Genomic screening of antimicrobial resistance markers in UK and US Campylobacter isolates highlights stability of resistance over an 18 year period

ABSTRACTCampylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are important bacterial sources of human foodborne illness. Despite several years of reduced antibiotics usage in livestock production in the UK and US, high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) persists in Campylobacter. Both countries have instigated genome sequencing-based surveillance programs for Campylobacter, and here we have identified AMR genes in 32,256 C. jejuni and 8,776 C. coli publicly available genome sequences to compare the prevalence and trends of AMR in Campylobacter isolated in the UK and US between 2001-2018. AMR markers were detected in 68% of C. coli and 53% of C. jejuni, with 15% of C. coli being multi-drug resistant (MDR) compared to only 2% of C. jejuni. The prevalence of aminoglycoside, macrolide, quinolone and tetracycline resistance remained fairly stable from 2001-2018 in both C. jejuni and C. coli, but statistically significant differences were observed between the UK and US. There was a statistically significant higher prevalence of aminoglycoside and tetracycline resistance for US C. coli and C. jejuni, and macrolide resistance for US C. coli. In contrast, UK C. coli and C. jejuni showed a significantly higher prevalence of quinolone resistance. Specific MLST clonal complexes (e.g. ST-353/464) showed >95% quinolone resistance. This large-scale comparison of AMR prevalence has shown that the prevalence of AMR remains stable for Campylobacter in the UK and the US. This suggests that antimicrobial stewardship and restricted antibiotic usage may help contain further expansion of AMR prevalence in Campylobacter, but are unlikely to reduce it in the short term.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants Circulating among Thermophilic Campylobacter Isolates Recovered from Broilers in Ireland Over a One-Year Period

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9060308 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 308 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Caoimhe T. Lynch ◽

Helen Lynch ◽

Sarah Burke ◽

Kayleigh Hawkins ◽

Colin Buttimer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Tetracycline Resistance Genes ◽

Resistance Determinants ◽

Thermophilic Campylobacter ◽

Nucleotide Mutation ◽

Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽

One Year ◽

The Stability

Campylobacteriosis is the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis, very often associated with poultry consumption. Thermophilic Campylobacter (Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli) isolates (n = 158) recovered from broiler neck skin and caecal contents in Ireland over a one-year period, resistant to at least one of three clinically relevant antimicrobial classes, were screened for resistance determinants. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (n = 99) harboured the C257T nucleotide mutation (conferring the Thr-86-Ile substitution) in conjunction with other synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations, which may have epidemiological value. The A2075G nucleotide mutation and amino acid substitutions in L4 and L22 were detected in all erythromycin-resistant isolates (n = 5). The tetO gene was detected in 100% (n = 119) of tetracycline-resistant isolates and three of which were found to harbour the mosaic tetracycline resistance gene tetO/32/O. Two streptomycin-resistant C. jejuni isolates (isolated from the same flock) harboured ant(6)-Ib, located in a multidrug resistance genomic island, containing aminoglycoside, streptothricin (satA) and tetracycline resistance genes (truncated tetO and mosaic tetO/32/O). The ant(6)-Ie gene was identified in two streptomycin-resistant C. coli isolates. This study highlights the widespread acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants among chicken-associated Campylobacter isolates, through horizontal gene transfer or clonal expansion of resistant lineages. The stability of such resistance determinants is compounded by the fluidity of mobile genetic element.

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Campylobacter jejuni from Canine and Bovine Cases of Campylobacteriosis Express High Antimicrobial Resistance Rates against (Fluoro)quinolones and Tetracyclines

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9090691 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 691

Author(s):

Sarah Moser ◽

Helena Seth-Smith ◽

Adrian Egli ◽

Sonja Kittl ◽

Gudrun Overesch

Keyword(s):

Veterinary Medicine ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Treatment ◽

Human Infection ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

European Program ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Human Campylobacteriosis

Campylobacter (C.) spp. from poultry is the main source of foodborne human campylobacteriosis, but diseased pets and cattle shedding Campylobacter spp. may contribute sporadically as a source of human infection. As fluoroquinolones are one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe human campylobacteriosis, the resistance rates of C. jejuni and C. coli from poultry against antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, are monitored within the European program on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock. However, much less is published on the AMR rates of C.jejuni and C. coli from pets and cattle. Therefore, C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from diseased animals were tested phenotypically for AMR, and associated AMR genes or mutations were identified by whole genome sequencing. High rates of resistance to (fluoro)quinolones (41%) and tetracyclines (61.1%) were found in C. jejuni (n = 29/66). (Fluoro)quinolone resistance was associated with the known point mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, and tetracycline resistance was mostly caused by the tet(O) gene. These high rates of resistance, especially to critically important antibiotics in C. jejuni and C. coli, are worrisome not only in veterinary medicine. Efforts to preserve the efficacy of important antimicrobial treatment options in human and veterinary medicine have to be strengthened in the future.

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Detection and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Campylobacter spp. isolated from chickens and humans

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1411 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Samantha Reddy ◽

Oliver T. Zishiri

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Campylobacter Spp ◽

Clinical Cases

Campylobacter spp. are common pathogenic bacteria in both veterinary and human medicine. Infections caused by Campylobacter spp. are usually treated using antibiotics. However, the injudicious use of antibiotics has been proven to spearhead the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study was to detect the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in Campylobacter spp. isolated from chickens and human clinical cases in South Africa. One hundred and sixty one isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were collected from chickens and human clinical cases and then screened for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. We observed a wide distribution of the tetO gene, which confers resistance to tetracycline. The gyrA genes that are responsible quinolone resistance were also detected. Finally, our study also detected the presence of the blaOXA-61, which is associated with ampicillin resistance. There was a higher (p < 0.05) prevalence of the studied antimicrobial resistance genes in chicken faeces compared with human clinical isolates. The tetO gene was the most prevalent gene detected, which was isolated at 64% and 68% from human and chicken isolates, respectively. The presence of gyrA genes was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with quinolone resistance. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the presence of gyrA (235 bp), gyrA (270 bp), blaOXA-61 and tetO antimicrobial resistance genes in C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from chickens and human clinical cases. This indicates that Campylobacter spp. have the potential of resistance to a number of antibiotic classes.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter in Antimicrobial-Free and Conventional Pig Production Systems

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-68.11.2402 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 68 (11) ◽

pp. 2402-2410 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

SIDDHARTHA THAKUR ◽

WONDWOSSEN A. GEBREYES

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Production Systems ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Production Environment ◽

Erythromycin Resistance ◽

Pig Production

The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter species in swine reared in conventional and antimicrobial-free (ABF) production systems. Campylobacter coli was the predominant species, with 1,459 isolates (99%) in the study. We found significantly higher prevalence of C. coli on the ABF farms (77.3%) than on the conventional farms (27.6%) among pigs at the nursery stage (P < 0.001). At slaughter, we found significantly higher prevalence at the postevisceration than at the preevisceration stage (P < 0.001) in both production systems. The 1,459 C. coli isolates were tested with the agar dilution method for their susceptibility to six antimicrobials: chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline. Resistance was most prevalent against tetracycline (66.2% of isolates) followed by erythromycin (53.6% of isolates). Frequency of resistance to these two antimicrobials was significantly higher among conventional herds (83.4% for tetracycline and 77% for erythromycin) than among ABF herds (56.2% for tetracycline and 34.5% for erythromycin). Resistance to ciprofloxacin at the MIC (>4 mg/liter) was also found on farms in both systems. Multidrug-resistant C. coli strains were detected in both the conventional (7%) and ABF (4%) herds. This is the first report of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of C. coli in ABF pigs in the United States. These findings highlight the high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant C. coli in both conventional and ABF pig production systems and have significant implications for the persistence of antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter in the pig production environment regardless of levels of antimicrobial use.

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Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Proteus mirabilis isolates from dogs

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.081539-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 63 (11) ◽

pp. 1561-1567 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Kazuki Harada ◽

Ayaka Niina ◽

Takae Shimizu ◽

Yujiro Mukai ◽

Ken Kuwajima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Proteus Mirabilis ◽

Large Scale ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Companion Animals ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

Class 1 ◽

Resistant Strains

Large-scale monitoring of resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents was performed using 103 Proteus mirabilis strains isolated from dogs in Japan. Resistant strains were analysed to identify their resistance mechanisms. Rates of resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cephalothin, gentamicin, cefoxitin and cefotaxime were 20.4, 15.5, 12.6, 10.7, 9.7, 8.7, 5.8, 2.9, 2.9, 1.9 and 1.9 %, respectively. No resistance to ceftazidime, aztreonam or imipenem was found. Class 1 and 2 integrases were detected in 2.9 and 11.7 % of isolates, respectively. Class 1 integrons contained aadB or aadB–catB-like-blaOXA10 –aadA1, whereas those of class 2 contained sat–aadA1, dhfr1–sat–aadA1 or none of the anticipated resistance genes. Of five distinct plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance (PMQR) genes, only qnrD gene was detected in 1.9 % of isolates. Quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC from 13 enrofloxacin-intermediate and -resistant isolates were sequenced. Seven strains had double mutations and three had single mutations. Three of nine ampicillin-resistant isolates harboured AmpC-type β-lactamases (i.e. bla CMY-2, bla CMY-4 and bla DHA-1). These results suggest that canine Proteus mirabilis deserves continued surveillance as an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants. This is the first report, to our knowledge, describing integrons, PMQRs and QRDR mutations in Proteus mirabilis isolates from companion animals.

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Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and High Prevalence of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Isolates in Japan, 1993 to 1998

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.38.2.521-525.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 521-525 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Masatoshi Tanaka ◽

Hiroshi Nakayama ◽

Masashi Haraoka ◽

Takeshi Saika ◽

Intetsu Kobayashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Penicillin Resistance ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Amino Acid Substitutions ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Ciprofloxacin Resistance ◽

High Level

To assess the antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from 1993 through 1998 in Japan, susceptibility testing was conducted on 502 isolates. Selected isolates were characterized by auxotype and analysis for mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) in the gyrAand parC genes, which confer fluoroquinolone resistance on the organism. Plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance (penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae) decreased significantly from 1993–1994 (7.9%) to 1997–1998 (2.0%). Chromosomally mediated penicillin resistance decreased from 1993–1994 (12.6%) to 1995–1996 (1.9%) and then increased in 1997–1998 (10.7%). Chromosomally mediated tetracycline resistance decreased from 1993–1994 (3.3%) to 1997–1998 (2.0%), and no plasmid-mediated high-level tetracycline resistance was found. Isolates with ciprofloxacin resistance (MIC ≥ 1 μg/ml) increased significantly from 1993–1994 (6.6%) to 1997–1998 (24.4%). The proline-requiring isolates were less susceptible to ciprofloxacin than the prototrophic or arginine-requiring isolates. Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates contained three or four amino acid substitutions within the QRDR in the GyrA and ParC proteins.

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High prevalence of pituitary dysfunction following blast traumatic brain injury: results from the UK Blast Injury Outcome Study of Armed Forces Personnel (BIOSAP)

Endocrine Abstracts ◽

10.1530/endoabs.31.p255 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

Claire Feeney ◽

David Baxter ◽

David Sharp ◽

Debbie Peters ◽

Timothy Ham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Armed Forces ◽

Blast Injury ◽

Outcome Study ◽

Pituitary Dysfunction ◽

Blast Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

High Prevalence ◽

The Uk

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The Public Inquiry of the UK on Large scale loss of life and Public Concerns and Its Implications

Journal of Legislative Studies ◽

10.31536/jols.2019.16.1.003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 65-88

Author(s):

Young-shin OH ◽

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Loss Of Life ◽

The Public ◽

Public Inquiry ◽

The Uk ◽

Public Concerns

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Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm Formation by Phytotherapeutics with Focus on Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612826666200212121710 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (24) ◽

pp. 2807-2816 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yun Su Jang ◽

Tímea Mosolygó

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Bacterial Biofilm ◽

Experimental Investigations ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Food Borne ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Scientific Attention

: Bacteria within biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics and chemical agents than planktonic bacteria in suspension. Treatment of biofilm-associated infections inevitably involves high dosages and prolonged courses of antimicrobial agents; therefore, there is a potential risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Due to the high prevalence of AMR and its association with biofilm formation, investigation of more effective anti-biofilm agents is required. : From ancient times, herbs and spices have been used to preserve foods, and their antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing properties are well known. Moreover, phytochemicals exert their anti-biofilm properties at sub-inhibitory concentrations without providing the opportunity for the emergence of resistant bacteria or harming the host microbiota. : With increasing scientific attention to natural phytotherapeutic agents, numerous experimental investigations have been conducted in recent years. The present paper aims to review the articles published in the last decade in order to summarize a) our current understanding of AMR in correlation with biofilm formation and b) the evidence of phytotherapeutic agents against bacterial biofilms and their mechanisms of action. The main focus has been put on herbal anti-biofilm compounds tested to date in association with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and food-borne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli).

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