scholarly journals Temporal Variations in Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections by Race and Ethnicity in Arkansas.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua L Kennedy ◽  
J Craig Forrest ◽  
Sean G Young ◽  
Benjamin Amick ◽  
Mark Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Academic Center ◽  
Rural State ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Regional Programs ◽  
Infection Study

Objective: Our objective is to estimate CoV-2 infection rates in a rural state using seroprevalence of antibodies to CoV-2 as an indicator of infection. Study Design and Setting: This is a single-site study within an academic center and regional programs within the state of Arkansas. We obtained residual serum samples from a convenience sample of adults who were outpatients and came to the hospital or regional clinic for non-COVID-related reasons. We collected remnant in three time periods (August 15 to September 5, September 12 to October 24, and November 7 to December 19). Results: In 2020, the overall age, gender, and race standardized prevalence of CoV-2 antibodies was 2.6% (August to September), 4.1% (September to October), and 7.4% (November to December). There was no difference in seroprevalence between urban compared to rural areas. Positive tests were not uniformly distributed across racial and ethnic minorities. Higher seroprevalence rates were found in Hispanics and Blacks or African Americans compared to whites across all time periods. Conclusions: In a state with a large rural population, 2.6-7.4% of people experienced CoV-2 infection by December 2020. Blacks and Hispanics had disproportionately higher rates of CoV-2 infections than whites.

scholarly journals Detection of antibodies to recombinant truncated flagellin and sonicated whole cell antigen of Burkholderia pseudomallei in acute melioidosis and in healthy Bangladeshi individuals

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Md Shariful Alam Jilani ◽  
Tang Thean Hock ◽  
Sraboni Mazumder ◽  
Fahmida Rahman ◽  
Md Mohiuddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Burkholderia Pseudomallei ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Cell Antigen ◽  
The Mean

Background and objectives: Several types of Burkholderia pseudomallei antigens have been used to determine the antibody response in acute and asymptomatic cases. In the present study, we have detected immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to recombinant truncated flagellin antigen (RTFA) of B. pseudomallei in the sera of acute melioidosis cases and healthy individuals from melioidosis endemic areas of Bangladesh by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In parallel, IgG antibody to sonicated whole cell antigen (SWCA) of B. pseudomallei was determined to compare with anti-RTFA antibody. Methodology: Serum samples from culture confirmed melioidosis cases and from healthy individuals aged 21 years and above residing in melioidosis endemic rural areas were included in the study. Serum IgG antibody to RTFA and SWCA of B. pseudomallei was determined by indirect ELISA. Results: Out of 8 culture confirmed acute melioidosis cases, 7 (87.5%) and 8 (100%) were positive for anti-B. pseudomallei IgG antibodies by RTFA and SWCA methods respectively. Among 361 healthy individuals, the rate of seropositivity by RTFA-ELISA was significantly less than that of SWCA-ELISA (16.1% versus 26.8%; p = 0.001). The mean optical density (OD) of RTFA-ELISA of positive cases was significantly less than that of SWCA-ELISA in both melioidosis and healthy individuals (0.79±0.11 versus 2.4±0.08, p = 0.0001; 0.67±0.01 versus 1.27±0.02, p = 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of RTFA-ELISA were 88.9% and 100% respectively. Conclusion: Findings of the study suggest that multiple or combination of antigens should be used to study the seroprevalence of B. pseudomallei infection in a community. Also, prospective study is necessary to find out the duration of persistence of antibodies to different antigenic components of B. pseudomallei after exposure. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2020; 14(1): 47-52

Target municipal program for providing the population with food of its own production

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
А.С. Гордеев ◽  
◽  
О.О. Гетоков ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Corporate Management ◽  
Food Research ◽  
Target Program ◽  
Regional Programs

The role of agriculture as a source of food for the population and raw materials for industrial and processing enterprises can hardly be overestimated. Its efficiency determines the living conditions and livelihoods of the population of rural areas of the region. Currently, a large number of federal and regional programs are being implemented in the industry. Financial resources from various sources were involved. Problems and ways to solve them. However, all this is a dilapidated superstructure on the foundation, which in agriculture are: effective crop rotation, soil fertility, land reclamation and lease relations, the state of which today requires major (not patching) repairs. The purpose and objective of the study is to prepare a package of methodological materials to ensure the development and implementation of the "Target program for providing the population with food". Research methodology: monitoring and comparative analysis. Research results. The article presents the methods, methodological manuals and recommendations developed by the authors, the implementation of which will allow the heads of municipalities and economic entities of the region to develop and implement a "Target program for providing the population with food" for a municipal order, using more advanced lease relations, innovative forms of business and corporate management.

Dating Violence Among Rural Adolescents: Perpetration and Victimization by Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052097161
Author(s):  
Sarah Taylor ◽  
Yan Xia
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Physical Abuse ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Rural Adolescents ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Rural Context

Adolescent dating violence (ADV) is a serious concern with various negative impacts on adolescent development. Research on ADV has predominantly been conducted in urban areas and has generally focused on physical and sexual forms of violence. The purpose of this study was to assess prevalence rates of various forms of ADV by gender in the rural context. A convenience sample of rural adolescents responded to an online survey. In total, 131 responses were used for this study. Participants reported perpetration and victimization experiences of physical abuse, sexual abuse, threatening behavior, relational aggression, verbal abuse, and cyber dating abuse. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses were used to determine gender differences in proportion and frequency of ADV. Results reveal that various forms of ADV are occurring in the rural context, with many of both males and females reporting perpetration and victimization. Overall, verbal and cyber ADV are the most common. Gender analysis reveals that males were significantly more likely to be victimized by physical abuse victimization, whereas females were significantly more likely to be victimized by sexual abuse. Though the proportion of adolescents reporting ADV were high in this study, most participants reported lower frequencies of ADV. Results support the urgent need in rural areas for education and prevention that target physical, sexual, and psychological components of healthy relationships. Rural dating violence prevention efforts must emphasize the importance of mutual respect across gender, rather than solely presenting this lesson to males in a traditional gendered manner. Results also suggest the need for rural areas to adopt comprehensive sex education that details sexual relationships that are consensual and healthy.

scholarly journals PALLIATIVE CARE NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF A RURAL AND FRONTIER STATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S134-S134
Author(s):  
Catherine Carrico ◽  
Andrea Slosser ◽  
Robin A Barry ◽  
Christine McKibbin
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Social Service ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
System Transformation ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Rural State ◽  
The University

Abstract Background: Palliative Care (PC) is a valuable tool for improving the lives of people living with chronic illness. However, access to PC is limited in rural areas. The purpose of this study is to describe the current PC needs and barriers to care in a rural state. Methods: An online survey was disseminated through professional organizations, licensing boards, and the University of Wyoming. Rurality of counties was classified using Rural Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC). Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS. Results: Responses were received from 336 individuals across 20 of 23 counties (i.e., RUCC range 3 - 9; 1=most metropolitan, 9=most rural). The majority worked in healthcare or social service sectors (n = 265, 78.8%). Approximately one-half (n = 119, 50.6%) of these individuals endorsed providing PC (i.e., typically symptom management, supportive resources, and family support). Over one-half of respondents (n = 173, 51.5%) rated availability of PC services in their communities as “poor” or “somewhat good.” Key barriers to providing PC were lack of patient information and knowledge (n = 215), access to PC specialists (n = 183), and funding and reimbursement (n = 181). Approximately one third of healthcare professionals (n = 78, 32.8%) had received formal training in PC. A majority of healthcare and social service respondents (n = 139, 59.1%) endorsed interest in PC continuing education. Conclusions: This study provides insight into the state of PC across a rural state. Results highlight the need to design accessible education and implement system transformation to improve PC access.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the distribution of natural Toxoplasma gondii infection among equids in Northeastern Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Dias Munhoz ◽  
Monia Andrade Souza ◽  
Sonia Carmen Lopo Costa ◽  
Jéssica de Souza Freitas ◽  
Aísla Nascimento da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected equids in northeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 569 equids (528 horses, 8 mules and 33 donkeys) were subjected to the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate associated factors. Among the 569 animals sampled, 118 (30.6%) living in rural areas and 14 (26.42%) in urban areas were seropositive (p>0.05). Seropositive animals were observed on 95% of the farms and in all the municipalities. Donkeys/mules as the host, presence of domestic cats and rats on the farm, ingestion of lagoon water and goat rearing remained in the final model as factors associated with infection. Preventive measures such as avoiding the presence of domestic cats close to rearing areas, pastures and sources of water for the animals should be adopted. The wide-ranging distribution of positive animals also indicated that infection in other domestic animals and in humans, through the contaminated environment, was possible. It should be highlighted that there was the possibility that donkeys and mules would continue to have detectable titers for longer, thus explaining the prevalence found. Further studies are needed to confirm this possibility.

Parents’ Part C Experiences in Rural Areas: Alignment With Recommended Practices

2020 ◽  
pp. 105381512095348
Author(s):  
Kalli B. Decker ◽  
Jacie Meldrum ◽  
J. Mitchell Vaterlaus ◽  
Tricia D. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Part C ◽  
Part C Services ◽  
Rural State ◽  
Recommended Practices

The Division for Early Childhood (DEC) clearly outlined recommended practices for the provision of Part C services. However, there may be challenges in rural areas associated with services aligning with these recommended practices. Therefore, this study focuses on how families experience Part C services and the extent to which services align with specific areas the DEC recommended practices in the large, rural state of Montana. We interviewed parents ( N = 30) about their children’s Part C services. Deductive qualitative content analysis was used. Parents’ reports suggest that while some aspects of their Part C services align with specific recommended practices, others do not. There were some meaningful differences regarding alignment with these recommended practices depending on type of provider being described. The environments in which services take place are discussed, as these may influence aspects of collaboration and building family capacity.

scholarly journals Prevalence and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected backyard pigs intended for familial consumption in Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria Ioana Paştiu ◽  
Anamaria Cozma-Petruț ◽  
Aurélien Mercier ◽  
Anamaria Balea ◽  
Lokman Galal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Pcr Targeting ◽  
Backyard Pigs

Abstract Background Foodborne toxoplasmosis in humans can be due to the exposure to tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii through the consumption of meat, including pork, of infected animals. Traditional Romanian food habits include pork as the preferred meat, while backyard pig rearing remains a common practice in many rural areas of Romania. The aims of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in naturally infected backyard pigs slaughtered for familial consumption and to genetically characterize the T. gondii strains obtained. Methods Paired blood and heart samples were collected from 94 backyard pigs, home slaughtered for private consumption. Serum samples were analyzed using the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) for anti-T. gondii antibody detection. Heart samples were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 529-bp repeat region (REP529) for T. gondii detection. In addition, heart samples from IFAT positive animals were bioassayed in mice. The T. gondii isolates were genotyped by the analysis of 15 microsatellite markers. Results The results showed that almost half of the pigs investigated were T. gondii seropositive (46.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 36.4–57.4%) and in more than a quarter of the pigs (26.6%, 95% CI: 18.0–36.7%), the parasite was detected by PCR. Three (3/44) T. gondii strains were isolated from hearts of seropositive pigs and they all belonged to genotype II. Conclusions The present study showed the presence of T. gondii infection in backyard pigs in Romania, which suggests that consumption of pork from animals reared and slaughtered at home may pose a potential threat to human health and should be given attention. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first study to provide data concerning T. gondii strains circulating in pigs from Romania.

Factors Influencing the Stillbirth Rates in Single and Multiple Births in Sweden, 1869 to 1967

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldur W. Eriksson ◽  
Johan Fellman
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Stillbirth Rate ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Married Mothers ◽  
The Difference

AbstractTemporal variations in the stillbirth rate among singletons, twins and triplets in Sweden between 1869 and 1967 were studied. Both among single and multiple births there were marked secular decreasing trends in the stillbirth rates. Based on our long time series since 1869, this study confirms that among twins and triplets the stillbirth rate was higher among same-sexed than among opposite-sexed sets. Comparisons between the stillbirth rates among twin births in urban and rural regions indicate higher stillbirth rates in rural areas. In addition, the stillbirth rates among twins of unmarried mothers were higher than those of twins of married mothers. These findings also hold for both same-sexed and opposite-sexed twin pairs. Analyses of the stillbirth rates for singletons and for different types of twins indicate that up to 1950 the risk of stillbirth among males was almost constantly between 15% to 20% higher than among females. After that the difference in the risk decreased. Comparisons with other populations were performed.

scholarly journals Presence of Rickettsia Species in a Marginalized Area of Yucatan, Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaspar Peniche-Lara ◽  
Bertha Jimenez-Delgadillo ◽  
Claudia Munoz-Zanzi ◽  
María Cárdenas-Marrufo ◽  
Carlos Pérez-Osorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Rickettsial Infection ◽  
Rickettsia Species ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne

In the state of Yucatan, Mexico, rickettsiosis has become a common vector-borne disease in the general population. Ectoparasite species such as Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma mixtum have been identified as Rickettsia vectors in Yucatan by studies focused on the wild animal population in rural areas. There have been studies that have tried to determine the presence of Rickettsia species in ectoparasites collected in Yucatan, but these studies did not include marginalized areas, where living in close contact with domestic and peridomestic animals that carry ectoparasites is a high-risk factor for acquiring rickettsial infection or many other vector-borne diseases. We evaluated the vector diversity and the presence of Rickettsia species presence in the ectoparasite population that parasitizes domestic animals in a marginalized rural town of Yucatan, Mexico; we also evaluated the seroprevalence of rickettsial antibodies in the human population of this town in order to determine the prevalence of rickettsial infection. A total of 437 ectoparasites were collected from the study area. The tick specimens collected belonged to the species Rhipicephalus sanguineus (n=380, 49 positive), Amblyomma mixtum (n=3, 0 positive), Ixodes affinis (n=4, 0 positive), Ctenocephalides felis (n=33, 0 positive), and Trichodectes canis (n=17, 0 positive). Conventional polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used to identify the DNA of Rickettsia. Six out of 354 (1.8%) serum samples were positive for antibody to R. typhi. The combination of low antibody titers and the presence of Rickettsia species infecting ectoparasite species found in the study area requires eco-epidemiological studies and the identification of potentially protective practices or habits.

scholarly journals Similarities and Differences in the Temporal Variability of PM2.5 and AOD Between Urban and Rural Stations in Beijing

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Disong Fu ◽  
Zijue Song ◽  
Xiaoling Zhang ◽  
Yunfei Wu ◽  
Minzheng Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Urban Station ◽  
Quality Control Program ◽  
Local Standard ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Second Peak

Surface particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and column-integrated aerosol optical depth (AOD) exhibits substantial diurnal, daily, and yearly variabilities that are regionally dependent. The diversity of these temporal variabilities in urban and rural areas may imply the inherent mechanisms. A novel time-series analysis tool developed by Facebook, Prophet, is used to investigate the holiday, seasonal, and inter-annual patterns of PM2.5 and AOD at a rural station (RU) and an urban station (UR) in Beijing. PM2.5 shows a coherent decreasing tendency at both stations during 2014–2018, consistent with the implementation of the air pollution action plan at the end of 2013. RU is characterized by similar seasonal variations of AOD and PM2.5, with the lowest values in winter and the highest in summer, which is opposite that at UR with maximum AOD, but minimum PM2.5 in summer and minimum AOD, but maximum PM2.5 in winter. During the National Day holiday (1–7 October), both AOD and PM2.5 holiday components regularly shift from negative to positive departures, and the turning point generally occurs on October 4. AODs at both stations steadily increase throughout the daytime, which is most striking in winter. A morning rush hour peak of PM2.5 (7:00–9:00 local standard time (LST)) and a second peak at night (23:00 LST) are observed at UR. PM2.5 at RU often reaches minima (maxima) at around 12:00 LST (19:00 LST), about four hours later (earlier) than UR. The ratio of PM2.5 to AOD (η) shows a decreasing tendency at both stations in the last four years, indicating a profound impact of the air quality control program. η at RU always begins to increase about 1–2 h earlier than that at UR during the daytime. Large spatial and temporal variations of η suggest that caution should be observed in the estimation of PM2.5 from AOD.

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