scholarly journals Tracking SARS-CoV-2 in rivers as a tool for epidemiological surveillance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Noel Maidana-Kulesza ◽  
Hugo Ramiro Poma ◽  
Diego Gaston Sanguino-Jorquera ◽  
Sarita Isabel Reyes ◽  
Maria del Milagro Said-Adamo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Three Rivers ◽  
The City

The aim of this work was to evaluate if rivers could be used for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance to support health authorities. Five sampling points from three rivers (AR-1 and AR-2 in Arenales River, MR-1 and MR-2 in Mojotoro River, and CR in La Caldera River) from the Province of Salta (Argentina), two of them receiving the discharges of the wastewater plants (WWTP) of the city of Salta, were monitored from July to December 2020 during the first wave of COVID-19. Fifteen water samples from each point (75 samples in total) were collected and characterized physico-chemically and microbiologically and SARS-CoV-2 was quantitatively detected by RT-qPCR. In addition, two targets linked to human contributions, human polyomavirus (HPyV) and RNase P, were quantified and used to normalize the SARS-CoV-2 concentration, which was ultimately compared to the active reported COVID-19 cases. Statistical analyses allowed us to verify the correlation between SARS-CoV-2 and the concentration of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), as well as to find similarities and differences between sampling points. La Caldera River showed the best water quality, and FIB were within acceptable limits for recreational activities. Although Mojotoro River receives the discharge of the northern WWTP of the city, it did not affect the water quality. Instead, the Arenales River presented the poorest water quality and the river at AR-2 was negatively affected by the discharges of the southern WWTP, which contributed to the significant increase of fecal contamination. SARS-CoV-2 was only found in about half of the samples and in low concentrations in La Caldera and Mojotoro Rivers, while it was high and persistent in the Arenales River. None of the two human tracers was detected in CR, only HPyV was found in MR-1, MR-2 and AR-1, and both were quantified in AR-2. The experimental and the normalized (using the two tracers) viral concentrations strongly correlated with the curve of active reported COVID-19 cases; thus, the Arenales River at AR-2 reflected the epidemiological situation of the city. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study that showed the dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 concentration in an urban river highly impacted by wastewater and proved that can be used for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance to support health authorities.

scholarly journals Prolonged outbreak of B meningococcal disease in the Seine-Maritime department, France, January 2003 to June 2005

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Rouaud ◽  
A Perrocheau ◽  
M K Taha ◽  
C Sesboué ◽  
A M Forgues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Membrane Vesicle ◽  
Purpura Fulminans ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Average Annual Incidence ◽  
The City

Between January 2003 and June 2005, an outbreak of meningococcal disease occured in the department of Seine-Maritime in northern France. Eighty six cases were notified, giving an average annual incidence of 2.7 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, compared with 1.6 in France. An especially affected area was defined as the city of Dieppe and its surrounding area (26 cases, giving an annual incidence of 12 cases per 100 000). This outbreak was due to N. meningitidis phenotype B:14:P1.7,16 belonging to the clonal complex ST-32/ET-5. Over the 31 B14:P1.7,16 cases confirmed by phenotyping methods at the national reference centre for meningococci (CNR, Centre National de Référence des méningocoques) the case-fatality rate (19%) and the proportion of purpura fulminans (42%) were especially high. Teenagers aged between 15 and 19 years and children aged 1 to 9 years were the most affected. In 2003, health authorities put in place enhanced epidemiological surveillance and informed practitioners and population about the disease. In 2004, the national vaccination advisory board studied the opportunity of using a non licensed outer membrane vesicle vaccine developed in Norway which may be effective against the B14:P1.7,16 strain. The Ministry of health decided in 2006 to offer vaccination with this vaccine to people aged 1 to 19 years in Seine- Maritime.

scholarly journals Resistance Profile of Vibrio spp. Strains Collected from Lagoon Bays and Wastewater in the City of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, from January to June 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-303
Author(s):  
Coulibaly Kalpy J. ◽  
Vakou N. Sabine ◽  
Diaby Aboubakar S. ◽  
Amon lydie N. ◽  
Djaman Allico J. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
The City

Background: Lagoons and wastewater constitute aquatics environments which receive or accounts for most domestic discharges. These waters constitute an important ecosystem for the proliferation of microorganisms. The microorganisms that harbor these waters can provide information on the persistence of certain diseases in the human population, including gastrointestinal infections such as Cholera. The genus Vibrio contains pathogenic aquatic bacteria found in lagoon bays and wastewater. Objective: The main objectives of this work were to confirm the presence of Vibrio spp. in lagoon bays and sewage of the city of Abidjan over the entire interepidemic period, and to evaluate their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics. Methods: The isolation and identification of the microorganisms were carried out using classical bacteriological techniques (biochemical test, API 20E gallery). When necessary, serotyping was carried out using agglutination tests on slides. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion (KBDD) method. Results: This study identified 12 bacterial strains, 9/12 (75%) of which were Vibrio sp. strains. Two Vibrio species, namely Vibrio parahaemolyticus 2/9 (22%) and 7/9 Vibrio cholerae (78%) were identified. V. cholerae was isolated from both sewage and lagoon waters with dominance of serotype O1. The V. cholerae O1 and non-O1 strains showed a high level of resistance to sulfonamides, quinolones, fluoroquinolones, and moderate sensitivity to penicillins and tetracyclines. Resistant V. parahaemolyticus strains were also identified. Conclusion: The increased resistance of these bacteria could pose potential problems in the treatment of epidemics and other communicable diseases. The emergence of these multi-drug resistant strains of the genus Vibrio should prompt the Ivorian health authorities to maintain an epidemiological surveillance network for waterborne diseases throughout the country and to continue bacteriological sampling to monitor Vibrio's sensitivity to antibiotics.

scholarly journals Double Trouble: Dengue Followed by COVID-19 Infection Acquired in Two Different Regions: A Doctor’s Case Report and Spatial Distribution of Cases in Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Sérgio Munhoz Pereira ◽  
Charlene Troiani do Nascimento ◽  
Rodrigo Sala Ferro ◽  
Edilson Ferreira Flores ◽  
Elaine Aparecida Maldonado Bertacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
The City

Co-epidemics of COVID-19 and dengue in dengue-endemic countries represent a serious public health concern. In Brazil, São Paulo state ranks first for cases and deaths from COVID-19, and dengue is endemic in most regions of the country. In 2020, an outbreak of dengue occurred in western São Paulo. We determined the spatiotemporal distribution of dengue in the context of COVID-19 cases in Presidente Prudente, a mid-sized city in western São Paulo. To illustrate the burden of both infections, a case report of a doctor and his family, infected with dengue and COVID-19, is presented. There were three clusters of dengue and COVID-19 in the periphery. A dengue cluster was found in a region where there were no corresponding COVID-19 cases. Meanwhile, there were COVID-19 clusters where dengue activity was lower. In 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic emerged when dengue reached its seasonal peak, resulting in a simultaneous outbreak of both diseases. Lower rates of dengue were found in the city compared with 2019, and the fear of patients with mild dengue symptoms about remaining in hospital and acquiring COVID-19 infection may be the main cause. Simultaneous spatial clusters of dengue and COVID-19 in environmentally and socioeconomically vulnerable areas can guide public health authorities in intensive interventions to improve clinical diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, and management of both diseases. The patient and his family were first infected with dengue and he then carried COVID-19 to his family, reinforcing the risk of health care workers spreading the virus to the community. We highlight the epidemiological significance of presenting a case report and spatial analysis of COVID-19 in the same study in the context of a dengue outbreak.

scholarly journals Análise da percepção ambiental de alunos do ensino básico acerca da qualidade da água

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Carmem Sara Pinheiro de Oliveira ◽  
Gabriel Contini ◽  
Niltom Vieira Junior
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City ◽  
Primary Agent

Resumo A qualidade da água é uma necessidade universal, que exige atenção por parte das autoridades sanitárias e consumidores em geral. Os problemas ambientais, especialmente os relacionados a este recurso, têm se acentuado, de acordo com o crescimento populacional. Deste modo, intervenções, sobretudo as destinadas a formar um pensamento crítico na população, se fazem necessárias, para se obter resultados significativos, entre elas a educação ambiental. A escola é o principal agente para esclarecer, produzir consciência e formar comportamento cidadão participativo nas questões ambientais. Para isso, é necessário medir o conhecimento prévio dos alunos a respeito do assunto. Então, esta pesquisa visou conhecer, por meio da aplicação de um questionário, a visão de discentes do 7º ano do Ensino Básico Fundamental de uma escola pública situada no município de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, acerca de inúmeras situações relacionadas à qualidade de água, que dizem respeito à sociedade, à saúde e ao meio ambiente. Os resultados mostram que, apesar de não existir uma disciplina específica para a educação ambiental, os conhecimentos empíricos dos alunos sobre o tema são mais adequados que os conteúdos abordados dentro da disciplina Ciências, que necessitariam de outra abordagem, mais ativa e efetiva, pois o conhecimento formal nesta área se apresentou insuficiente. Palavras-chave: Ciências. Educação ambiental. Ensino fundamental. Qualidade da água. Abstract Water quality is a universal need, which requires attention from health authorities and consumers in general. Environmental problems, especially those related to this resource, have been accentuated, according to population growth. Thus, interventions, especially those aimed at forming critical thinking in the population, are necessary to obtain significant results, including environmental education. The school is the primary agent to clarify, raise awareness and form participatory citizen behavior on environmental issues. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the students' prior knowledge on the subject. Hence, this research aimed to know, through a questionnaire, the view of 7th grade students of a public basic education school located in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, about numerous situations related to water quality, which concern society, health, and the environment. The results show that, although there is no specific subject for environmental education, students' empirical knowledge on the topic is more appropriate than the content covered within the Science subject, which would need another, more active and effective approach, as the formal knowledge in this area proved to be insufficient. Keywords: Sciences. Environmental education. Elementary school. Water quality Resumen La calidad del agua es una necesidad universal, que requiere la atención de las autoridades sanitarias y de los consumidores en general. Los problemas ambientales, especialmente los relacionados con este recurso, se han acentuado, de acuerdo con el crecimiento de la población. Por lo tanto, intervenciones, especialmente las destinadas a formar un pensamiento crítico en la población, son necesarias, para que se logren resultados significativos, entre ellas la educación ambiental. La escuela es el principal agente para aclarar, generar conciencia y formar comportamiento ciudadano participativo en las cuestiones ambientales. Para ello, es necesario medir los conocimientos previos de los estudiantes sobre el tema. Entonces, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo conocer, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario, la opinión de los estudiantes del séptimo año de educación básica de una escuela pública ubicada en la ciudad de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, sobre numerosas situaciones relacionadas con la calidad del agua, que afectan a la sociedad, a la salud y al medioambiente. Los resultados muestran que, aunque no exista una disciplina específica para la educación ambiental, el conocimiento empírico de los estudiantes sobre el tema es más adecuado que los contenidos cubiertos por la disciplina Ciencias, que necesitarían un enfoque más activo y efectivo, porque el conocimiento formal en esta área demostró ser insuficiente. Palabras-clave: Ciencias. Educación ambiental. Educación básica. Calidad del agua.

Assessment of E. coli partitioning behavior via both culture-based and qPCR methods

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1359-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh-Anne Krometis ◽  
Rachel T. Noble ◽  
Gregory W. Characklis ◽  
A. Denene Blackwood ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
High Particle ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Specimen Processing ◽  
Centrifugation Technique

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) offers a rapid, highly sensitive analytical alternative to the traditional culture-based techniques of microbial enumeration typically used in water quality monitoring. Before qPCR can be widely applied within surface water monitoring programs and stormwater assessment research, the relationships between microbial concentrations measured by qPCR and culture-based methods must be assessed across a range of water types. Previous studies investigating fecal indicator bacteria quantification using molecular and culture-based techniques have compared measures of total concentration, but have not examined particle-associated microorganisms, which may be more important from a transport perspective, particularly during the calibration of predictive water quality models for watershed management purposes. This study compared total, free-phase, and particle-associated Escherichia coli concentrations as determined by the Colilert defined substrate method and qPCR targeting the uidA gene in stream grab samples partitioned via a calibrated centrifugation technique. Free-phase concentrations detected through qPCR were significantly higher than those detected using Colilert although total concentrations were statistically equivalent, suggesting a source of analytical bias. Although a specimen processing complex was used to identify and correct for inhibition of the qPCR reaction, high particle concentrations may have resulted in underestimation of total cell counts, particularly at low concentrations. Regardless, qPCR-based techniques will likely have an important future role in stormwater assessment and management.

scholarly journals Association of Fecal Indicator Bacteria with Human Viruses and Microbial Source Tracking Markers at Coastal Beaches Impacted by Nonpoint Source Pollution

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (18) ◽  
pp. 6423-6432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon McQuaig ◽  
John Griffith ◽  
Valerie J. Harwood
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTWater quality was assessed at two marine beaches in California by measuring the concentrations of culturable fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and by library-independent microbial source tracking (MST) methods targeting markers of human-associated microbes (human polyomavirus [HPyV] PCR and quantitative PCR,Methanobrevibacter smithiiPCR, andBacteroidessp. strain HF183 PCR) and a human pathogen (adenovirus by nested PCR). FIB levels periodically exceeded regulatory thresholds at Doheny and Avalon Beaches for enterococci (28.5% and 31.7% of samples, respectively) and fecal coliforms (20% and 5.8%, respectively). Adenoviruses were detected at four of five sites at Doheny Beach and were correlated with detection of HPyVs and humanBacteroidesHF183; however, adenoviruses were not detected at Avalon Beach. The most frequently detected human source marker at both beaches wasBacteroidesHF183, which was detected in 27% of samples. Correlations between FIBs and human markers were much more frequent at Doheny Beach than at Avalon Beach; e.g., adenovirus was correlated with HPyVs and HF183. Human sewage markers and adenoviruses were routinely detected in samples meeting FIB regulatory standards. The toolbox approach of FIB measurement coupled with analysis of several MST markers targeting human pathogens used here demonstrated that human sewage is at least partly responsible for the degradation of water quality, particularly at Doheny Beach, and resulted in a more definitive assessment of recreational water quality and human health risk than reliance on FIB concentrations alone could have provided.

Evaluation of Ground Water Quality For AL Shuwayja area –Wasit Provence Using GIS Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ali Nasser Hilo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Ground Water Quality ◽  
Water Index ◽  
The City

The low level of water in rivers in Iraq leads to poor water quality, on that basis; we need to assess Iraq's water resources for uses of irrigation and drinking water. This study present a model accounts for ground water quality by using a water quality index (WQI) for the region defined between the city of Kut and the city of Badra in Wasit province. this study relies on a system of wells set up along the path through the Badra –Kut  and around it  up to 78 wells. The study showed poor quality of ground water in the region of study and it is unsuitability for irrigation and drinking water, as well as provided a solution to the water accumulated in the Shuwayja to reduce the bad effect on groundwater by using a system of branch and collection canals  then pumping at the effluent  of Al  Shuwayja in seasons of rainy season ..Water quality index calculated depend on the basis of various physic-chemical parameters as PH, Ec , TDS, TSS, Nacl , SO4 ,Na , and  Mg. The resultant and analytical are present with use of Arch GIS program – geostastical analysis for the water index and water quality parameters

Влияние экологического состояния водоисточника на режим работы водопроводных очистных сооружений

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bykova ◽  
I. Egorova ◽  
A. Strelkov ◽  
L. Talovyria ◽  
O. Nesterenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Water Quality Control ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
The City

При изучении качества воды источника водоснабжения г. Самары Саратовского водохранилища особое внимание было уделено основным показателям, влияющим на выбор реагентной обработки: мутность, перманганатная окисляемость и цветность. Сезонные изменения качества воды водохранилища требуют постоянной корректировки дозы реагентов с целью достижения нормативных требований к качеству очищенной воды. Приводятся результаты производственных исследований изменения качества воды Саратовского водохранилища в створе водозаборов г. Самары за 20172019 годы по мутности, перманганатной окисляемости и цветности. В связи с аномальными температурными перепадами и наступлением осеннего паводка (конец декабря 2019 г. и январь 2020 г.) резко изменилось качество воды водохранилища по цветности и перманганатной окисляемости. Отмечено, что увеличение указанных показателей потребовало повышения дозы реагентов при очистке исходной воды. Оптимальная доза реагентов постоянно коректируется в зависимости от состава исходной воды на флокуляторе Lovibond ЕТ-750 . Регулярное проведение пробного коагулирования позволило поддерживать качество очищенной воды в соответствии с нормативными требованиями СанПиН 2.1.4.1074-01 Питьевая вода. Контроль качества , кроме цветности и железа общего, так как превышение этих показателей наблюдалось в пределах погрешности методов измерения.While studying the water quality of the water source of the city of Samara the Saratov water reservoir, special attention was paid to the main indicators that influence the choice of chemical treatment: turbidity, permanganate index and color. Seasonal changes in the water quality of the water reservoir require constant adjustment of the chemical dose in order to meet the regulatory requirements to the quality of treated water. The results of the studies of changes in the water quality of the Saratov reservoir at the water abstraction points of the city of Samara for 20172019 by turbidity, permanganate index and color are presented. Due to the abnormal temperature differences and onset of autumn flood (end of December 2019 and January 2020), the water quality in the water reservoir dramatically changed in color and permanganate index. It was noted that an increase in these indicators required an increase in the dose of chemicals during the source water purification. The optimal dose of chemicals is selected with Lovibond ET-750 flocculator depending on the composition of the source water. Regular test coagulation allowed maintaining the quality of purified water in accordance with the regulatory requirements of SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 Drinking water. Quality control , except for color and total iron since the values of these indicators were increased within the measurement accuracy.

Leading the City of Baltimore into the 21st Century: Flexible Treatment Solutions and Integrated Raw Water Management

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Manuszak ◽  
M. MacPhee ◽  
S. Liskovich ◽  
L. Feldsher
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
The City

The City of Baltimore, Maryland is one of many US cities faced with challenges related to increasing potable water demands, diminishing fresh water supplies, and aging infrastructure. To address these challenges, the City recently undertook a $7M study to evaluate water supply and treatment alternatives and develop the conceptual design for a new 120 million gallon per day (MGD) water treatment plant. As part of this study, an innovative raw water management tool was constructed to help model source water availability and predicted water quality based on integration of a new and more challenging surface water supply. A rigorous decision-making approach was then used to screen and select appropriate treatment processes. Short-listed treatment strategies were demonstrated through a year-long pilot study, and process design criteria were collected in order to assess capital and operational costs for the full-scale plant. Ultimately the City chose a treatment scheme that includes low-pressure membrane filtration and post-filter GAC adsorption, allowing for consistent finished water quality irrespective of which raw water supply is being used. The conceptual design includes several progressive concepts, which will: 1) alleviate treatment limitations at the City's existing plants by providing additional pre-clarification facilities at the new plant; and 2) take advantage of site conditions to design and operate the submerged membrane system by gravity-induced siphon, saving the City significant capital and operations and maintenance (O&M) costs. Once completed, the new Fullerton Water Filtration Plant (WFP) will be the largest low-pressure membrane plant in North America, and the largest gravity-siphon design in the world.

Survey of the Ecological State of Eight Man-Made Lakes Within the City Limits of Freiburg, Germany

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-310
Author(s):  
Agnes G. Pulvermüller ◽  
Heidulf E. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Secchi Depth ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
The City ◽  
Oxygen Profiles

Abstract The survey of the ecological condition of eight lakes within the city limits of Freiburg included hydrochemical measurements and analyses (oxygen profiles, Secchi depth, pH, biochemical oxygen demand) together with biological parameters (chlorophyll a, phytoplanktonbiomass, Escherichia coli counts), as well as parasitic examinations. Only some of the investigated parameters are presented here. Seven of the eight lakes were found to be eutrophic. The process of eutrophication appears to be still in progress. One lake can be considered to be hypertrophic. Schistosome dermatitis was observed. The water quality in general was considered to be acceptable; suggestions to maintain or improve the water quality are made.

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