scholarly journals Distribution map of peristaltic waves in the chicken embryonic gut reveals importance of ENS and inter-region cross talks along the gut axis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuuki Shikaya ◽  
Yuta Takase ◽  
Ryosuke Tadokoro ◽  
Ryo Nakamura ◽  
Masafumi Inaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Local Contraction ◽  
Endogenous Potential ◽  
Spatial Distribution Map ◽  
Shed Light

Gut peristaltic movements recognized as the wave-like propagation of a local contraction are crucial for effective transportation and digestion/absorption of ingested materials. Although the physiology of gut peristalsis has been well studied in adults, it remains largely unexplored how the cellular functions underlying these coordinated tissue movements are established along the rostral-caudal gut axis during development. The chicken embryonic gut serves as an excellent experimental model for elucidating the endogenous potential and regulation of these cells since peristalsis occurs even though no ingested material is present in the moving gut. By combining video-recordings and kymography, we provide a spatial map of peristaltic movements along the entire gut posterior to the duodenum: midgut (jejunum and ileum), hindgut, caecum, and cloaca. Since the majority of waves propagate bidirectionally at least until embryonic day 12 (E12), the sites of origin of peristaltic waves (OPWs) can unambiguously be detected in the kymograph. The spatial distribution map of OPWs has revealed that OPWs become progressively confined to specific regions/zones along the gut axis during development by E12, and that such specific zones are largely conserved between different individuals implying genetic regulation for OPW determination. We have also found that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is essential for the OPW patterning since an ablation of ENS or blocking neural activity by tetrodotoxin disrupts the confined pattern of OPWs, resulting in a failure of transportation of inter-luminally injected ink. Finally, we have discovered a functional coupling of the endpoint of hindgut with the cloaca. When surgically separated, the cloaca ceases its acute contractions that would normally occur concomitantly with the peristaltic rhythm of the hindgut. Our findings shed light on the intrinsic regulations of gut peristalsis, including unprecedented ENS contribution and inter-region cross talk along the gut axis.

scholarly journals Flood risk spatial index analysis in the coastal Pekalongan, Central Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 06028
Author(s):  
Ratna Mustika Anindita ◽  
Indah Susilowati ◽  
Fuad Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Spatial Index ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
High Level ◽  
Spatial Distribution Map ◽  
Very High ◽  
Level Of Risk

The North coast of Java is increasingly exposed to flood risks due to land subsidence and climate change, resulting in sea-level rise. This paper developed a flood risk spatial index model in the coastal Pekalongan. The model was systematically arranged from various flood risk indicators related to the social, economic, and environment of coastal Pekalongan based on surveys and interviews with the communities and regional governments. These indicators are then integrated into hazard and vulnerability as components of risk. Using the index system method and ArcGIS, the risk index is classified into five levels (very high, high, medium, low, very low) and generated into a flood risk spatial distribution map. We found that the risk in the study area varies between a medium to a very high level of risk. The very high level of risk was located in Tratebang, Pecakaran, and Tegaldowo Village. A risk spatial distribution map can be used to evaluate potential risks and flood mitigation.

scholarly journals Detection of cellular micromotion by advanced signal processing

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Rinner ◽  
Alberto Trentino ◽  
Heike Url ◽  
Florian Burger ◽  
Julian von Lautz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Signal Processing ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Matched Filtering ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Spectral Filtering ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Time Domain Data ◽  
Cellular Signal

AbstractCellular micromotion—a tiny movement of cell membranes on the nm-µm scale—has been proposed as a pathway for inter-cellular signal transduction and as a label-free proxy signal to neural activity. Here we harness several recent approaches of signal processing to detect such micromotion in video recordings of unlabeled cells. Our survey includes spectral filtering of the video signal, matched filtering, as well as 1D and 3D convolutional neural networks acting on pixel-wise time-domain data and a whole recording respectively.

scholarly journals Role of Selective Autophagy in Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2523
Author(s):  
Chunyu Lv ◽  
Xiaoli Wang ◽  
Ying Guo ◽  
Shuiqiao Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Male Infertility ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Selective Autophagy ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Infertile Patients ◽  
Shed Light

Autophagy is a “self-eating” process that engulfs cellular contents for their subsequent digestion in lysosomes to engage the metabolic need in response to starvation or environmental insults. According to the contents of degradation, autophagy can be divided into bulk autophagy (non-selective autophagy) and selective autophagy. Bulk autophagy degrades non-specific cytoplasmic materials in response to nutrient starvation while selective autophagy targets specific cargoes, such as damaged organelles, protein aggregates, and intracellular pathogens. Selective autophagy has been documented to relate to the reproductive processes, especially for the spermatogenesis, fertilization, and biosynthesis of testosterone. Although selective autophagy is vital in the field of reproduction, its role and the underlying mechanism have remained unclear. In this review, we focus on selective autophagy to discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and role of selective autophagy on spermatogenesis and male fertility in mammals. Understanding the role of selective autophagy during spermatogenesis will promote the recognition of genetic regulation in male infertility, and shed light on therapies of infertile patients.

Phosphatases and solid tumors: focus on glioblastoma initiation, progression and recurrences

2017 ◽  
Vol 474 (17) ◽  
pp. 2903-2924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Dedobbeleer ◽  
Estelle Willems ◽  
Stephen Freeman ◽  
Arnaud Lombard ◽  
Nicolas Goffart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Primary Cancer ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
Shed Light

Phosphatases and cancer have been related for many years now, as these enzymes regulate key cellular functions, including cell survival, migration, differentiation and proliferation. Dysfunctions or mutations affecting these enzymes have been demonstrated to be key factors for oncogenesis. The aim of this review is to shed light on the role of four different phosphatases (PTEN, PP2A, CDC25 and DUSP1) in five different solid tumors (breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer), in order to better understand the most frequent and aggressive primary cancer of the central nervous system, glioblastoma.

scholarly journals Rotational feeding in caecilians: putting a spin on the evolution of cranial design

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. John Measey ◽  
Anthony Herrel
Keyword(s):  
Prey Size ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Generalist Predators ◽  
Head Width ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Axis Body ◽  
Spinning Force ◽  
Shed Light

Caecilians are a poorly known group of amphibians with a highly derived skull and cranial musculature that has evolved in response to their specialized head-first burrowing lifestyle. They possess a unique jaw-closing system, which is shown to be capable of generating considerable bite forces for its head width (1.09±0.34 and 0.62±0.31 N for Schistometopum thomense and Boulengerula taitanus , respectively). However, comprehensive dietary studies indicate that there is no need for large bite forces, since most caecilians appear to be generalist predators of subterranean macrofauna. Here, we demonstrate, based on in vivo external and X-ray video recordings of animals feeding, that long-axis body rotations are used independent of prey size by these two species of caeciliid caecilians when feeding underground. Further, we show that individuals are capable of generating a substantial spinning force, which is greater than their bite force (1.35±0.26 and 1.02±0.18 N, respectively). These observations shed light on the functional and the evolutionary significance of several unique features of the cranial design in derived caecilians; spinning may allow the individuals to judge prey size and subsequently reduce oversized prey within gape limits.

scholarly journals Brain Frequency-Specific Changes in the Spontaneous Neural Activity Are Associated With Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Presbycusis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuxin Ren ◽  
Wen Ma ◽  
Wei Zong ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
Spontaneous Neural Activity ◽  
Key Nodes

Presbycusis (PC) is characterized by preferential hearing loss at high frequencies and difficulty in speech recognition in noisy environments. Previous studies have linked PC to cognitive impairment, accelerated cognitive decline and incident Alzheimer’s disease. However, the neural mechanisms of cognitive impairment in patients with PC remain unclear. Although resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies have explored low-frequency oscillation (LFO) connectivity or amplitude of PC-related neural activity, it remains unclear whether the abnormalities occur within all frequency bands or within specific frequency bands. Fifty-one PC patients and fifty-one well-matched normal hearing controls participated in this study. The LFO amplitudes were investigated using the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) at different frequency bands (slow-4 and slow-5). PC patients showed abnormal LFO amplitudes in the Heschl’s gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), frontal eye field and key nodes of the speech network exclusively in slow-4, which suggested that abnormal spontaneous neural activity in PC was frequency dependent. Our findings also revealed that stronger functional connectivity between the dlPFC and the posterodorsal stream of auditory processing, as well as lower functional coupling between the PCC and key nodes of the DMN, which were associated with cognitive impairments in PC patients. Our study might underlie the cross-modal plasticity and higher-order cognitive participation of the auditory cortex after partial hearing deprivation. Our findings indicate that frequency-specific analysis of ALFF could provide valuable insights into functional alterations in the auditory cortex and non-auditory regions involved in cognitive impairment associated with PC.

scholarly journals När barnet blir expert: Förklaringar av ord och procedurer i det digitala spelet Growtopia

2019 ◽  
Vol NF 28 (2018) ◽  
pp. 48-77
Author(s):  
Åsa Palviainen ◽  
Arja Piirainen-Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Academic Language ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multimodal Features ◽  
The Family ◽  
Shed Light

The ability to explain word meanings is central to a child’s language development and socialisation into different domains of language use. In previous research explanations have been shown to be linked to cognitive and linguistic development as well as academic language and discursive skills. This paper analyses what kinds of linguistic and discursive competences are put to use in explanation activities in interactions between an 8-year-old bilingual child (Albin) and his mother around a digital game. The data comes from a larger data set of video-recordings and field observation of children’s interactions around games. The analysis focuses on explanation sequences in which the child explicates the meaning of objects and procedures in the game world. The analysis shows how explanations are initiated, how they unfold in interaction and how they make relevant asymmetrical roles for the participants, allowing the child to construct a position of knowledge with regard to the game, an important part of his life world. More specifically, the analysis elucidates how Albin’s explanations highlight semantic features and relations that are meaningful for him and how he employs a wide range of linguistic and other semiotic resources in constructing his explanations in a context-sensitive way. The findings shed light on linguistic, interactional and multimodal features of explanations as a discourse activity and provide a window into practices of two-way language socialization in the family.

scholarly journals Analisis Spektral Data Curah Hujan di Sulawesi Utara

Jurnal MIPA ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Novvria Sagita ◽  
As'ari . ◽  
Wandayantolis .
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spectral Density ◽  
Fast Fourier Transform ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Rainfall Patterns ◽  
Spatial Distribution Map

Penelitian ini mengkaji lebih dalam perbedaaan pola curah hujan di Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian menggunakan data 12 stasiun atau pos pengamatan curah hujan di Sulawesi Utara dengan menggunakan teknik Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat peta distribusi spasial periodisitas spektral curah hujan di wilayah Sulawesi Utara, sehingga dapat dianalisis fenomena cuaca yang mempengaruhi curah hujan di beberapa wilayah di Sulawesi Utara. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Sulawesi Utara diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 tipe periodisitas curah hujan yang memiliki kekuatan kerapatan spektral tertinggi dengan periode 36 dasarian dan periode 18 dasarian. Sulawesi Utara juga diklasifikasikan menjadi 5 tipe periodisitas curah hujan yang memiliki kekuatan kerapatan spektral tertinggi ke dua dengan periode 3-11 dasarian, periode 18 dasarian, periode 36 dasarian, periode 60-110 dasarian dan periode 359 dasarian.This research examines more deeply the differences in rainfall patterns in Northern Sulawesi. This research use the data from 12 stations or rainfall observation posts in North Sulawesi by using the technique of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The purpose of this research is to create a spatial distribution map of rainfall spectral periodicity in North Sulawesi in order to analyze weather phenomena that affect rainfall in some areas in North Sulawesi. Based on the results of this study, North Sulawesi is classified into 2 types of rainfall periodicity having the highest spectral density power with the period of 36 ten-days (dasarian) and the period of 18 ten-days. North Sulawesi is also classified into 5 types of rainfall periodicity having the second highest spectral density power with the period of 3-11 ten-days, the period of 18 ten-days, the period of 36 ten-days, the period of 60-110 ten-days and the period of 359 ten-days.

scholarly journals Study of soil erosion risks using RUSLE Model and remote sensing: case of the Bouregreg watershed (Morocco)

2020 ◽  
Vol 383 ◽  
pp. 159-162
Author(s):  
Fatima Hara ◽  
Mohammed Achab ◽  
Anas Emran ◽  
Gil Mahe
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Average Annual Rate ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatial Distribution Map ◽  
North Western ◽  
Very High ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. The Bouregreg watershed is located to the north-western center of Morocco, characterized by a semi-arid climate. It covers a total area of approximately 10 000 km2. This basin is a very sensitive area to water erosion. This causes the degradation of its vegetation cover and its land. The most sensitive and poorly protected soils erode much more easily and lose their fertility.The objective of this work is to quantify soil losses by water erosion in the Bouregreg watershed using the Revised Universal Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Geographic Information Systems. The average annual rate of soil erosion in the Bouregreg watrershed are estimated at 20 t ha−1 yr−1. The spatial distribution map of soil erosion show that 71 % of the total area has low risk of soil erosion (<3 t ha−1 yr−1), while 28 % of the study area shows moderate to high risk of erosion (20–60 t ha−1 yr−1). Areas of very high risk of erosion are also present in some sectors of the watershed covering 1 % of the total surface.

scholarly journals On the role of DNA biomechanics in the regulation of gene expression

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (65) ◽  
pp. 1673-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Milstein ◽  
J.-C. Meiners
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Linear Sequence ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Cellular Dna

DNA is traditionally seen as a linear sequence of instructions for cellular functions that are expressed through biochemical processes. Cellular DNA, however, is also organized as a complex hierarchical structure with a mosaic of mechanical features, and a growing body of evidence is now emerging to imply that these mechanical features are connected to genetic function. Mechanical tension, for instance, which must be felt by DNA within the heavily constrained and continually fluctuating cellular environment, can affect a number of regulatory processes implicating a role for biomechanics in gene expression complementary to that of biochemical regulation. In this article, we review evidence for such mechanical pathways of genetic regulation.

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