scholarly journals Nipah virus detection at bat roosts following spillover events in Bangladesh, 2012-2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifton D McKee ◽  
Ausraful Islam ◽  
Mohammed Ziaur Rahman ◽  
Salah Uddin Khan ◽  
Mahmudur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Virus Ecology ◽  
Current Sampling ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Viral Sequencing

Knowledge of the dynamics and genetic diversity of Nipah virus circulating in bats and at the human-animal interface is limited by current sampling efforts, which produce few detections of viral RNA. We report on a series of investigations at bat roosts identified near human Nipah cases in Bangladesh between 2012 and 2019. Pooled bat urine samples were collected from 23 roosts; seven roosts (30%) had at least one sample with Nipah RNA detected from the first visit. In subsequent visits to these seven roosts, RNA was detected in bat urine up to 52 days after the presumed exposure of the human case, although the probability of detection declined rapidly with time. These results suggest that rapidly deployed investigations of Nipah virus shedding from bat roosts near human cases could increase the success of viral sequencing compared to background surveillance and enhance our understanding of Nipah virus ecology and evolution.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Newcastle disease virus in feces of free-range turkeys in Enugu, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1288-1293
Author(s):  
Obianuju Nkiruka Okoroafor ◽  
Paul Chukwuemeka Animoke ◽  
Edmund Chidiebere Mbegbu ◽  
Chinwe Justina Aronu ◽  
John Anelom Nwanta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Cloacal Swab ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Positive Serum ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Potential Risks

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) virus of free-range turkeys may be linked to outbreaks of ND in backyard chickens seen during Harmattan in Enugu State in Southeast Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ND virus and (NDV) detect NDV in the feces of free-range, domestic turkeys in Enugu, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 569 serum and 569 cloacal swab samples were collected from adult turkeys in selected households that keep turkeys and chickens together in the study area. The serum samples were assayed for antibodies against NDV using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, whereas the cloacal samples were subjected to virus detection using a hemagglutination (HA) test. Results: A total of 186 serum samples (32.7%) were positive for NDV and 383 (67.3%) were negative. Of the 186 NDV-positive serum samples, 138 (74.2%) had HI titers ≥ 8. The remaining 48 (25.8%) serum samples had HI titers <8. NDV was detected from the cloacal swabs of turkeys with NDV -positive serum samples. Conclusion: The turkeys in this study were not previously vaccinated with the NDV vaccine; thus, those with NDV -positive serum samples and virus shedding in their feces may be potential risks to chickens reared in the same households as well as on commercial farms in the area. Those turkeys with sera negative for NDV are regarded to be at risk if they encounter a virulent strain of NDV. Regular vaccination of turkeys against the NDV is advised, especially in backyard farms, where turkeys are reared together with chickens and other species of poultry.

scholarly journals Transmission of IncN Plasmids Carrying blaCTX-M-1 between Commensal Escherichia coli in Pigs and Farm Workers

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1709-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshnee Moodley ◽  
Luca Guardabassi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Cephalosporin Resistance ◽  
Human Animal

ABSTRACT CTX-M-1-producing Escherichia coli were isolated from 56 pigs, three farm personnel, two manure samples, and two air samples from two Danish pig farms where an association between prophylactic ceftiofur use and the occurrence of cephalosporin resistance was previously demonstrated. Human, animal, and environmental strains displayed high genetic diversity but harbored indistinguishable or closely related IncN plasmids carrying bla CTX-M-1, indicating that IncN plasmids mediating cephalosporin resistance were transmitted between pigs and farm workers across multiple E. coli lineages.

scholarly journals Ecological dynamics of emerging bat virus spillover

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1798) ◽  
pp. 20142124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raina K. Plowright ◽  
Peggy Eby ◽  
Peter J. Hudson ◽  
Ina L. Smith ◽  
David Westcott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Viruses that originate in bats may be the most notorious emerging zoonoses that spill over from wildlife into domestic animals and humans. Understanding how these infections filter through ecological systems to cause disease in humans is of profound importance to public health. Transmission of viruses from bats to humans requires a hierarchy of enabling conditions that connect the distribution of reservoir hosts, viral infection within these hosts, and exposure and susceptibility of recipient hosts. For many emerging bat viruses, spillover also requires viral shedding from bats, and survival of the virus in the environment. Focusing on Hendra virus, but also addressing Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus and coronaviruses, we delineate this cross-species spillover dynamic from the within-host processes that drive virus excretion to land-use changes that increase interaction among species. We describe how land-use changes may affect co-occurrence and contact between bats and recipient hosts. Two hypotheses may explain temporal and spatial pulses of virus shedding in bat populations: episodic shedding from persistently infected bats or transient epidemics that occur as virus is transmitted among bat populations. Management of livestock also may affect the probability of exposure and disease. Interventions to decrease the probability of virus spillover can be implemented at multiple levels from targeting the reservoir host to managing recipient host exposure and susceptibility.

Bat and virus ecology in a dynamic world

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
David A Wilkinson ◽  
David TS Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Marburg Virus ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Anthropogenic Changes ◽  
Virus Ecology ◽  
Bat Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Australian Bat Lyssavirus

The emergence of infectious diseases caused by bat-associated viruses has had a devastating and wide-reaching effect on human populations. These viruses include lyssaviruses such as rabies virus, the filoviruses, Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, and the paramyxoviruses, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV)1. As a result bats have been the focus of substantial research (Fig. 1) and certain cellular and physiological traits of bats are hypothesised to lead to ‘special’ bat-virus associations2,3 (but see Han et al.4). The anthropogenic changes in the world we live will influence human health5, including through their impact on bat ecology and the viruses within bat populations. Australian people and livestock have been infected by novel bat viruses, such as HeV, Menangle viruses (MenV) and Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), and are at the forefront of both epidemiological and virological research efforts into cross-species transmission events (spillover): here we put some of those efforts and the potential impacts of anthropogenic changes on bat-virus ecology under the microscope.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies in Wild Canidae in Tunisia

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2473
Author(s):  
Zied Bouslama ◽  
Habib Kharmachi ◽  
Nourhene Basdouri ◽  
Jihen Ben Salem ◽  
Samia Ben Maiez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Viral Sequencing ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Natural Barrier

Rabies is a viral zoonosis that is transmissible to humans via domestic and wild animals. There are two epidemiological cycles for rabies, the urban and the sylvatic cycles. In an attempt to study the epidemiological role of wild canidae in rabies transmission, the present study aimed to analyze the genetic characteristics of virus isolates and confirm prior suggestions that rabies is maintained through a dog reservoir in Tunisia. Virus strains isolated from wild canidae were subject to viral sequencing, and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed using Beast2 software. Essentially, the virus strains isolated from wild canidae belonged to the Africa-1 clade, which clearly diverges from fox-related strains. Our study also demonstrated that genetic characteristics of the virus isolates were not as distinct as could be expected if a wild reservoir had already existed. On the contrary, the geographic landscape is responsible for the genetic diversity of the virus. The landscape itself could have also acted as a natural barrier to the spread of the virus.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Nipah virus in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
M.Z. Rahman ◽  
M.M. Islam ◽  
M.E. Hossain ◽  
M.M. Rahman ◽  
A. Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Nipah Virus

scholarly journals Hierarchical and Redundant Lymphocyte Subset Control Precludes Cytomegalovirus Replication during Latent Infection

1998 ◽  
Vol 188 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Polić ◽  
Hartmut Hengel ◽  
Astrid Krmpotić ◽  
Joanne Trgovcich ◽  
Ivica Pavić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphocyte Subsets ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Immune Control ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Control Functions

Reactivation from latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is often associated with conditions of immunosuppression and can result in fatal disease. Whether the maintenance of systemic CMV latency is mainly governed by factors of the infected cell or by immune control functions is unknown. Likewise, the putative immune control mechanisms which could prevent the induction and spread of recurrent CMV infection are not clearly identified. We took advantage of latently infected B cell–deficient mice and a sensitive method for virus detection to study CMV reactivation after ablation of lymphocyte subsets. A crucial role of both T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells was demonstrated. Within 5 d after depletion of lymphocytes, productive infection occurred in 50% of mice, and 14 d later 100% of mice exhibited recurrent infection. A hierarchy of immune control functions of CD8+, NK, and CD4+ cells was established. Reactivation was rare if only one of the lymphocyte subsets was depleted, but was evident after removal of a further subset, indicating a functional redundancy of control mechanisms. The salivary glands were identified as the site of most rapid virus shedding, followed by the detection of recurrent virus in the lungs, and eventually in the spleen. Our findings document a previously unknown propensity of latent CMV genomes to enter productive infection immediately and with a high frequency after immune cell depletion. The data indicate that only the sustained cellular immune control prevents CMV replication and restricts the viral genome to a systemic state of latency.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and antibiogram profile of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from human, animal, foods and associated environmental sources

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Dhaka ◽  
Deepthi Vijay ◽  
Jess Vergis ◽  
Mamta Negi ◽  
Manesh Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Human Animal

scholarly journals Virological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in health care workers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Conrad Shamier ◽  
Alma Tostmann ◽  
Susanne Bogers ◽  
Janet De Wilde ◽  
Jeroen IJpelaar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Virus Culture

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are highly effective at preventing COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality. As no vaccine is 100% effective, breakthrough infections are expected to occur. We analyzed the virological characteristics of 161 vaccine breakthrough infections in a population of 24,706 vaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs), using RT-PCR and virus culture. The delta variant (B.1.617.2) was identified in the majority of cases. Despite similar Ct-values, we demonstrate lower probability of infectious virus detection in respiratory samples of vaccinated HCWs with breakthrough infections compared to unvaccinated HCWs with primary SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nevertheless, infectious virus was found in 68.6% of breakthrough infections and Ct-values decreased throughout the first 3 days of illness. We conclude that rare vaccine breakthrough infections occur, but infectious virus shedding is reduced in these cases.

scholarly journals Distribution of Four Viruses in Single and Mixed Infections Within Infected Watermelon Plants in Florida

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 1194-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Turechek ◽  
Chandrasekar S. Kousik ◽  
Scott Adkins
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Nucleic Acid Hybridization ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Crown Tissue ◽  
Systematic Sample ◽  
High Throughput Detection ◽  
Hybridization Assays

Whitefly-transmitted Squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) and Cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV) and aphid-transmitted Papaya ringspot virus type W (PRSV-W) have had serious impact on watermelon production in southwest and west-central Florida in the past 5 years. Tissue-blot nucleic acid hybridization assays were developed for simple, high-throughput detection of these three viruses as well as Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), which was first reported in Florida in 2008. To determine virus distribution within plants, we collected 80 entire plants just before or during the harvest period in a systematic sample, 20 each on 11 April, 18 April, 26 April, and 3 May 2007, from a fruiting commercial watermelon field near Immokalee, FL showing symptoms of infection by SqVYV, CuLCrV, and PRSV-W and, possibly, CYSDV. This was followed by a sampling of five plants collected at harvest showing symptoms of virus infection on 11 October 2007 in a different commercial planting located in Duette, FL. Tissue prints were made from cross sections of watermelon plants from the crowns through the tips at 0.6-m intervals on nylon membranes and nucleic acid hybridization assays were used for virus detection. Results from testing crown tissue showed that SqVYV, CuLCrV, and PRSV-W were present in ≈37, 44, and 54%, respectively, of the 80 plants collected over the four sampling dates from the first field. For individual vines diagnosed with SqVYV, the distribution of SqVYV in vine tissue decreased proportionately with distance from the crown. The probability of detecting SqVYV was 70% at the base of the vine compared with 23% at the tip of the vine. In contrast, CuLCrV tended to be more evenly distributed throughout the plant, with ≈10% higher probability of detection at the growing tip relative to the crown of the plant. The distribution of PRSV-W resembled that of SqVYV but with ≈20% higher probability of detection at the tip of the vine. Similar trends were detected in the smaller sampling; however, CYSDV was also detected in three of the plants. Overall, the results indicated that SqVYV and PRSV-W were distributed differently than CuLCrV in watermelon plants, and this difference has implications on how samples should be collected and may affect vector acquisition and transmission of these viruses.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document