scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of EPFL10 reduces stomatal density while maintaining photosynthesis and enhancing water conservation in rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Karavolias ◽  
Dhruv Patel ◽  
Kyungyong Seong ◽  
Michelle Tjahjadi ◽  
Gloria-Alexandra Gueorguieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Developmental Genetics ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Climate Stress ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Stress Gene ◽  
Global Nutrition

Rice production is of paramount importance for global nutrition and potential yields will be detrimentally affected by climate change. Rice stomatal developmental genetics were explored as a mechanism to improve water use efficiency while maintaining yield under climate stress. Gene-editing of STOMAGEN and its paralog, EPFL10, using CRISPR/Cas9 in rice cv. Nipponbare yielded lines with altered stomatal densities that were functionally characterized. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockouts of EPFL10 and STOMAGEN yielded lines with c. 80% and 25% of wild-type stomata, respectively. epfl10 lines with small reductions in stomatal densities are able to conserve water to similar extents as stomagen lines with large stomatal density reductions but do not suffer from any concomitant reductions in stomatal conductance, carbon assimilation, or thermoregulation. The duplicate of STOMAGEN, EPFL10, is a weak positive regulator of stomatal development in rice. epfl10 lines maintained wild-type physiological characteristics while conserving more water. Modest reductions in stomatal densities may be a climate-adaptive approach in rice that can safeguard yield.

Incontinence in aging leaves: deteriorating water relations with leaf age in Agastachys odorata (Proteaceae), a shrub with very long-lived leaves

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Jordan ◽  
Timothy J. Brodribb
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Cuticle Thickness

This paper examines physiological characteristics of the leaves of Agastachys odorata R.Br., a wet-climate sclerophyllous shrub with very long-lived leaves. It addresses the hypothesis that cuticles become leakier to water vapour as leaves age. Astomatous cuticular conductance, whole-leaf minimum epidermal conductance, leaf damage and accumulation of epiphylls all increased several-fold with leaf age from first year growth to 10 years of age. Maximum carbon assimilation peaked 1 year after full leaf expansion, then declined. Intrinsic water use efficiency was highest in mid-aged leaves and declined markedly in the oldest leaves. Stomatal density, stomatal size and cuticle thickness did not vary significantly among ages. The older leaves were less effective at controlling water loss, resulting in decreases in water use efficiency. A differential increase in the conductance of the stomatal surface of the leaves relative to astomatous surface suggested that stomatal leakiness was significant in leaves over five years old. Although data for other species is ambiguous, the deterioration in A. odorata appears to be consistent with changes in the oldest leaves of other species. Thus, decreasing ability to use water efficiently appears to be a consequence of accumulated damage and may contribute to the need for leaf senescence in evergreen species with little self shading.

scholarly journals The Genetic Control of Stomatal Development in Barley: New Solutions for Enhanced Water-Use Efficiency in Drought-Prone Environments

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1670
Author(s):  
Brittany Clare Robertson ◽  
Tianhua He ◽  
Chengdao Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Use Efficiency

Increased drought frequency due to climate change is limiting the agronomic performance of cereal crops globally, where cultivars often experience negative impacts on yield. Stomata are the living interface responsible for >90% of plant water loss through transpiration. Thus, stomata are a prospective target for improving drought tolerance by enhancing water-use efficiency (WUE) in economically important cereals. Reducing stomatal density through molecular approaches has been shown to improve WUE in many plant species, including the commercial cereals barley, rice, wheat and maize. Rice with reduced stomatal density exhibit yields 27% higher than controls under drought conditions, reflecting the amenability of grasses to stomatal density modification. This review presents a comprehensive overview of stomatal development, with a specific emphasis on the genetic improvement of WUE in the grass lineage. Improved understanding of the genetic regulation of stomatal development in the grasses, provides significant promise to improve cereal adaptivity in drought-prone environments whilst maximising yield potential. Rapid advances in gene-editing and ‘omics’ technologies may allow for accelerated adaption of future commercial varieties to water restriction. This may be achieved through a combination of genomic sequencing data and CRISPR-Cas9-directed genetic modification approaches.

scholarly journals Diurnal stomatal apertures and density ratios affect whole-canopy stomatal conductance, water-use efficiency and yield

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANBON GOSA ◽  
Bogale Abebe Gebeyo ◽  
Ravitejas Patil ◽  
Ramon Mencia ◽  
Menachem Moshelion
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Density Ratios

Key physiological traits of plants, such as transpiration and stomatal conductance, are usually studied under steady-state conditions or modeled using only a few measured data points. Those measurements do not reflect the dynamic behavior of the plant in response to field conditions. To overcome this bottleneck, we used a gravimetric functional phenotyping platform and a reverse-phenotyping method to examine the dynamic whole-plant water regulation responses of tomato introgression lines and compared those responses with several years of yield performance in commercial fields. Ideotype lines had highly plastic stomatal conductance and high abaxial to adaxial stomatal density ratios and the size of their stomatal apertures peaked early in the day under water-deficit conditions. These traits resulted in dynamic daily water-use efficiency, which allowed for the rapid recovery of transpiration when irrigation was resumed after a period of imposed drought. We found that stomatal density, the abaxial to adaxial stomatal density ratio and the time of maximum stomatal apertures are crucial for plant adaptation and productivity under drought stress conditions. Abaxial stomatal density was also found to be strongly correlated with the expression of the stomatal-development genes SPCH and ZEP. This study demonstrates how a reverse functional phenotyping approach based on field yield data, continuous and simultaneous whole plant waterbalance measurements and anatomical examination of individual leaves can help us to understand and identify dynamic and complex yield-related physiological traits.

Pu-miR172d regulates stomatal density and water use efficiency via targeting PuGTL1 in poplar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quangang Liu ◽  
Zhanchao Wang ◽  
Sen Yu ◽  
Wenlong Li ◽  
Mengqiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Gus Reporter ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Major Target

Abstract miRNAs play essential regulatory roles in many aspects of plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic environments. Here, we characterized Pu-miR172d, which acts as a negative regulator of stomatal density by directly repressing the expression of PuGTL1 in Populus ussuriensis. quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and GUS reporter analyses showed that Pu-miR172d was strongly expressed in the guard cells of young leaves. Pu-miR172d overexpression significantly decreased stomatal density, resulting in the increase of WUE and drought tolerance by reducing net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. Molecular analysis showed that PuGTL1 was a major target of Pu-miR172d cleavage. Moreover, PuGTL1-SRDX plants, in which PuGTL1 is suppressed, phenocopied Pu-miR172d overexpression lines with reduced stomatal density and enhanced WUE. In addition, the expression level of PuSDD1, a negative regulator of stomatal development, was significantly increased in young leaves of both Pu-miR172d overexpression and PuGTL1-SRDX plants. RNA-seq analysis of mature leaves revealed that Pu-miR172d overexpression decreased the expression of many genes related to photosynthesis. Our findings show that the Pu-miR172d/PuGTL1/PuSDD1 module plays an important role in stomatal differentiation, indicating its ability to improve the engineering of drought tolerance in poplar.

Counting Fish: Environmental Benefits Calculation for Avoided Costs Analysis in Urban Water Use Efficiency Planning

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Shulte Joung ◽  
Mary Ann Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Conservation Programs ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
Urban Water Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

This report documents a project undertaken for the California Urban Water Conservation Council to create a method to calculate water utility avoided costs and assign economic value to the environmental benefits of raw water savings as a result of implementing urban water conservation programs. It is assumed that water savings associated with implementation of conservation programs can be quantified and represented as a reduction in the demand for water from a particular set of supply sources. This demand reduction may in turn result in a change to the availability of an environmental benefit provided by that source. Environmental valuation, as it is applied here, is relatively new and there are numerous complications, ambiguities, data gaps and differences of opinion in the application of the methodology. For that reason, this report should be considered a pioneering effort to put together all the required elements in a single coherent framework.

Altitude of origin influences stomatal conductance and therefore maximum assimilation rate in Southern Beech, Nothofagus cunninghamii

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Hovenden ◽  
Tim Brodribb
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Carboxylation Efficiency ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Carbon Assimilation Rate ◽  
Southern Beech ◽  
Maximum Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Biochemistry

Gas exchange measurements were made on saplings of Southern Beech, Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. collected from three altitudes (350, 780 and 1100 m above sea level) and grown in a common glasshouse trial. Plants were grown from cuttings taken 2 years earlier from a number of plants at each altitude in Mt Field National Park, Tasmania. Stomatal density increased with increasing altitude of origin, and stomatal con-ductance and carbon assimilation rate were linearly related across all samples. The altitude of origin influenced thestomatal conductance and therefore carbon assimilation rate, with plants from 780 m having a greater photosynthetic rate than those from 350 m. The intercellular concentration of CO2 as a ratio of external CO2 concentration (ci/ca) was similar in all plants despite the large variation in maximum stomatal conductance. Carboxylation efficiency was greater in plants from 780 m than in plants from 350 m. Altitude of origin has a strong influence on the photo-synthetic performance of N. cunninghamii plants even when grown under controlled conditions, and this influence is expressed in both leaf biochemistry (carboxylation efficiency) and leaf morphology (stomatal density).

scholarly journals Light Quality Affects Water Use of Sweet Basil by Changing Its Stomatal Development

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Sungeun Lim ◽  
Jongyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Stomatal Responses

Different light qualities affect plant growth and physiological responses, including stomatal openings. However, most researchers have focused on stomatal responses to red and blue light only, and the direct measurement of evapotranspiration has not been examined. Therefore, we quantified the evapotranspiration of sweet basil under various red (R), green (G), and blue (B) combinations using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and investigated its stomatal responses. Seedlings were subjected to five different spectral treatments for two weeks at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 200 µmol m−2 s−1. The ratios of the RGB light intensities were as follows: R 100% (R100), R:G = 75:25 (R75G25), R:B = 75:25 (R75B25), R:G:B = 60:20:20 (R60G20B20), and R:G:B = 31:42:27 (R31G42B27). During the experiment, the evapotranspiration of the plants was measured using load cells. Although there were no significant differences in growth parameters among the treatments, the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were higher in plants grown under blue LEDs (R75B25, R60G20B20, and R31G42B27) than in the R100 treatment. The amount of water used was different among the treatments (663.5, 726.5, 728.7, 778.0, and 782.1 mL for the R100, R75G25, R60G20B20, R75B25, and R31G42B27 treatments, respectively). The stomatal density was correlated with the blue light intensity (p = 0.0024) and with the combined intensity of green and blue light (p = 0.0029); therefore, green light was considered to promote the stomatal development of plants together with blue light. Overall, different light qualities affected the water use of plants by regulating stomatal conductance, including changes in stomatal density.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis MADS-box factor AGL16 negatively regulates drought resistance via stomatal density and stomatal movement

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (19) ◽  
pp. 6092-6106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping-Xia Zhao ◽  
Zi-Qing Miao ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Si-Yan Chen ◽  
Qian-Qian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Mads Box ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Aba Metabolism

Abstract Drought is one of the most important environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. The molecular mechanisms underlying plant drought resistance are complex and not yet fully understood. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis MADS-box transcription factor AGL16 acts as a negative regulator in drought resistance by regulating stomatal density and movement. Loss-of-AGL16 mutants were more resistant to drought stress and had higher relative water content, which was attributed to lower leaf stomatal density and more sensitive stomatal closure due to higher leaf ABA levels compared with the wild type. AGL16-overexpressing lines displayed the opposite phenotypes. AGL16 is preferentially expressed in guard cells and down-regulated in response to drought stress. The expression of CYP707A3 and AAO3 in ABA metabolism and SDD1 in stomatal development was altered in agl16 and overexpression lines, making them potential targets of AGL16. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, transient transactivation, yeast one-hybrid, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we demonstrated that AGL16 was able to bind the CArG motifs in the promoters of the CYP707A3, AAO3, and SDD1 and regulate their transcription, leading to altered leaf stomatal density and ABA levels. Taking our findings together, AGL16 acts as a negative regulator of drought resistance by modulating leaf stomatal density and ABA accumulation.

scholarly journals Ectopic Overexpression of Histone H3K4 Methyltransferase CsSDG36 from Tea Plant Decreases Hyperosmotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5064
Author(s):  
Qinghua Chen ◽  
Linghui Guo ◽  
Yanwen Yuan ◽  
Shuangling Hu ◽  
Fei Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Microtubule Assembly ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Drought Response ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Histone H3k4

Histone methylation plays an important regulatory role in the drought response of many plants, but its regulatory mechanism in the drought response of the tea plant remains poorly understood. Here, drought stress was shown to induce lower relative water content and significantly downregulate the methylations of histone H3K4 in the tea plant. Based on our previous analysis of the SET Domain Group (SDG) gene family, the full-length coding sequence (CDS) of CsSDG36 was cloned from the tea cultivar ‘Fuding Dabaicha’. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the open reading frame (ORF) of the CsSDG36 gene was 3138 bp, encoding 1045 amino acids and containing the conserved structural domains of PWWP, PHD, SET and PostSET. The CsSDG36 protein showed a close relationship to AtATX4 of the TRX subfamily, with a molecular weight of 118,249.89 Da, and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.87, belonging to a hydrophilic protein without a transmembrane domain, probably located on the nucleus. The expression of CsSDG36 was not detected in the wild type, while it was clearly detected in the over-expression lines of Arabidopsis. Compared with the wild type, the over-expression lines exhibited lower hyperosmotic resistance by accelerating plant water loss, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) pressure, and increasing leaf stomatal density. RNA-seq analysis suggested that the CsSDG36 overexpression caused the differential expression of genes related to chromatin assembly, microtubule assembly, and leaf stomatal development pathways. qRT-PCR analysis revealed the significant down-regulation of stomatal development-related genes (BASL, SBT1.2(SDD1), EPF2, TCX3, CHAL, TMM, SPCH, ERL1, and EPFL9) in the overexpression lines. This study provides a novel sight on the function of histone methyltransferase CsSDG36 under drought stress.

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