SCARECROW is deployed in distinct developmental contexts during rice and maize leaf development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E Hughes ◽  
Jane A Langdale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Gras Transcription Factor ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Leaf Patterning ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Developmental Contexts ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Stomatal Patterning

The flexible deployment of developmental regulators is an increasingly appreciated aspect of plant development and evolution. The GRAS transcription factor SCARECROW (SCR) regulates the development of the endodermis in Arabidopsis and maize roots, but during leaf development it regulates the development of distinct cell-types; bundle-sheath in Arabidopsis and mesophyll in maize. In rice, SCR is implicated in stomatal patterning, but it is unknown whether this function is additional to a role in inner leaf patterning. Here, we demonstrate that two duplicated SCR genes function redundantly in rice. Contrary to previous reports, we show that these genes are necessary for stomatal development, with stomata virtually absent from leaves that are initiated after germination of mutants. The stomatal regulator OsMUTE is down-regulated in Osscr1;Osscr2 mutants indicating that OsSCR acts early in stomatal development. Notably, Osscr1;Osscr2 mutants do not exhibit the inner leaf patterning perturbations seen in Zmscr1;Zmscr1h mutants and Zmscr1;Zmscr1h mutants do not exhibit major perturbations in stomatal patterning. Taken together, these results indicate that SCR was deployed in different developmental contexts after the divergence of rice and maize around 50 million years ago.

Epidermal cell differentiation during leaf development in Anemarrhena asphodeloides

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1277-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Polarization Microscopy ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Anemarrhena Asphodeloides ◽  
Epidermal Cell Differentiation

The epidermis of Anemarrhena asphodeloides is composed of three distinct cell types: guard cells of the stomata, ordinary epidermal cells, and papilla cells occurring in files wedged between files of ordinary epidermal cells. Both stomata and papilla cells have their origin from formative mitoses in the young protoderm. Their differentiation described on the basis of light and polarization microscopy involves a decrease in cell contacts and changing orientation of cellulose microfibrils of the cell wall. These changes are discussed in relation to the pattern of cell divisions and to the modification of cell shape during epidermal development.

Fine Structure of the Malpighian Tubules of the Mosquito, Culex pipiens

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 402-403
Author(s):  
Brendan Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Basal Plasma

An ultrastructural investigation of the Malpighian tubules of the fourth instar larva of Culex pipiens was undertaken as part of a continuing study of the fine structure of transport epithelia.Each of the five Malpighian tubules was found to be morphologically identical and regionally undifferentiated. Two distinct cell types, the primary and stellate, were found intermingled along the length of each tubule. The ultrastructure of the stellate cell was previously described in the Malpighian tubule of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala by Berridge and Oschman.The basal plasma membrane of the primary cell is extremely irregular, giving rise to a complex interconnecting network of basal channels. The compartments of cytoplasm entrapped within this system of basal infoldings contain mitochondria, free ribosomes, and small amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria are distinctive in that the cristae run parallel to the long axis of the organelle.

scholarly journals Stomatal Development in the Context of Epidermal Tissues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko U Torii
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Pavement Cells ◽  
The Core

Abstract Background Stomata are adjustable pores on the surface of plant shoots for efficient gas exchange and water control. The presence of stomata is essential for plant growth and survival, and the evolution of stomata is considered as a key developmental innovation of the land plants, allowing colonization on land from aquatic environments some 450 million years ago. In the past two decades, molecular genetic studies using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana identified key genes and signalling modules that regulate stomatal development: master-regulatory transcription factors that orchestrate cell-state transitions and peptide-receptor signal transduction pathways, which, together, enforce proper patterning of stomata within the epidermis. Studies in diverse plant species, ranging from bryophytes to angiosperm grasses, have begun to unravel the conservation and uniqueness of the core modules in stomatal development. Scope Here, I review the mechanisms of stomatal development in the context of epidermal tissue patterning. First, I introduce the core regulatory mechanisms of stomatal patterning and differentiation in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Subsequently, experimental evidence is presented supporting the idea that different cell types within the leaf epidermis, namely stomata, hydathodes pores, pavement cells, and trichomes, either share developmental origins or mutually influence each other’s gene regulatory circuits during development. Emphasis is taken on extrinsic and intrinsic signals regulating the balance between stomata and pavement cells, specifically by controlling the fate of Stomatal-Lineage Ground Cells (SLGCs) to remain within the stomatal-cell lineage or differentiate into pavement cells. Finally, I discuss the influence of inter-tissue-layer communication between the epidermis and underlying mesophyll/vascular tissues on stomatal differentiation. Understanding the dynamic behaviors of stomatal precursor cells and their differentiation in the broader context of tissue and organ development may help design plants tailored for optimal growth and productivity in specific agricultural applications and a changing environment.

scholarly journals NF-κB in Cancer Immunity: Friend or Foe?

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Guilhem Lalle ◽  
Julie Twardowski ◽  
Yenkel Grinberg-Bleyer
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transcriptional Activators ◽  
New Class ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Cancer Immunity ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Cancer Outcome

The emergence of immunotherapies has definitely proven the tight relationship between malignant and immune cells, its impact on cancer outcome and its therapeutic potential. In this context, it is undoubtedly critical to decipher the transcriptional regulation of these complex interactions. Following early observations demonstrating the roles of NF-κB in cancer initiation and progression, a series of studies converge to establish NF-κB as a master regulator of immune responses to cancer. Importantly, NF-κB is a family of transcriptional activators and repressors that can act at different stages of cancer immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the selective cell-intrinsic contributions of NF-κB to the distinct cell types that compose the tumor immune environment. We also propose a new view of NF-κB targeting drugs as a new class of immunotherapies for cancer.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid Receptor β (GRβ): Beyond Its Dominant-Negative Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3649
Author(s):  
Patricia Ramos-Ramírez ◽  
Omar Tliba
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Glucocorticoids (GCs) act via the GC receptor (GR), a receptor ubiquitously expressed in the body where it drives a broad spectrum of responses within distinct cell types and tissues, which vary in strength and specificity. The variability of GR-mediated cell responses is further extended by the existence of GR isoforms, such as GRα and GRβ, generated through alternative splicing mechanisms. While GRα is the classic receptor responsible for GC actions, GRβ has been implicated in the impairment of GRα-mediated activities. Interestingly, in contrast to the popular belief that GRβ actions are restricted to its dominant-negative effects on GRα-mediated responses, GRβ has been shown to have intrinsic activities and “directly” regulates a plethora of genes related to inflammatory process, cell communication, migration, and malignancy, each in a GRα-independent manner. Furthermore, GRβ has been associated with increased cell migration, growth, and reduced sensitivity to GC-induced apoptosis. We will summarize the current knowledge of GRβ-mediated responses, with a focus on the GRα-independent/intrinsic effects of GRβ and the associated non-canonical signaling pathways. Where appropriate, potential links to airway inflammatory diseases will be highlighted.

scholarly journals Development, characterization, and applications of multi-material stereolithography bioprinting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bagrat Grigoryan ◽  
Daniel W. Sazer ◽  
Amanda Avila ◽  
Jacob L. Albritton ◽  
Aparna Padhye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fluorescent Tracers ◽  
Regional Feature ◽  
Multicellular Aggregates ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Adenocarcinoma Cells ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Heterotypic Interactions ◽  
Feature Alignment

AbstractAs a 3D bioprinting technique, hydrogel stereolithography has historically been limited in its ability to capture the spatial heterogeneity that permeates mammalian tissues and dictates structure–function relationships. This limitation stems directly from the difficulty of preventing unwanted material mixing when switching between different liquid bioinks. Accordingly, we present the development, characterization, and application of a multi-material stereolithography bioprinter that provides controlled material selection, yields precise regional feature alignment, and minimizes bioink mixing. Fluorescent tracers were first used to highlight the broad design freedoms afforded by this fabrication strategy, complemented by morphometric image analysis to validate architectural fidelity. To evaluate the bioactivity of printed gels, 344SQ lung adenocarcinoma cells were printed in a 3D core/shell architecture. These cells exhibited native phenotypic behavior as evidenced by apparent proliferation and formation of spherical multicellular aggregates. Cells were also printed as pre-formed multicellular aggregates, which appropriately developed invasive protrusions in response to hTGF-β1. Finally, we constructed a simplified model of intratumoral heterogeneity with two separate sub-populations of 344SQ cells, which together grew over 14 days to form a dense regional interface. Together, these studies highlight the potential of multi-material stereolithography to probe heterotypic interactions between distinct cell types in tissue-specific microenvironments.

scholarly journals Annotation of chromatin states in 66 complete mouse epigenomes during development

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjan van der Velde ◽  
Kaili Fan ◽  
Junko Tsuji ◽  
Jill E. Moore ◽  
Michael J. Purcaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Chromatin State ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Chromatin States ◽  
Transcription Start Sites ◽  
Repressive Mark ◽  
Distinct Cell

AbstractThe morphologically and functionally distinct cell types of a multicellular organism are maintained by their unique epigenomes and gene expression programs. Phase III of the ENCODE Project profiled 66 mouse epigenomes across twelve tissues at daily intervals from embryonic day 11.5 to birth. Applying the ChromHMM algorithm to these epigenomes, we annotated eighteen chromatin states with characteristics of promoters, enhancers, transcribed regions, repressed regions, and quiescent regions. Our integrative analyses delineate the tissue specificity and developmental trajectory of the loci in these chromatin states. Approximately 0.3% of each epigenome is assigned to a bivalent chromatin state, which harbors both active marks and the repressive mark H3K27me3. Highly evolutionarily conserved, these loci are enriched in silencers bound by polycomb repressive complex proteins, and the transcription start sites of their silenced target genes. This collection of chromatin state assignments provides a useful resource for studying mammalian development.

microRNA-252 and FoxO repress inflammaging by a dual inhibitory mechanism on Dawdle mediated TGF-β pathway in Drosophila

Genetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofen Wu ◽  
Kongyan Niu ◽  
Xiaofan Wang ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Healthy Longevity ◽  
Muscle Tissues ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Innate Immune Genes

Abstract Inflammaging refers to low-grade, chronically activated innate immunity that has deleterious effects on healthy lifespan. However, little is known about the intrinsic signaling pathway that elicits innate immune genes during aging. Here using Drosophila melanogaster, we profile the microRNA targetomes in young and aged animals, and reveal Dawdle (Daw), an activin-like ligand of the TGF-β pathway, as a physiological target of microRNA-252 (miR-252). We show that miR-252 cooperates with Forkhead box O (FoxO), a conserved transcriptional factor implicated in aging, to repress Daw. Unopposed Daw triggers hyper activation of innate immune genes coupled with a decline in organismal survival. Using adult muscle tissues, single-cell sequencing analysis describes that Daw and its downstream innate immune genes are expressed in distinct cell types, suggesting a cell non-autonomous mode of regulation. We further determine the genetic cascade by which Daw signaling leads to increased Kenny/IKKγ protein, which in turn activates Relish/NF-κB protein and consequentially innate immune genes. Finally, transgenic increase of miR-252 and FoxO pathway factors in wild-type Drosophila extends lifespan and mitigates the induction of innate immune genes in aging. Together, we propose that miR-252 and FoxO promote healthy longevity by cooperative inhibition on Daw mediated inflammaging.

Abstract 415: Cardioprotective Effects of Interleukin-15 in Immortalized Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marin Jane McBride ◽  
Kristina Durham ◽  
Bernardo L Trigatti
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Human Cardiomyocytes ◽  
Er Stress Response ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Receptor Chain ◽  
Interleukin 15 ◽  
Receptor Beta

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a pleotropic cytokine that has a profound effect on the proliferation, survival and differentiation of many distinct cell types. The IL-15 receptor complex has 3 subunits: the unique receptor chain IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα), and two receptor chains shared with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and/or other cytokines, referred to as IL-2 receptor beta (IL-2Rβ) and IL-2 receptor gamma/gamma common chain (IL-2Rγ/γc), respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of IL-15 in immortalized human cardiomyocytes. Data collected by RT-PCR shows mRNA expression of IL-15Rα, IL-2Rβ and IL-2 Rγ/γc in these cells. Additionally, western blotting for IL-15Rα, IL-2Rβ and IL-2 Rγ/γc confirms the presence of all three IL-15 receptors. Early experiments examining the effect of IL-15 on cardiomyocyte cell survival show a statistically significant protective effect of IL-15 on the survival of cells exposed to tunicamycin, a pharamacological endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducing agent. These findings suggest that IL-15 signaling may be an important cardioprotective pathway that is involved in the cardiac ER stress response. As ER stress is a major component of multiple different cardiac pathologies, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure and diabetes, uncovering the molecular mechanism by which IL-15 protects the heart will allow for deeper understanding of the cardiac ER stress response.

Leaf development and evolution

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lachezar A. Nikolov ◽  
Adam Runions ◽  
Mainak Das Gupta ◽  
Miltos Tsiantis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Development And Evolution
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