scholarly journals Reports of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: A review of spontaneously reported data from the UK, Europe, and the US

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Lane ◽  
Saad Shakir
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Course ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Full Recovery ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Spontaneous Reports ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Reporting Rates

Background: A signal of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines first emerged in Israel in May 2021. Further cases have since been reported in multiple countries. The reporting rates of these events indicate that they are very rare given the high numbers of vaccinated persons. Males and younger vaccinees appear more frequently affected, more often following the second vaccine dose. As vaccine programmes progress with the focus shifting to younger people, it is possible that more cases of myocarditis and pericarditis will be reported. Objectives: To bring together spontaneously reported data from around the world to estimate the reporting rate in different countries and better understand the risk factors for myocarditis and pericarditis following exposure to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Methods: Spontaneous reports from the United Kingdom, United States, and European Economic Area were used to estimate the frequency of myocarditis and pericarditis reported following COVID-19 Vaccine Pfizer/BioNTech and COVID-19 Vaccine Moderna. Cases were stratified by age, sex, and vaccine dose where data were available. Reporting rates amongst vaccinees receiving mRNA vaccines in each region were estimated. Results: A small number of reports of myocarditis and pericarditis had been submitted to each database examined. These events are very rare according to reporting rates of spontaneous adverse reactions. The events were more frequently reported amongst males, and most reports came from vaccinees aged under 30 years. The typical clinical course of these events is mild, with full recovery in most cases. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that younger vaccinees more frequently report myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccines compared with older vaccinees. These very rare events with mild clinical course followed by full recovery in most cases were more frequent following the second dose. Reporting rates of myocarditis and pericarditis were consistent between the data sources.

scholarly journals Systematic review of spontaneous reports of myocarditis and pericarditis in transplant recipients and immunocompromised patients following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Lane ◽  
Alison Yeomans ◽  
Saad Shakir
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Spontaneous Reporting ◽  
Adverse Event Reporting System ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Spontaneous Reports ◽  
Reporting Rates ◽  
Time To Onset

Abstract Objectives: To determine whether spontaneous reporting rates of myocarditis and pericarditis differed in immunocompromised patients compared to the whole population overall, and in terms of demographics, vaccine dose, and time-to-onset. Design: Systematic review of spontaneously reported data from the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and the United States (US). Data Sources: EudraVigilance (EU/EEA) and Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS; US) spontaneous reporting databases were searched from date of vaccine launch to 30 November 2021. Eligibility criteria: Publicly available spontaneous reporting data for 'Myocarditis' and 'Pericarditis' from EU/EEA and US following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Reports with comorbidities or concurrent medication indicative of transplantation, HIV infection, or cancer ('immunocompromised' population) were compared with each overall database population. Data extraction and synthesis: Two researchers extracted data. Spontaneously reported events of myocarditis and pericarditis were presented for immunocompromised populations for each data source, stratified by age, sex, dose, and time-to-onset (where available). Seriousness of each event was determined according to the ICH E2A definition. Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) was calculated. Results: There were 106 reports of myocarditis and pericarditis amongst immunocompromised individuals overall. Seriousness was comparable between the immunocompromised and overall populations in both databases. No trends in age or sex were observed amongst immunocompromised individuals. Most reports (54.4%) to VAERS followed a second vaccine dose and 70.2% of events occurred within 14 days. The frequency of reporting was similar to the wider population (PRR=1.36 [95% CI= 0.89-1.82] for VAERS population). Conclusions: Myocarditis and pericarditis following COVID-19 vaccination are very rare, and benefits of COVID-19 vaccination continue to outweigh any perceived risks. Reporting rates of myocarditis and pericarditis were similar in immunocompromised individuals, however defining characteristics differed compared to the whole population; therefore, continued monitoring of adverse events following vaccination remains vital to understand differences between population subgroups.

The implications of Brexit for the governance of telecommunications markets in the United Kingdom

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewan Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regulatory Governance ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the implication of the exit of the UK from the European Union (a.k.a. Brexit). Design/methodology/approach This paper analyses the options for the UK and the freedom this creates for the government to design its system of governance for the telecommunications and related economic sectors. Findings Brexit, other than the Norway Option or membership of the European Economic Area, allows the UK Government considerable freedom to reshape its system of governance for telecommunications. The strongest influence in such a redesign would be vested commercial interests, with the risk of subsequent underperformance and insufficient rigour. Research limitations/implications Events have moved relatively quickly, yet the outcome of the negotiations remains difficult to predict, beyond broad scenarios. Social implications There will be a need for greater involvement of consumers and business users in the process of recasting the regulatory governance system if it is not to be for the benefit of vested interests. Originality/value This is the first substantive analysis of Brexit for the telecommunications sector.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of the Tier 4 Policy on International Students at Private Colleges in the UK

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Waheed Mughal
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Private Colleges ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Prospective Students ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
United Kingdom Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

In 2009, the United Kingdom government introduced the Tier 4 (general) student visa policy for foreign students, out of European Economic Area and Switzerland, aged 16 or over. According to this policy, any institution recruiting international students must be a highly trusted sponsor - a status determined by the UK Border Agency. Further, right to work during study was totally denied for the non-EEA students of private colleges in 2011. This study explores the experiences of non-EEA students of private colleges in the wake of such changes. The research objectives were met through conducting individual interviews with 45 students from ten different countries studying at two private colleges in London. The results showed that the Tier 4 policy had negatively impacted the ambitions of studying in the UK at private colleges. About 97% of the interviewees said that they would not recommend private colleges to similar prospective students...

scholarly journals Engagement and adherence trade-offs for SARS-CoV-2 contact tracing

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1829) ◽  
pp. 20200270
Author(s):  
Tim C. D. Lucas ◽  
Emma L. Davis ◽  
Diepreye Ayabina ◽  
Anna Borlase ◽  
Thomas Crellen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Reporting Rate ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Legal Enforcement ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reporting Rates

Contact tracing is an important tool for allowing countries to ease lockdown policies introduced to combat SARS-CoV-2. For contact tracing to be effective, those with symptoms must self-report themselves while their contacts must self-isolate when asked. However, policies such as legal enforcement of self-isolation can create trade-offs by dissuading individuals from self-reporting. We use an existing branching process model to examine which aspects of contact tracing adherence should be prioritized. We consider an inverse relationship between self-isolation adherence and self-reporting engagement, assuming that increasingly strict self-isolation policies will result in fewer individuals self-reporting to the programme. We find that policies which increase the average duration of self-isolation, or that increase the probability that people self-isolate at all, at the expense of reduced self-reporting rate, will not decrease the risk of a large outbreak and may increase the risk, depending on the strength of the trade-off. These results suggest that policies to increase self-isolation adherence should be implemented carefully. Policies that increase self-isolation adherence at the cost of self-reporting rates should be avoided. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling that shaped the early COVID-19 pandemic response in the UK’.

scholarly journals Accreditation and professional integration experiences of internationally qualified dentists working in the United Kingdom

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Latha S. Davda ◽  
David R. Radford ◽  
Sasha Scambler ◽  
Jennifer E. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Professional Integration ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Introduction Regulatory processes for Oral health care professionals are considered essential for patient safety and to ensure health workforce quality. The global variation in their registration and regulation is under-reported in the literature. Regulatory systems could become a barrier to their national and international movement, leading to loss of skilled human resources. The General Dental Council is the regulatory authority in the UK, one of the nine regulators of health care overseen by the Professional Standards Authority. Aim The aim of this paper is to present the professional integration experiences of internationally qualified dentists (IQDs) working in the UK, against the background of regulation and accreditation nationally. Methods Registration data were obtained from the General Dental Council to inform the sampling and recruitment of research participants. Semi-structured interviews of 38 internationally qualified dentists working in the United Kingdom were conducted between August 2014 and October 2017. The topic guide which explored professional integration experiences of the dentists was informed by the literature, with new themes added inductively. A phenomenological approach involving an epistemological stance of interpretivism, was used with framework analysis to detect themes. Results Internationally qualified dentist’s professional integration was influenced by factors that could be broadly classified as structural (source country training; registration and employment; variation in practising dentistry) and relational (experiences of discrimination; value of networks and support; and personal attributes). The routes to register for work as a dentist were perceived to favour UK dental graduates and those qualifying from the European Economic Area. Dentists from the rest of the world reported experiencing major hurdles including succeeding in the licensing examinations, English tests, proving immigration status and succeeding in obtaining a National Health Service performer number, all prior to being able to practice within state funded dental care. Conclusion The pathways for dentists to register and work in state funded dental care in UK differ by geographic type of registrant, creating significant inconsistencies in their professional integration. Professional integration is perceived by an individual IQD as a continuum dictated by host countries health care systems, workforce recruitment policies, access to training, together with their professional and personal skills. The reliance of the UK on internationally qualified dentists has increased in the past two decades, however, it is not known how these trends will be affected by UK’s exit from the European Union and the COVID-19 pandemic.

The portability of social rights of the United Kingdom with the European Union: Facts, issues, and prospects

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-340
Author(s):  
Robert Holzmann ◽  
Jacques Wels
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
National Level ◽  
The State ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Child Allowances ◽  
The Uk ◽  
State Pension

The portability of social benefits – such as the state pension, child allowances and unemployment benefits – for international migrants is regulated by social security agreements concluded between countries or at supra-national level, such as within the European Economic Area (EEA). Focusing on the United Kingdom, this article aims at capturing the main issues that have been recently raised by such agreements, with particular emphasis on the case of migration between the UK and Europe. The first part of the paper summarises the main consideration researchers and policy makers should bear in mind in looking at portability. Using data from the 2013 World Bank migration matrix, the second part of the paper compares the stock of British migrants residing abroad and the stock of foreigners living in the United Kingdom. The third part of the paper summarises the main issues that were raised in relation to the EEA multilateral agreement including the notion of residence, the state pension, family allowances, and the portability of health care benefits. The conclusions highlight the main concerns and options that lie ahead following the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union.

scholarly journals EEA IN THE BREXIT’ SHADOW

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Babynina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
British Government ◽  
National Elections ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the Brexit’s impact on the functioning of the European Economic Area (EEA). Brexit renewed interest to EEA format, as one of the options for future relations between the United Kingdom and the EU. But so close cooperation under the control of the Union did not meet the interests of Britain, which chose the greatest distance from EU rules and regulations. For nonEU EEA countries (Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein) Brexit entailed a visible political and economic shake-up. First, the fact of the country’s exit from the EU and the tough position of the British government contributed to the growth of Eurosceptic rhetoric in the non-EU EEA countries. Secondly, in connection with the withdrawal of the UK from all structures of the European Union, these countries had a need to sign new trade and fisheries agreements. These processes were of the greatest impact for Norway, as the most significant player in the EEA, a non-EU member. Analyzing these processes, the author comes to the conclusion that Brexit did not have a significant impact on the functioning of the EEA, but increased interest in various external formats of integration. In addition, the domestic political discourse has become more acute regarding the possible revision of the format of relations with the EU, especially in Norway, which is largely due to national elections,

scholarly journals Brexit, EEA and the Free Movement of Workers: Structural Considerations on Flexibility

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
Václav Stehlík
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Free Movement Of Workers ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

Summary The article focuses on the regulation of the free movement of workers under Agreement on the European Economic Area in the light of the considered accession of the United Kingdom to this agreement after the Brexit takes place. The participation in the European Economic Area would keep the United Kingdom part of the EU internal market including the free movement of workers. The article tries to answer the question on the degree of flexibility in the EEA Agreement which would give space for the UK to pursue its own policies on the movement of workers. The article argues that structurally the EEA Agreement gives a space for some flexibility, however, only in case of very specific circumstances.

EU and UK nationals face uncertainty after Brexit

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Article 50 ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Movement Rules ◽  
Future Status

Significance There are over 3 million nationals of other European Economic Area (EEA) member states resident in the United Kingdom and approximately 1 million UK nationals living elsewhere in the EEA. Current EU free-movement rules mean their rights are very similar (although not identical) to those of citizens. However, their status after Brexit is unclear. Impacts This will be the first topic on the agenda for the Article 50 negotiations when they begin after the UK general election on June 8. Uncertainty about future status is already reducing the United Kingdom’s attractiveness to migrants from elsewhere in the EEA. This affects particularly the most highly skilled and mobile individuals. Securing agreement will require both sides to compromise; this will be an early test of the UK government’s willingness to make concessions.

scholarly journals Estimates of regional infectivity of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom following imposition of social distancing measures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Challen ◽  
Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova ◽  
Martin Pitt ◽  
Tom Edwards ◽  
Luke Gompels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Replication Number ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Uk

AbstractWe describe regional variation in the reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 infections observed using publicly reported data in the UK, with a view to understanding both if there are clear hot spots in viral spread in the country, or other spatial patterns. Based on case data up to the 9th April, we estimate that the viral replication number remains above 1 overall in the UK but that its trend is to decrease. This suggests the peak of the first wave of COVID-19 patients is imminent. We find that there is significant regional variation in the UK and that this is changing over time. Within England currently the reproductive ratio is lowest in the Midlands (1.11 95% CI 1.07; 1.14), and highest in the North East of England (1.38 95% CI 1.33-1.42). There are long and variable time delays between infection and detection of cases, and thus it remains unclear whether the reduction in the reproductive number is a result of social distancing measures. If we are to prevent further outbreaks, it is critical that we both reduce the time taken for detection and improve our ability to predict the regional spread of outbreaks.

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