Distinct foraging strategies generated by single-action behavioural flexibility
Animals respond to a changing environment by adjusting their behaviour. This behavioural flexibility often involves choosing between multiple potential actions. However, little is known about how a single action can be used to achieve strategically distinct functions. Here we show that the omnivorous nematode, Pristionchus pacificus, optimizes its mixed-resource diet by prioritizing either predatory or territorial outcomes of biting the bacterivorous nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. To determine biting incentive, P. pacificus assesses success probabilities and net energetic gains of treating C. elegans as prey, and alternatively as a competitor for bacterial food. Considering both predatory and territorial biting outcomes enables P. pacificus to pivot to territorial aggression when predation is difficult. In addition to using these outcomes to valuate biting incentive, P. pacificus designates the more lucrative outcome as its objective for biting. This biting subgoal then recruits a search subgoal that specifically promotes predatory or territorial biting, thereby unifying behaviour towards a singular foraging strategy. Furthermore, we identified the invertebrate norepinephrine analogue, octopamine, as critical for switching between predatory and territorial strategies. Collectively, our results demonstrate that behavioural flexibility on the single-action level is achieved by a hierarchy of goals and subgoals that valuate and choose from various outcome choices.