scholarly journals Downsizing food: A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effect of reducing served food portion sizes on daily energy intake and body weight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Robinson ◽  
India McFarland-Lesser ◽  
Zina Patel ◽  
Andrew Jones
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Portion Sizes ◽  
Food Portion ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Over Time

Background. Portion sizes of many foods have increased over time and reducing food portion sizes has been proposed as a public health strategy to reduce obesity. However, the extent to which reducing food portion sizes affects daily energy intake and body weight is unclear. Objective. To systematically review and meta-analyse experimental studies that have examined the effect that serving smaller vs. larger portion sizes has on total daily energy intake. Design. We used systematic review methodology to search identify eligible articles that used an experimental design to manipulate portion size served to human participants and measured energy intake for a minimum of one day. Multi-level meta-analysis was used to used to pool effects of portion size on daily energy intake. Results. Fourteen eligible studies were included and 85 effects were included in the primary meta-analysis. There was a moderate-to-large reduction in daily energy intake when comparing smaller vs. larger portions (SMD = -.709 [95% CI: -.956 to -.461], p < .001, I2 = 80.6%) and evidence of a dose dependent response. Larger reductions to portion size and reducing portion sizes of multiple meals per day both resulted in larger decreases in daily energy intake. There was also evidence of a curvilinear relationship between portion size and daily energy intake, whereby reductions to daily energy intake were markedly smaller when reducing portion size from very large portions. In a subset of studies that measured body weight (n=5), being served smaller portions was associated with less weight gain than larger portions (SMD = .536 ([95% CI: .268 to .803], p < .001, I2 = 47.0%). Conclusions. Smaller food portion sizes substantially decrease daily energy intake and there is evidence that over time this results in lower body weight. Reducing food portion sizes may be an effective population level strategy to reduce obesity.

scholarly journals Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect of Portion Size and Ingestive Frequency on Energy Intake and Body Weight Among Adults in Randomized Controlled Trials (P08-007-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Higgins ◽  
Joshua Hudson ◽  
Richard Mattes ◽  
Nilupa Gunaratna ◽  
Bethany McGowan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Portion Size ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives Total energy intake is the product of portion size (PS), the energy content of an ingestive event, and ingestive frequency (IF), the number of ingestive events per unit time. An alteration in either portion size or ingestive frequency, that is not compensated by the other, must result in a change in energy intake and, if maintained over time, body weight. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the independent effects of PS and IF on dietary energy intake and body weight among healthy adults in randomized controlled trials. Methods 8,614 articles (duplicates removed) published through 2018 with no date restriction were identified with PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and CINAHL databases. The articles were divided among ten researchers and each article was screened for eligibility by two to three independent reviewers. Exclusion criteria included: populations <19 y and >65 y, unhealthy, assessment <24 h in duration, and controlled feeding trials. Studies investigating the effect of IF or PS on body weight were at least 4 weeks in duration. Eleven articles (IF = 3, PS = 8) met the inclusion criteria. There were not enough articles to assess the effect of PS on body weight. Results There was significant heterogeneity in the effect sizes among all comparisons (I2 = >50%). Consuming smaller portion sizes was associated with lower 24 h energy intake [–135 kcal (–249, –21), n = 15; WMD (95% CI), n = comparisons]. In contrast, IF was not associated with a difference in 24 h energy intake [–103 kcal (–230, 24), n = 5], but was positively related to body weight in trials ≥6 wk duration [0.40 kg (0.70, 0.11), n = 4]. Conclusions Results from RCTs support that greater PS but not IF is associated with higher daily energy consumption. However, IF is positively associated with increased body weight over time. Funding Sources NA

scholarly journals Effect of breakfast on weight and energy intake: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

BMJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. l42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Sievert ◽  
Sultana Monira Hussain ◽  
Matthew J Page ◽  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
Harrison J Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Breakfast Consumption ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Randomised Controlled

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effect of regular breakfast consumption on weight change and energy intake in people living in high income countries.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, Ovid Medline, and CINAHL were searched for randomised controlled trials published between January 1990 and January 2018 investigating the effect of breakfast on weight or energy intake. ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform search portal were also searched in October 2018 to identify any registered yet unpublished or ongoing trials.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRandomised controlled trials from high income countries in adults comparing breakfast consumption with no breakfast consumption that included a measure of body weight or energy intake. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Random effects meta-analyses of the effect of breakfast consumption on weight and daily energy intake were performed.ResultsOf 13 included trials, seven examined the effect of eating breakfast on weight change, and 10 examined the effect on energy intake. Meta-analysis of the results found a small difference in weight favouring participants who skipped breakfast (mean difference 0.44 kg, 95% confidence interval 0.07 to 0.82), but there was some inconsistency across trial results (I2=43%). Participants assigned to breakfast had a higher total daily energy intake than those assigned to skip breakfast (mean difference 259.79 kcal/day, 78.87 to 440.71; 1 kcal=4.18 kJ), despite substantial inconsistency across trial results (I2=80%). All of the included trials were at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain and had only short term follow-ups (mean period seven weeks for weight, two weeks for energy intake). As the quality of the included studies was mostly low, the findings should be interpreted with caution.ConclusionThis study suggests that the addition of breakfast might not be a good strategy for weight loss, regardless of established breakfast habit. Caution is needed when recommending breakfast for weight loss in adults, as it could have the opposite effect. Further randomised controlled trials of high quality are needed to examine the role of breakfast eating in the approach to weight management.Study registrationPROSPERO registration number CRD42017057687.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Oral Nutritional Supplements on Older People with Anorexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Mengqi Li ◽  
Si Zhao ◽  
Shuang Wu ◽  
Xiufen Yang ◽  
Hui Feng
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Older People ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Oral Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Positive Effect

Background: Nutrition plays an important role in maintaining the overall health of older people. Inadequate intake may lead to impaired body function, higher morbidity, and mortality. Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) showed positive effect on the nutritional status of the elderly; however, systematic evidence is currently lacking on the effect of ONS on the elderly with anorexia. Aims: The current systematic review and meta-analysis included randomized controlled trial (RCT) articles to investigate the effectiveness of ONS on the main aspects of anorexia of aging (AA). Methods: By using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, researchers independently searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and other gray literature resources for publications that met the inclusion criteria by October 2020. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tools were used for quality assessment. The inverse-variance method was used for the fixed model (FM) while the DerSimonian–Laird method was used for the random model (RM). Respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) was used for indices in terms of effect size (ES). Results: 2497 records were found through the systematic search, while 17 RCTs (n = 1204) were included, with a mean age of 81.9 years (range: 74–87 years). Supplementation occurred in the morning, mid-day, and evening, while the times varied from one to three times a day. The results of meta-analysis showed that, generally, ONS had a positive effect on the overall appetite, MD = 0.18, 95% CI (0.03, 0.33), p = 0.02, and consumption, MD = 1.43, 95% CI (0.01, 2.86), p = 0.05; but not significant in terms of other aspects of appetite: hunger, p = 0.73; fullness, p = 0.60; desire to eat, p = 0.80; preoccupation, p = 0.15. Additionally, it showed an increase in the overall energy intake, SMD = 0.46, 95% CI (0.29, 0.63), p < 0.001, in protein intake, SMD = 0.59, 95% CI (0.16, 1.02), p = 0.007, and in fat intake, MD = 3.47, 95% CI (1.98, 4.97), p < 0.001, while no positive effect was found on carbohydrates intake, p = 0.06. Significance differences were also found in the body weight, SMD = 0.53, 95% CI (0.41, 0.65), p < 0.001, and body mass index (BMI), MD = 0.53, 95% CI (0.12, 0.95), p = 0.01. Moreover, subgroup analyses were conducted according to the nutrient density with no positive results showed except for the low-density ONS on overall energy intake. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that ONS had beneficial effects on overall appetite, energy intake, body weight and BMI.

scholarly journals Does Increased Exercise or Physical Activity Alter Ad-Libitum Daily Energy Intake or Macronutrient Composition in Healthy Adults? A Systematic Review

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e83498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Donnelly ◽  
Stephen D. Herrmann ◽  
Kate Lambourne ◽  
Amanda N. Szabo ◽  
Jeffery J. Honas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

scholarly journals Body composition and appetite: fat-free mass (but not fat mass or BMI) is positively associated with self-determined meal size and daily energy intake in humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Blundell ◽  
Phillipa Caudwell ◽  
Catherine Gibbons ◽  
Mark Hopkins ◽  
Erik Näslund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Molecular Control ◽  
Daily Energy

The idea of body weight regulation implies that a biological mechanism exerts control over energy expenditure and food intake. This is a central tenet of energy homeostasis. However, the source and identity of the controlling mechanism have not been identified, although it is often presumed to be some long-acting signal related to body fat, such as leptin. Using a comprehensive experimental platform, we have investigated the relationship between biological and behavioural variables in two separate studies over a 12-week intervention period in obese adults (totaln92). All variables have been measured objectively and with a similar degree of scientific control and precision, including anthropometric factors, body composition, RMR and accumulative energy consumed at individual meals across the whole day. Results showed that meal size and daily energy intake (EI) were significantly correlated with fat-free mass (FFM,Pvalues < 0·02–0·05) but not with fat mass (FM) or BMI (Pvalues 0·11–0·45) (study 1,n58). In study 2 (n34), FFM (but not FM or BMI) predicted meal size and daily EI under two distinct dietary conditions (high-fat and low-fat). These data appear to indicate that, under these circumstances, some signal associated with lean mass (but not FM) exerts a determining effect over self-selected food consumption. This signal may be postulated to interact with a separate class of signals generated by FM. This finding may have implications for investigations of the molecular control of food intake and body weight and for the management of obesity.

scholarly journals Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Contribute Significantly to College Students’ Daily Caloric Intake in Jordan: Soft Drinks Are Not the Major Contributor

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiba Bawadi ◽  
Toqa Khataybeh ◽  
Bayan Obeidat ◽  
Abdelhamid Kerkadi ◽  
Reema Tayyem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consumption Level ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Daily Energy

Sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) are caloric-dense and associated with poor diet quality which may result in weight gain and obesity. Obesity is an independent risk factor for several chronic diseases. This study aimed to (1) assess the consumption level of SSBs among college students in Jordan and (2) examine the relationship of consumption level to body weight. The current study is a cross-sectional study conducted on 967 college students (55.3% males and 44.7% females). Consumption of SSBs was assessed using validated questionnaires. SSBs were classified into four major categories (hot drinks, fruit drinks, energy drinks, and soft drinks). Anthropometric measurements of the participants including body weight, height, and waist circumferences were recorded. Male students consumed more calories from SSBs compared to female students (p = 0.016). The mean contribution of SSBs to daily energy intake among college students was 480 kcal with the highest contribution from sugar sweetened hot drinks and fruit drinks. A significant positive relationship was found in BMI (p = 0.006) and waist circumference (p = 0.030) for participants consuming calories from SSBs. In conclusion, beverages with added sugar contribute substantially to the daily energy intake of college students in Jordan.

scholarly journals Restricting night-time eating reduces daily energy intake in healthy young men: a short-term cross-over study

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2108-2113 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. LeCheminant ◽  
Ed Christenson ◽  
Bruce W. Bailey ◽  
Larry A. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Time Eating

Few experimental data are available to support the notion that reducing night-time eating changes total daily energy intake (EI) or body weight in healthy adults. The present study primarily examined the short-term effect of night eating restriction (NER) on daily EI in healthy young men. It secondarily examined body weight and moods associated with NER. Using a cross-over design, twenty-nine men (20·9 (sd 2·5) years; 24·4 (sd 2·5) kg/m2) initiated a 2-week NER intervention (elimination of EI from 19.00 to 06.00 hours) and a 2-week control condition, counterbalanced and separated by a 1-week washout period. EI and macronutrient intake were assessed using computerised, multiple-pass 24 h food recalls, body weight via a digital scale and mood using the Profile of Mood States survey. Of the twenty-nine participants, twenty-seven (93 %) completed all aspects of the study. During the NER condition, the participants consumed less total energy per d than during the control condition (10 125 v. 11 146 kJ/d; F= 6·41; P= 0·018). During the NER condition, no energy was reported consumed between 19.00 and 06.00 hours; however, during the control condition, the energy intake of participants was 2920 (sd 1347) kJ/d between 19.00 and 06.00 hours. There was a significant difference in weight change between the NER ( − 0·4 (sd 1·1) kg) and control (+0·6 (sd 0·9) kg) conditions (F= 22·68; P< 0·001). Differences in total mood score or mood subscales between the NER and control conditions were not apparent (P>0·05). These findings provide support for NER decreasing short-term EI in healthy young men.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document