scholarly journals The impact of epistasis in the heterosis and combining ability analyses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Marcelo Soriano Viana
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Average Impact ◽  
Combining Ability Analysis ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The current theoretical knowledge concerning the influence of epistasis on heterosis is based on simplified multiplicative model. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of epistasis in the heterosis and combining ability analyses, assuming additive model, hundreds of genes, linkage disequilibrium (LD), dominance, and seven types of digenic epistasis. We developed the quantitative genetics theory for supporting the simulation of the individual genotypic values in nine populations, the selfed populations, the 36 interpopulation crosses, 180 doubled haploids (DHs) and their 16,110 crosses, assuming 400 genes in 10 chromosomes of 200 cM. Epistasis only affects population heterosis if there is LD. Only additive x additive and dominance x dominance epistasis can affect the components of the heterosis and combining ability analyses of populations. Both analyses can lead to completely wrong inferences regarding the identification of the superior populations, the populations with greater differences of gene frequencies, and the populations with maximum variability, when the number of interacting genes and the magnitude of the epistatic effects are high. There was a decrease in the average heterosis by increasing the number of epistatic genes and the magnitude of their epistatic effects. The same results are generally true for the combining ability analysis of DHs. Surprisingly, the combining ability analyses of subsets of 20 DHs showed no significant average impact of epistasis on the identification of the most divergent ones, even assuming a high number of epistatic genes and great magnitude of their effects. However, a significant negative effect can occur.

Trust, Ethnicity and Integrity in East Africa: Experimental Evidence from Kenya and Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Burbidge ◽  
Nic Cheeseman
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trust Games ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractPolitical economy comparisons of Kenya and Tanzania have often found the political salience of ethnicity to be far higher in the former than the latter, with a negative impact on intercommunal trust. This difference has tended to be explained on the basis of the different kinds of leadership that the two countries experienced after independence. However, these findings have typically been demonstrated using aggregate or survey data. This paper assesses the salience of ethnicity at the individual level for the first time, deploying monetized two-round trust games in urban Kenya and Tanzania. The experimental games isolate the comparative impact of common knowledge of ethnicity and integrity among a quasi-random selection of 486 citizens. Verifying previous findings, we observe higher levels of trust and trustworthiness in Tanzania as compared with Kenya. Further, in comparison with Kenya, any shared knowledge of ethnic identities in Tanzania leads players to transfer fewer resources, while common knowledge that both players are “honest” led to higher transfers there than in Kenya. These results provide robust evidence of higher levels of trust in Tanzania, and of the negative effect in that country of common knowledge of ethnicity on levels of cooperation. The findings demonstrate the way in which political context can shape the impact of ethnic diversity, and encourage further experimental research that looks at the intersubjective dynamics of social cooperation.

HOW MULTIPLE AUXIN RESPONSIVE ELEMENTS MAY INTERACT IN PLANT PROMOTERS: A REVERSE PROBLEM SOLUTION

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 1340011 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTORIA V. MIRONOVA ◽  
NADYA A. OMELYANCHUK ◽  
MARIA S. SAVINA ◽  
PETR M. PONOMARENKO ◽  
MIKHAIL P. PONOMARENKO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Model ◽  
Multiplicative Model ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Reverse Problem ◽  
Promoter Sequences ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Plant Genes ◽  
Plant Promoters ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Plant hormone auxin is a key regulator of growth and development. Auxin affects gene expression through ARF transcription factors, which bind specifically auxin responsive elements (AuxREs). Auxin responsive genes usually have more than one AuxRE, for example, a widely used auxin sensor DR5 contains seven AuxREs. Auxin responsive regions of several plant genes have been studied using sets of transgenic constructions in which the activity of one or several AuxREs were abolished. Here we present the method for analysis of the datasets on promoter activity assays having promoter sequences, namely, number and sequences of AuxREs, altogether with their measured auxin induction level. The method for a reverse problem solution considers two extreme models of AuxRE cooperation. Additive model describes auxin induction level of a gene as a sum of the individual AuxREs impacts. Multiplicative model considers pure cooperation between the AuxREs, where the combined effect is the multiplication of the individual AuxRE impacts. The reverse problem solution allows estimating the impact of an individual AuxRE into the induction level and the model for their cooperation. For promoters of three genes belonging to different plant species we showed that the multiplicative model fits better than additive. The reverse problem solution also suggests repressive state of auxin responsive promoters before auxin induction. The developed method provides possibility to investigate AuxRE structure-activity relationship and may be used as the basis for a novel approach for AuxRE recognition.

scholarly journals Impact of dentofacial esthetics in self-esteem. A review of the literature.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Cofré ◽  
Katherine Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
National Level ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychosocial Disorders ◽  
Dental Esthetics ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

At the national level, it is considered that around half of 12-year-old children have some type of malocclusion. This problem gives rise to negative functional and esthetic consequences that produce a dissatisfaction in the individual, which is related to the severity of the dental irregularities. Even so, there are differences in their recognition and evaluation, given that it is not uncommon to observe some patients with severe malocclusions who are satisfied with their dental esthetics. Physical and facial appearance play a fundamental role in interpersonal communication; therefore, malocclusion can have a negative effect on social relationships, affecting the self-image and self-esteem of individuals. The objective of this article is to describe the results reported in the literature about the impact of dentofacial esthetics on self-esteem. Evidence about the impact of malocclusions and their relationship with general self-esteem and psychosocial disorders of dentofacial esthetics is varied; there is no direct association between these three measurements in all cases. Below, we present some interesting studies and evidence. The studies reveal the association that exists between malocclusion, general self-esteem and psychosocial disorders in relation to dentofacial esthetics. The majority of studies are in adolescent populations at the national and international level. This clearly shows the lack of studies in young or university age populations, which is of interest in dentistry and public health.

scholarly journals Overdue Debts and Financial Exclusion

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Edina Berlinger ◽  
Katalin Dobránszky-Bartus ◽  
György Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Bank Account ◽  
Credit Cycles ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Financial Exclusion ◽  
Debt Collectors ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

We examine the impact of overdue debts in small villages in one of Hungary’s most disadvantaged regions. We find that a significant number of debtors with overdue debts permanently escape from debt collectors. Accordingly, in our sample, overdue debts reduce the likelihood of declared work by 14 percentage points on average. The lack of declared work alone reduces the probability of opening a bank account by 21 percentage points, and overdue debts further reduce it by 9 percentage points. The negative effect of overdue debts on health is almost as large as the positive effect of a high school diploma. In addition, the health-destroying effect extends not only to the debtor but to all members of the household. Therefore, overdue debts create a poverty trap mechanism exacerbating financial exclusion, hence resulting in significant losses for both the individual and society. We recommend paying more attention to smoothing credit cycles and resolving non-performing debt obligations.

scholarly journals The impact of government income transfers on the Brazilian job market

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Marinho ◽  
Sérgio Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Substitution Effect ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
Income Transfers ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This paper intends to analyze the impact of transferences over the formal and informal labor supply from the family heads. For the analyze of the effects in scope of the entrance decisions in job market it was estimated a multinomial logit, while in the scope of the working time it was used a variation of the method of Durbin and McFadden (1984) for selection bias correction. It has verified that transferences have positive effect over the probabilities that the individual doesn't work and does informally work. However, this last one seems to be related to a substitution effect, once it has been observed a parallel negative effect over the probability to work on the formal sector. It has been obtained yet that the benefits negatively impacts on the offered hours by the family heads whether in the formal or non-formal sector, effect that has happened to be verified on the hours offering in formal sector of all individuals. On the other hand, as we consider the hours of working of those who are engaged in informal sector, it has obtained that income transferences perform not as a discourage issue but as a magnifier factor of worked hours.

scholarly journals The Impact of Income Inequality on Subjective Environmental Pollution: Individual Evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8090
Author(s):  
Baoxi Li ◽  
De Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Shape Effect ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Environmental Attitude ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between income inequality and objective environmental pollution, but few focus on the nexus between income inequality and subjective environmental pollution (SEP). Using micro data from the Chinese General Society Survey (CGSS) in 2013 and official statistical data at the provincial level, this paper tests the impact of individual-level income inequality on subjective environmental pollution in China. The results show that individual-level income inequality has an inverted U-shape relationship with subjective environmental pollution, which indicates that increasing the income inequality at the individual level will first rise and then reduce their perceived subjective environmental pollution after reaching the peak. For about 84% of respondents, their subjective environmental pollution decreases with the increase of individual-level income inequality. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analyses show that the income inequality of urban residents and of the locals have an inverted U-shape effect on SEP, and the SEP of females and of individuals with positive environmental attitude are more sensitive to the effect of income inequality. Additionally, we find that subjective well-being plays a mediating role in the relation between income inequality and SEP. Individual income inequality decreases their self-reported well-being, and an increase in well-being has a negative effect on their subjectively perceived environmental quality. We also find non-television media exposures, such as newspaper, magazine, broadcasting, Internet, and mobile custom messages, will amplify the effect of individual-level income inequality on subjective environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Individual and combined impacts of sulfoxaflor and Nosema bombi on bumblebee ( Bombus terrestris ) larval growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1932) ◽  
pp. 20200935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Siviter ◽  
Arran J. Folly ◽  
Mark J. F. Brown ◽  
Ellouise Leadbeater
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Nosema Bombi ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Sulfoxaflor is a globally important novel insecticide that can have negative impacts on the reproductive output of bumblebee ( Bombus terrestris ) colonies. However, it remains unclear as to which life-history stage is critically affected by exposure. One hypothesis is that sulfoxaflor exposure early in the colony's life cycle can impair larval development, reducing the number of workers produced and ultimately lowering colony reproductive output. Here we assess the influence of sulfoxaflor exposure on bumblebee larval mortality and growth both when tested in insolation and when in combination with the common fungal parasite Nosema bombi, following a pre-registered design. We found no significant impact of sulfoxaflor (5 ppb) or N. bombi exposure (50 000 spores) on larval mortality when tested in isolation but found an additive, negative effect when larvae received both stressors in combination. Individually, sulfoxaflor and N. bombi exposure each impaired larval growth, although the impact of combined exposure fell significantly short of the predicted sum of the individual effects (i.e. they interacted antagonistically). Ultimately, our results suggest that colony-level consequences of sulfoxaflor exposure for bumblebees may be mediated through direct effects on larvae. As sulfoxaflor is licensed for use globally, our findings highlight the need to understand how novel insecticides impact non-target insects at various stages of their development.

scholarly journals Health View to Decrease Negative Effect of High Heels Wearing: A Systemic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Meizi Wang ◽  
Ci Jiang ◽  
Gusztáv Fekete ◽  
Ee-Chon Teo ◽  
Yaodong Gu
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Review ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Heel Height ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Comfort Rating ◽  
High Heels ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Effective recommendations about how to decrease adverse effects of high heels (HH) need to be provided, since wearing HH is inevitable for most women in their daily life, regardless of their negative impacts on the foot morphology. The main purpose of this systematic review was to summarize studies which have provided specific information about how to effectively offset the negative effects of wearing HH, in the case of women, by means of examining heel height, insole, and heel base support (HBS). Some evidence indicate the following: (i) the range of appropriate heel height for HH shoes is 3.76 cm to 4.47 cm; (ii) compared to small HBS, the larger ones effectively increase gait stability, reduce risk of ankle injury, and improve comfort rating during HH walking; and (iii) the use of a total contact insert (TCI) significantly decreases plantar pressure and the impact on the foot, resulting in higher perceived comfort. It must be noted that these results are based on short-term research; therefore, any conclusions with regard to effects in the long term should be taken with a grain of salt. Nevertheless, future studies should be aimed at combining numerical and experimental methods, in order to provide personal recommendations for HH shoes by considering heel height and HBS size, based on the individual characters (weight, height, and age).

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

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