Household overcrowding and risk of SARS-CoV-2: analysis of the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study in England and Wales

Background: Household overcrowding is associated with increased risk of infectious diseases across cultures and countries. Limited data exist in England and Wales linking household overcrowding and risk of COVID-19. We used data collected from the Virus Watch cohort to examine the association between overcrowded households and infection to pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Methods: The Virus Watch study is a household community cohort of acute respiratory infections in England & Wales that began recruitment in June 2020. We calculated the persons per room for each household and classified accommodation as overcrowded when the number of rooms was fewer than the number of people. We considered two primary outcomes - PCR-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests and laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Roche Elecsys anti-N total immunoglobulin assay). We used mixed effects logistic regression models that accounted for household structure to estimate the association between household overcrowding and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: The proportion of participants with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result was highest in the overcrowded group (6.6%; 73/1,102) and lowest in the under-occupied group (2.9%; 682/23,219). In a mixed effects logistic regression model that included age, sex, ethnicity, household income and geographical region as fixed effects, and a household-level random effect, we found strong evidence of an increased odds of having a positive PCR SARS-CoV-2 antigen result (Odds Ratio 3.67; 95% CI: 1.91, 7.06; p-value < 0.001) and increased odds of having a positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen result in individuals living in overcrowded houses (2.99; 95% CI: 1.14, 7.81; p-value =0.03) compared to people living in under-occupied houses. Discussion: Public health interventions to prevent and stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2 should consider the much greater risk of infection for people living in overcrowded households and pay greater attention to reducing household transmission. There is an urgent need to better recognise housing as a leading determinant of health in the context of a pandemic and beyond.

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Household overcrowding and risk of SARS-CoV-2: analysis of the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study in England and Wales

Wellcome Open Research ◽

10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17308.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 347

Author(s):

Robert W Aldridge ◽

Helen Pineo ◽

Ellen Fragaszy ◽

Max T Eyre ◽

Jana Kovar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

P Value ◽

Limited Data ◽

England And Wales ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Household Transmission ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Antigen Tests

Background: Household overcrowding is associated with increased risk of infectious diseases across contexts and countries. Limited data exist linking household overcrowding and risk of COVID-19. We used data collected from the Virus Watch cohort to examine the association between overcrowded households and SARS-CoV-2. Methods: The Virus Watch study is a household community cohort of acute respiratory infections in England and Wales. We calculated overcrowding using the measure of persons per room for each household. We considered two primary outcomes: PCR-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We used mixed-effects logistic regression models that accounted for household structure to estimate the association between household overcrowding and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: 26,367 participants were included in our analyses. The proportion of participants with a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result was highest in the overcrowded group (9.0%; 99/1,100) and lowest in the under-occupied group (4.2%; 980/23,196). In a mixed-effects logistic regression model, we found strong evidence of an increased odds of a positive PCR SARS-CoV-2 antigen result (odds ratio 2.45; 95% CI:1.43–4.19; p-value=0.001) and increased odds of a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody result in individuals living in overcrowded houses (3.32; 95% CI:1.54–7.15; p-value<0.001) compared with people living in under-occupied houses. Conclusion: Public health interventions to prevent and stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2 should consider the risk of infection for people living in overcrowded households and pay greater attention to reducing household transmission.

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Identifying Household Level Risk Factors for Unintentional House Fire Incidents, Injuries and Fatalities

International Journal for Population Data Science ◽

10.23889/ijpds.v1i1.336 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Samantha Turner ◽

Sarah Rodgers ◽

Ronan Lyons

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Large Scale ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Household Composition ◽

Health Concern ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Household Level ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Uk

ABSTRACTObjectivesUnintentional house fire incidents, injuries and deaths are a serious public health concern in the UK, which disproportionally affect certain groups in the population. Whilst house fires have decreased in recent years; growing financial pressures in the Fire and Rescue Services (FRSs) have resulted in funds dedicated to fire preventative activities becoming increasingly limited. To ensure ever limiting resources are targeted towards those households at greatest risk, it is essential the FRSs’ are accurately informed about the types of household at increased risk. The aim of this project is to undertake a large-scale case-control study, to identify the distinguishing household level risk factors associated with unintentional house fire incidents, injuries and deaths. ApproachUnintentional house fire incidents reported to the Welsh FRS between the years 2003-2008, were anonymised and incorporated into the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank at the Farr Institute, Swansea University. 6943 case households (households which reported a fire to the FRS) were time-matched to 347,150 control households (case:control ratio 1:50). Individuals registered as living at these properties on the date of the fire were established using the Welsh Demographic Service (WDS) dataset. Household level variables will be created by linking case and control households to other demographic, health, educational and environmental datasets in SAIL. Conditional Logistic Regression will be used to estimate matched odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. ResultsPotential risk factor variables were selected on the basis of a systematic review and theoretically plausible variables. Covariates include: household composition (e.g. age and gender of residents), socioeconomic status, educational attainment, smoking, alcohol consumption, mental health conditions, other health related conditions, mobility and sensory impairments and property related characteristics. Fire related circumstances (e.g. fire ignition source, presence of a smoke alarm) will also be investigated in logistic regression models exploring risk factors for injury and death. Results will be presented at the conference. ConclusionThis is the first large-scale analysis of risk factors for unintentional house fire incidents, injuries and deaths. The findings from this project will be translated into comprehensible infographics, designed to support the FRSs, other partner organisations and the general public, recognise high risk households in need of preventative interventions.

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Adverse events associated with incretin-based drugs in Japanese spontaneous reports: a mixed effects logistic regression model

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.1753 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e1753 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daichi Narushima ◽

Yohei Kawasaki ◽

Shoji Takamatsu ◽

Hiroshi Yamada

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Regression Model ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Logistic Regression Model ◽

Random Effect ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

Information Criteria ◽

Drug Event ◽

Receptor Agonists

Background:Spontaneous Reporting Systems (SRSs) are passive systems composed of reports of suspected Adverse Drug Events (ADEs), and are used for Pharmacovigilance (PhV), namely, drug safety surveillance. Exploration of analytical methodologies to enhance SRS-based discovery will contribute to more effective PhV. In this study, we proposed a statistical modeling approach for SRS data to address heterogeneity by a reporting time point. Furthermore, we applied this approach to analyze ADEs of incretin-based drugs such as DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, which are widely used to treat type 2 diabetes.Methods:SRS data were obtained from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Reported adverse events were classified according to the MedDRA High Level Terms (HLTs). A mixed effects logistic regression model was used to analyze the occurrence of each HLT. The model treated DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, hypoglycemic drugs, concomitant suspected drugs, age, and sex as fixed effects, while the quarterly period of reporting was treated as a random effect. Before application of the model, Fisher’s exact tests were performed for all drug-HLT combinations. Mixed effects logistic regressions were performed for the HLTs that were found to be associated with incretin-based drugs. Statistical significance was determined by a two-sided p-value <0.01 or a 99% two-sided confidence interval. Finally, the models with and without the random effect were compared based on Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC), in which a model with a smaller AIC was considered satisfactory.Results:The analysis included 187,181 cases reported from January 2010 to March 2015. It showed that 33 HLTs, including pancreatic, gastrointestinal, and cholecystic events, were significantly associated with DPP-4 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists. In the AIC comparison, half of the HLTs reported with incretin-based drugs favored the random effect, whereas HLTs reported frequently tended to favor the mixed model.Conclusion:The model with the random effect was appropriate for analyzing frequently reported ADEs; however, further exploration is required to improve the model. The core concept of the model is to introduce a random effect of time. Modeling the random effect of time is widely applicable to various SRS data and will improve future SRS data analyses.

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The impact of SPY angiography on intraoperative decision making and outcomes for post-mastectomy reconstruction

Journal of Cancer Science and Therapeutics ◽

10.36879/jcst.19.000109 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-5

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Skin Necrosis ◽

Regression Models ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Flap Necrosis ◽

Single Institution ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

The Impact

Objective: While the use of intraoperative laser angiography (SPY) is increasing in mastectomy patients, its impact in the operating room to change the type of reconstruction performed has not been well described. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether SPY angiography influences post-mastectomy reconstruction decisions and outcomes. Methods and materials: A retrospective analysis of mastectomy patients with reconstruction at a single institution was performed from 2015-2017.All patients underwent intraoperative SPY after mastectomy but prior to reconstruction. SPY results were defined as ‘good’, ‘questionable’, ‘bad’, or ‘had skin excised’. Complications within 60 days of surgery were compared between those whose SPY results did not change the type of reconstruction done versus those who did. Preoperative and intraoperative variables were entered into multivariable logistic regression models if significant at the univariate level. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 267 mastectomies were identified, 42 underwent a change in the type of planned reconstruction due to intraoperative SPY results. Of the 42 breasts that underwent a change in reconstruction, 6 had a ‘good’ SPY result, 10 ‘questionable’, 25 ‘bad’, and 2 ‘had areas excised’ (p<0.01). After multivariable analysis, predictors of skin necrosis included patients with ‘questionable’ SPY results (p<0.01, OR: 8.1, 95%CI: 2.06 – 32.2) and smokers (p<0.01, OR:5.7, 95%CI: 1.5 – 21.2). Predictors of any complication included a change in reconstruction (p<0.05, OR:4.5, 95%CI: 1.4-14.9) and ‘questionable’ SPY result (p<0.01, OR: 4.4, 95%CI: 1.6-14.9). Conclusion: SPY angiography results strongly influence intraoperative surgical decisions regarding the type of reconstruction performed. Patients most at risk for flap necrosis and complication post-mastectomy are those with questionable SPY results.

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OP0034 DOES THE RISK OF VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM VARY WITH DISEASE ACTIVITY IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS?

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.353 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 23.2-24

Author(s):

V. Molander ◽

H. Bower ◽

J. Askling

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Disease Activity ◽

Das28 Score ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Highly Active ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Das28 Remission ◽

One Year

Background:Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) (1). Several established risk factors of VTE, such as age, immobilization and comorbid conditions, occur more often patients with RA (2). In addition, inflammation may in itself also increase VTE risk by upregulating procoagolatory factors and causing endothelial damage (3). Recent reports indicate an increased risk of VTE in RA patients treated with JAK-inhibitors (4), pointing to the need to better understand how inflammation measured as clinical RA disease activity influences VTE risk.Objectives:To investigate the relationship between clinical RA disease activity and incidence of VTE.Methods:Patients with RA were identified from the Swedish Rheumatology Quality Register (SRQ) between July 1st2006 and December 31st2017. Clinical rheumatology data for these patients were obtained from the visits recorded in SRQ, and linked to national registers capturing data on VTE events and comorbid conditions. For each such rheumatologist visit, we defined a one-year period after the visit and determined whether a VTE event had occurred within this period or not. A visit followed by a VTE event was categorized as a case, all other visits were used as controls. Each patient could contribute to several visits. The DAS28 score registered at the visit was stratified into remission (0-2.5) vs. low (2.6-3.1), moderate (3.2-5.1) and high (>5.1) disease activity. Logistic regression with robust cluster standard errors was used to estimate the association between the DAS28 score and VTE.Results:We identified 46,311 patients with RA who contributed data from 320,094 visits. Among these, 2,257 visits (0.7% of all visits) in 1345 unique individuals were followed by a VTE within the one-year window. Of these, 1391 were DVT events and 866 were PE events. Figure 1 displays the absolute probabilities of a VTE in this one-year window, and odds ratios for VTE by each DAS28 category, using DAS28 remission as reference. The one-year risk of a VTE increased from 0.5% in patients in DAS28 remission, to 1.1% in patients with DAS28 high disease activity (DAS28 above 5.1). The age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio for a VTE event in highly active RA compared to RA in remission was 2.12 (95% CI 1.80-2.47). A different analysis, in which each patient could only contribute to one visit, yielded similar results.Figure 1.Odds ratios (OR) comparing the odds of VTE for DAS28 activity categories versus remission. Grey estimates are from unadjusted logistic regression models, black estimates are from logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex. Absolute one-year risk of VTE are estimated from unadjusted models.Conclusion:This study demonstrates a strong association between clinical RA inflammatory activity as measured through DAS28 and risk of VTE. Among patients with high disease activity one in a hundred will develop a VTE within the coming year. These findings highlight the need for proper VTE risk assessment in patients with active RA, and confirm that patients with highly active RA, such as those recruited to trials for treatment with new drugs, are already at particularly elevated risk of VTE.References:[1]Holmqvist et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and association with disease duration and hospitalization. JAMA. 2012;308(13):1350-6.[2]Cushman M. Epidemiology and risk factors for venous thrombosis. Semin Hematol. 2007;44(2):62-9.[3]Xu J et al. Inflammation, innate immunity and blood coagulation. Hamostaseologie. 2010;30(1):5-6, 8-9.[4]FDA. Safety trial finds risk of blood clots in the lungs and death with higher dose of tofacitinib (Xeljanz, Xeljanz XR) in rheumatoid arthritis patients; FDA to investigate. 2019.Acknowledgments:Many thanks to all patients and rheumatologists persistently filling out the SRQ.Disclosure of Interests:Viktor Molander: None declared, Hannah Bower: None declared, Johan Askling Grant/research support from: JA acts or has acted as PI for agreements between Karolinska Institutet and the following entities, mainly in the context of the ARTIS national safety monitoring programme of immunomodulators in rheumatology: Abbvie, BMS, Eli Lilly, Merck, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, and UCB Pharma

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The Differential Effects of Caregiving Intensity on Overnight Hospitalization in the Previous 2 Years

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.249 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 76-76

Author(s):

Kylie Meyer ◽

Zachary Gassoumis ◽

Kathleen Wilber

Keyword(s):

Health Services ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Regression Models ◽

P Value ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Spousal Caregiving ◽

Health Insurance Status ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Self Assessed Health ◽

Retirement Study

Abstract Caregiving for a spouse is considered a major stressor many Americans will encounter during their lifetimes. Although most studies indicate caregiving is associated with experiencing diminished health outcomes, little is known about how this role affects caregivers’ use of acute health services. To understand how spousal caregiving affects the use of acute health services, we use data from the Health and Retirement Study. We apply fixed effects (FE) logistic regression models to examine odds of experiencing an overnight hospitalization in the previous two years according to caregiving status, intensity, and changes in caregiving status and intensity. Models controlled for caregiver gender, age, race, ethnicity, educational attainment, health insurance status, the number of household residents, and self-assessed health. Overall, caregivers were no more likely to experience an overnight hospitalization compared to non-caregivers (OR 0.92; CI 0.84 to 1.00; p-value=0.057). However, effects varied according to the intensity of caregiving and the time spent in this role. Compared to non-caregivers, for example, spouses who provided care to someone with no need for assistance with activities of daily living had lower odds of experiencing a hospitalization (OR 0.77; CI 0.66 to 0.89). In contrast, caregivers who provided care to someone with dementia for 4 to <6 years had 3.29 times the odds of experiencing an overnight hospitalization (CI 1.04 to 10.38; p-value=0.042). Findings indicate that, although caregivers overall appear to use acute health services about as much as non-caregivers, large differences exist between caregivers. Results emphasize the importance of recognizing diversity within caregiving experiences.

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Genetic Predisposition to Alzheimer’s Disease Is Associated with Enlargement of Perivascular Spaces in Centrum Semiovale Region

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12060825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 825

Author(s):

Iacopo Ciampa ◽

Grégory Operto ◽

Carles Falcon ◽

Carolina Minguillon ◽

Manuel Castro de Moura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Genetic Predisposition ◽

Rating Scale ◽

P Value ◽

Perivascular Spaces ◽

Centrum Semiovale ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Visual Rating ◽

Increased Risk

This study investigated whether genetic factors involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with enlargement of Perivascular Spaces (ePVS) in the brain. A total of 680 participants with T2-weighted MRI scans and genetic information were acquired from the ALFA study. ePVS in the basal ganglia (BG) and the centrum semiovale (CS) were assessed based on a validated visual rating scale. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to investigate associations between ePVS in BG and CS with BIN1-rs744373, as well as APOE genotypes. We found a significant association of the BIN1-rs744373 polymorphism in the CS subscale (p value = 0.019; OR = 2.564), suggesting that G allele carriers have an increased risk of ePVS in comparison with A allele carriers. In stratified analysis by APOE-ε4 status (carriers vs. non-carriers), these results remained significant only for ε4 carriers (p value = 0.011; OR = 1.429). To our knowledge, the present study is the first suggesting that genetic predisposition for AD is associated with ePVS in CS. These findings provide evidence that underlying biological processes affecting AD may influence CS-ePVS.

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Physician Perceptions on Quality of Life and Resuscitation Preferences for Extremely Early Newborns

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1733782 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Danielle LoRe ◽

Christopher Mattson ◽

Dalia M. Feltman ◽

Jessica T. Fry ◽

Kathleen G. Brennan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Models ◽

Mixed Effects ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Comfort Care ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Extremely Preterm

Objective The study aimed to explore physician views on whether extremely early newborns will have an acceptable quality of life (QOL), and if these views are associated with physician resuscitation preferences. Study Design We performed a cross-sectional survey of neonatologists and maternal fetal medicine (MFM) attendings, fellows, and residents at four U.S. medical centers exploring physician views on future QOL of extremely early newborns and physician resuscitation preferences. Mixed-effects logistic regression models examined association of perceived QOL and resuscitation preferences when adjusting for specialty, level of training, gender, and experience with ex-premature infants. Results A total of 254 of 544 (47%) physicians were responded. A minority of physicians had interacted with surviving extremely early newborns when they were ≥3 years old (23% of physicians in pediatrics/neonatology and 6% in obstetrics/MFM). The majority of physicians did not believe an extremely early newborn would have an acceptable QOL at the earliest gestational ages (11% at 22 and 23% at 23 weeks). The majority of physicians (73%) believed that having an extremely preterm infant would have negative effects on the family's QOL. Mixed-effects logistic regression models (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]) revealed that physicians who believed infants would have an acceptable QOL were less likely to offer comfort care only at 22 (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.05–0.65, p < 0.01) and 23 weeks (OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.07–0.78, p < 0.02). They were also more likely to offer active treatment only at 24 weeks (OR: 9.66, 95% CI: 2.56–38.87, p < 0.01) and 25 weeks (OR: 19.51, 95% CI: 3.33–126.72, p < 0.01). Conclusion Physician views of extremely early newborns' future QOL correlated with self-reported resuscitation preferences. Residents and obstetric physicians reported more pessimistic views on QOL. Key Points

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Understanding Charter School Leaders’ Perceptions of Competition in Arizona

Educational Administration Quarterly ◽

10.1177/0013161x211037337 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0013161X2110373

Author(s):

Benjamin Creed ◽

Huriya Jabbar ◽

Michael Scott

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

School Choice ◽

Charter School ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Regression Models ◽

School Leaders ◽

State Level ◽

Local Market ◽

School Practices ◽

Logistic Regression Models

Purpose: School choice policies are expected to generate competition leading to improvement in school practices. However, little is known about how competition operates in public education—particularly in charter schools. This paper examines charter-school leaders’ competitive perception formation and the actions taken in response to competition. Research Methods: Using Arizona charter-school leaders’ responses to an original survey, Arizona Department of Education data, and the Common Core of Data, we examined the factors predicting the labeling of a school as a competitor. We estimated fixed effects logistic regression models which examine factors predicting the labeling of competitor schools and of top competitors. We used logistic regression models to understand charter-school leaders’ responses to competition. Findings: We find charter-school leaders in Arizona perceived at least some competition with other schools, and their perceptions vary by urbanicity. While distance between schools mattered generally for labeling a school as a competitor, distance did not factor into labeling “top competitor” schools. Student outcomes did not predict competition between schools, but student demographics were associated with labeling a school a competitor. Charter-school leaders responded to competition through changes in outreach and advertising rather than curriculum and instruction. Competitive responses were related to the respondent school’s quality and the level of perceived competition. Implications for Research and Practice: We found charter-school leaders perceive competition and respond by changing school practices. Responses typically focus on marketing activities over productive responses. The novel state-level analysis allows us to test the effects of local market conditions typically absent in the literature.

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Prognostic significance of international normalised ratio and prothrombin time in Chinese acute ischaemic stroke patients

Postgraduate Medical Journal ◽

10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-141204 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. postgradmedj-2021-141204

Author(s):

Shoujiang You ◽

Qiao Han ◽

Xiaofeng Dong ◽

Chongke Zhong ◽

Huaping Du ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Ischaemic Stroke ◽

Prothrombin Time ◽

Hospital Discharge ◽

Acute Ischaemic Stroke ◽

Regression Models ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Increased Risk ◽

International Normalised Ratio

BackgroundWe investigated the association between international normalised ratio (INR) and prothrombin time (PT) levels on hospital admission and in-hospital outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients.MethodsA total of 3175 AIS patients enrolled from December 2013 to May 2014 across 22 hospitals in Suzhou city were included. We divided patients into four groups according to their level of admission INR: (<0.92), Q2 (0.92–0.98), Q3 (0.98–1.04) and Q4 (≥1.04) and PT. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the effect of INR and PT on death or major disability (modified Rankin Scale score (mRS)>3), death and major disability (mRS scores 4–5) separately on discharge in AIS patients.ResultsHaving an INR level in the highest quartile (Q4) was associated with an increased risk of death or major disability (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.31; P-trend=0.001), death (OR, 2.64; 95% CI 1.12 to 6.19; P-trend=0.002) and major disability on discharge (OR, 1.56; 95% CI 1.13 to 2.15; P-trend=0.008) in comparison to Q1 after adjusting for potential covariates. Moreover, in multivariable logistic regression models, having a PT level in the highest quartile also significantly increased the risk of death (OR, 2.38; 95% CI 1.06 to 5.32; P-trend=0.006) but not death or major disability (P-trend=0.240), major disability (P-trend=0.606) on discharge.ConclusionsHigh INR at admission was independently associated with death or major disability, death and major disability at hospital discharge in AIS patients and increased PT was also associated with death at hospital discharge.

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