanisms. In this chapter we review and synthesize the results of the relatively few studies and observations of Paddlefish reproduction and recruitment and the factors potentially responsible for observed variations. Comparisons are made with studies on sturgeons. Although Paddlefish and sturgeon show many anatomical, life history, and behavioral similarities, some key features of Paddlefish differing from other Acipenseriform species are lifelong zooplanktivory, filter feeding, midwater foraging behaviors, and lack of armoring. Data from both sturgeon and Paddlefish show higher reproductive success associated with higher river discharge; greater Paddlefish reproductive success in some adfluvial populations has also been linked to increasing and high reservoir levels. Whereas several sturgeon studies suggest that recruitment (and year-class strength) are determined within 2–3 months of hatching, results from Paddlefish suggest that year-class strength may be determined later in their first year or in their second year. Observations and field results lead to the hypothesis that young Paddlefish must grow fast in their first and early second years of life to reach a size where they can successfully overwinter, avoid predation from piscivorous fishes and birds, and recruit. Support for this grow-fast-or-be-eaten hypothesis comes from several sources, both indirect (e.g., the relation between fish length and rostrum length) and direct (higher survival of larger fish released and higher lipids in age-0 fish in years of good recruitment). However, more research is needed to adequately test this hypothesis. Paddlefish rearing habitat changes include river-backwater and side-channel sedimentation, reservoir sedimentation and aging, and threats from increased native and nonnative predator populations. Managers of Paddlefish will need a more detailed understanding of the habitat conditions needed for successful recruitment in the wild.

Population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) across a nitrogen-amended landscape

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 994-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay E Clark ◽  
Eric C Hellgren ◽  
Eric E Jorgensen ◽  
Susan J Tunnell ◽  
David M Engle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Sigmodon Hispidus ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Population Growth Rates ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Cotton Rats

We conducted a mark–recapture experiment to examine the population dynamics of hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) in response to low-level nitrogen amendments (16.4 kg nitrogen/ha per year) and exclosure fencing in an old-field grassland. The experimental design consisted of sixteen 0.16-ha plots with 4 replicates of each treatment combination. We predicted that densities, reproductive success, movement probabilities, and survival rates of cotton rats would be greater on nitrogen-amended plots because of greater aboveground biomass and canopy cover. Population densities of cotton rats tended to be highest on fenced nitrogen plots, but densities on unfenced nitrogen plots were similar to those on control and fenced plots. We observed no distinct patterns in survival rates, reproductive success, or movement probabilities with regard to nitrogen treatments. However, survival rates and reproductive success tended to be higher for cotton rats on fenced plots than for those on unfenced plots and this was likely attributable to decreased predation on fenced plots. As low-level nitrogen amendments continue to be applied, we predict that survival, reproduction, and population-growth rates of cotton rats on control plots, especially fenced plots with no nitrogen amendment, will eventually exceed those on nitrogen-amended plots as a result of higher plant-species diversity, greater food availability, and better quality cover.

Haemoproteusinfected birds have increased lifetime reproductive success

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
pp. 1033-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. ZYLBERBERG ◽  
E. P. DERRYBERRY ◽  
C. W. BREUNER ◽  
E. A. MACDOUGALL-SHACKLETON ◽  
J. M. CORNELIUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Host Fitness ◽  
Return Rates ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYThe impact of haematozoan infection on host fitness has received substantial attention since Hamilton and Zuk posited that parasites are important drivers of sexual selection. However, short-term studies testing the assumption that these parasites consistently reduce host fitness in the wild have produced contradictory results. To address this complex issue, we conducted a long-term study examining the relationship between naturally occurring infection withHaemoproteusandPlasmodium, and lifetime reproductive success and survival of Mountain White-crowned Sparrows. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that birds infected with haematozoan parasites have reduced survival (as determined by overwinter return rates) and reproductive success. Contrary to expectation, there was no relationship betweenHaemoproteusandPlasmodiuminfection and reproduction or survival in males, nor was there a relationship betweenPlasmodiuminfection and reproduction in females. Interestingly,Haemoproteus-infected females had significantly higher overwinter return rates and these females fledged more than twice as many chicks during their lifetimes as did uninfected females. We discuss the impact of parasitic infections on host fitness in light of these findings and suggest that, in the case of less virulent pathogens, investment in excessive immune defence may decrease lifetime reproduction.

scholarly journals Reproductive success in wild and hatchery male coho salmon

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 150161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan D. Neff ◽  
Shawn R. Garner ◽  
Ian A. Fleming ◽  
Mart R. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Parentage Analysis ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
The Third ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Hierarchical Position ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mixed Groups

Salmon produced by hatcheries have lower fitness in the wild than naturally produced salmon, but the factors underlying this difference remain an active area of research. We used genetic parentage analysis of alevins produced by experimentally mixed groups of wild and hatchery coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) to quantify male paternity in spawning hierarchies. We identify factors influencing paternity and revise previously published behavioural estimates of reproductive success for wild and hatchery males. We observed a strong effect of hierarchy size and hierarchy position on paternity: in two-male hierarchies, the first male sired 63% (±29%; s.d.) of the alevins and the second male 37% (±29%); in three-male hierarchies, the first male sired 64% (±26%), the second male 24% (±20%) and the third male 12% (±10%). As previously documented, hatchery males hold inferior positions in spawning hierarchies, but we also discovered that hatchery males had only 55–84% the paternity of wild males when occupying the same position within a spawning hierarchy. This paternity difference may result from inferior performance of hatchery males during sperm competition, female mate choice for wild males, or differential offspring survival. Regardless of its cause, the combination of inferior hierarchical position and inferior success at a position resulted in hatchery males having only half (51%) the reproductive success of wild males.

scholarly journals Bees may drive the sexual reproduction of four sympatrically distributed cacti in a vanishing coastal Mediterranean ecosystem

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A. Antinao ◽  
Gastón O. Carvallo ◽  
Beatriz Vergara-Meriño ◽  
Cristian A. Villagra ◽  
Pablo C. Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Mediterranean Ecosystem ◽  
Native Bees ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Pollinator Diversity ◽  
Self Compatibility

Background. Sympatric plant species that share pollinators may have similar mating systems because their floral traits are subject to comparable canalization imposed by pollinators. However, if each sympatric species bears specialized floral morphology, each species may attract different pollinators. Our study aims to describe the pollinator diversity and pollination systems of four taxa of Eriosyce that co-occur in an endangered coastal Mediterranean ecosystem in Central Chile. We took two approaches in our study: we assessed the composition and similarity of flower visitors among taxa, and we characterized the breeding systems to determine dependence on pollinators and self-compatibility. Methods. We performed field observations to characterized pollinators during two consecutive years (2016-2017). Additionally, we performed pollination experiments to elucidate reproductive modes using three treatments: manual cross-pollination, automatic self-pollination, and control (unmanipulated individuals). Results. We observed one bird species (Giant hummingbird Patagona gigas only visiting E. subgibbosa) and 14 bee species (13 natives plus Apis mellifera) visiting cacti of the genus Eriosyce. We observed variation in the similarity of intra-specific pollinator composition between years and among Eriosyce species within the same year. Individuals of E. subgibbosa were visited by less number of species (2016 = 4; 2017 = 2), while E. chilensis (2016 = 4; 2017 = 8), E. chilensis var. albidiflora (2016 = 7; 2017 = 4) and E. curvispina var. mutabilis (2016 = 7; 2017 = 6) were visited by a richest guild of visitors (up to 10 bee species each).Autonomous pollination was unfeasible inE. chilensis, which depend on bees to achieve their reproductive success. Eriosyce subgibbosa, visited mainly by the Giant hummingbird, depends on pollinators to achieve reproductive success. Both E. chilensis var. albidiflora and E. curvispina var. mutabilis were visited by a diverse assemblage of non-social native bees, showing some degree of autonomous pollination and self-compatibility. Discussion. Pollinator diversity analyses showed considerable pollinator differences between the species with ornithophilous flowers (E. subgibbosa) and remain taxa which solely dependent on Apoidea species for pollen transfer. The high diversity of native bees among sympatric Eriosyce may be a caused by their microclimatic differences at spatial (differences among cacti microhabitats) and temporal levels (differences of climatic conditions between August to December when different Eriosyce species bloom). Our study contributes to unveiling the evolutionary mechanisms for pollinator partitioning of sympatric close-related plant species. Furthermore, it improves understanding of threatened species reproductive system and ecological interactions, especially to E. chilensis and E. chilensis var. albidiflora, whose studied populations are the only known for these taxa.

scholarly journals Gender stereotypes in the pictures that represent the activities in the wild in the books of Physical Education Primary

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (40) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Irene Moya-Mata ◽  
Laura Ruiz-Sanchis ◽  
Julio Martín Sanchis ◽  
Concepción Ros Ros
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Analysis Of The Images ◽  
Educational Potential

Gender stereotypes related to physical activity are still present in both primary and secondary education. The educational potential of activities in the natural environment has been highlighted in numerous studies. The objective of this research was to analyze the activities in the natural environment and their linkage according to sex, represented in the textbooks of Physical Education in the stage of Primary School, published in Organic Law 2/2006, of May 3, Of Education. The total of the sample of images in the nature (n = 99), collected in 34 textbooks, belonging to six Spanish publishers were analyzed. For the content analysis of the images, the SAIMEF (Physical Analysis Images Analysis System) tool, elaborated ad hoc, was used. The results showed that the activities in the natural environment (p<0.05) are performed by men, who belong to the age group of the children, who practice mountain sports, namely orienteering, being the terrestrial environment the most used to carry out these activities. In contrast, women, especially girls, performed mountain sports, specifically climbing, being the aquatic medium the most used. It is therefore necessary to reflect the textbooks used in the area of Physical Education to avoid the transmission of gender stereotypes and offer models with which to identify both personally and socially for both sexes. Key words: Image; gender; textbooks; physical education, natural environment.

scholarly journals Older mothers produce more successful daughters

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 4809-4814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenja B. Kroeger ◽  
Daniel T. Blumstein ◽  
Kenneth B. Armitage ◽  
Jane M. Reid ◽  
Julien G. A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Older Mothers ◽  
Lower Elevation ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Term Data

Annual reproductive success and senescence patterns vary substantially among individuals in the wild. However, it is still seldom considered that senescence may not only affect an individual but also affect age-specific reproductive success in its offspring, generating transgenerational reproductive senescence. We used long-term data from wild yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) living in two different elevational environments to quantify age-specific reproductive success of daughters born to mothers differing in age. Contrary to prediction, daughters born to older mothers had greater annual reproductive success on average than daughters born to younger mothers, and this translated into greater lifetime reproductive success. However, in the favorable lower elevation environment, daughters born to older mothers also had greater age-specific decreases in annual reproductive success. In the harsher higher elevation environment on the other hand, daughters born to older mothers tended to die before reaching ages at which such senescent decreases could be observed. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating environment-specific transgenerational parent age effects on adult offspring age-specific life-history traits to fully understand the substantial variation observed in senescence patterns in wild populations.

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