scholarly journals Expression of the Eight GABAA Receptor α Subunits in the Developing Zebrafish Central Nervous System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Monesson-Olson ◽  
Jon J. McClain ◽  
Abigail E. Case ◽  
Hanna E. Dorman ◽  
Daniel R. Turkewitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Database Analysis ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Receptor Isoforms ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Α Subunits

ABSTRACTGABA is a robust regulator of both developing and mature neural networks. It exerts many of its effects through GABAA receptors, which are heteropentamers assembled from a large array of subunits encoded by distinct genes. In mammals, there are 19 different GABAA subunit types, which are divided into the α, β, γ, δ, ε, π, θ and ρ subfamilies. The immense diversity of GABAA receptors is not fully understood. However, it is known that specific isoforms, with their distinct biophysical properties and expression profiles, tune responses to GABA. Although larval zebrafish are well-established as a model system for neural circuit analysis, little is known about GABAA receptors diversity and expression in this system. Here, using database analysis, we show that the zebrafish genome contains at least 23 subunits. All but the mammalian θ and ε subunits have at least one zebrafish ortholog, while five mammalian GABAA subunits have two zebrafish orthologs. Zebrafish contain one subunit, β4, which does not have a clear mammalian ortholog. Similar to mammalian GABAA receptors, the zebrafish α subfamily is the largest and most diverse of the subfamilies. In zebrafish there are eight α subunits, and RNA in situ hybridization across early zebrafish development revealed that they demonstrate distinct patterns of expression in the brain, spinal cord, and retina. Some subunits were very broadly distributed, whereas others were restricted to small populations of cells. Subunit-specific expression patterns were similar between zebrafish, frogs and rodents, which suggests that the roles of different GABAA receptor isoforms are largely conserved among vertebrates. This study provides a platform to examine isoform specific roles of GABAA receptors within zebrafish neural circuits and it highlights the potential of this system to better understand the remarkable heterogeneity of GABAA receptors.

Mouse Wnt genes exhibit discrete domains of expression in the early embryonic CNS and limb buds

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Parr ◽  
M.J. Shea ◽  
G. Vassileva ◽  
A.P. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Discrete Domains ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
The Brain

Mutation and expression studies have implicated the Wnt gene family in early developmental decision making in vertebrates and flies. In a detailed comparative analysis, we have used in situ hybridization of 8.0- to 9.5-day mouse embryos to characterize expression of all ten published Wnt genes in the central nervous system (CNS) and limb buds. Seven of the family members show restricted expression patterns in the brain. At least three genes (Wnt-3, Wnt-3a, and Wnt-7b) exhibit sharp boundaries of expression in the forebrain that may predict subdivisions of the region later in development. In the spinal cord, Wnt-1, Wnt-3, and Wnt-3a are expressed dorsally, Wnt-5a, Wnt-7a, and Wnt-7b more ventrally, and Wnt-4 both dorsally and in the floor plate. In the forelimb primordia, Wnt-3, Wnt-4, Wnt-6 and Wnt-7b are expressed fairly uniformly throughout the limb ectoderm. Wnt-5a RNA is distributed in a proximal to distal gradient through the limb mesenchyme and ectoderm. Along the limb's dorsal-ventral axis, Wnt-5a is expressed in the ventral ectoderm and Wnt-7a in the dorsal ectoderm. We discuss the significance of these patterns of restricted and partially overlapping domains of expression with respect to the putative function of Wnt signalling in early CNS and limb development.

scholarly journals Experimental approach to overexpress pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) specifically in the hypothalamus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Yamna Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Steroidogenic Factor 1 ◽  
Adaptive Thermogenesis ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
The Brain

Obesity is adetrimental health condition that occurs when energy intake, exceeds energy expenditure. Pituitary adenylatecyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) regulates energy expenditure, including adaptive thermogenesis, through the hypothalamic-sympatheticnervous system-brown adipose tissue axis. We hypothesize that PACAP expression in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is required for adaptive thermogenesis. To assess this, our goal is to develop an animal model that expresses PACAP specifically in the VMN of the hypothalamus. As a first step to achieving this goal, we established a protocol to deliver an adeno-associatedvirus (AAV) expressing the visible protein eGFP under the control of a VMN-specific promoter, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) using stereotaxic surgery. A second step was to develop a protocol to detect PACAP mRNA in the brain using in situ hybridization. Our results showed that the stereotaxic protocol was successful and provides significant progress towards achieving PACAP-specific expression in the VMN.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the CaLAX and CaPIN gene families in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under various abiotic stresses and hormone treatments

Genome ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenghao Zhang ◽  
Wenqi Dong ◽  
Zong-an Huang ◽  
MyeongCheoul Cho ◽  
Qingcang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Genome Wide

Auxin plays key roles in regulating plant growth and development as well as in response to environmental stresses. The intercellular transport of auxin is mediated by the following four gene families: ATP-binding cassette family B (ABCB), auxin resistant1/like aux1 (AUX/LAX), PIN-formed (PIN), and PIN-like (PILS). Here, the latest assembled pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genome was used to characterise and analyse the CaLAX and CaPIN gene families. Genome-wide investigations into these families, including chromosomal distributions, phytogenic relationships, and intron/exon structures, were performed. In total, 4 CaLAX and 10 CaPIN genes were mapped to 10 chromosomes. Most of these genes exhibited varied tissue-specific expression patterns assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression profiles of the CaLAX and CaPIN genes under various abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and cold), exogenous phytohormones (IAA, 6-BA, ABA, SA, and MeJA), and polar auxin transport inhibitor treatments were evaluated. Most CaLAX and CaPIN genes were altered by abiotic stress at the transcriptional level in both shoots and roots, and many CaLAX and CaPIN genes were regulated by exogenous phytohormones. Our study helps to identify candidate auxin transporter genes and to further analyse their biological functions in pepper development and in its adaptation to environmental stresses.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of Basic Helix–Loop–Helix Superfamily Members Reveals Organization and Chilling-Responsive Patterns in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 914
Author(s):  
Shan ◽  
Zhang ◽  
Yu ◽  
Wang ◽  
Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Basic Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Helix Loop Helix

Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF) family is commonly found in eukaryotes, which is one of the largest families of regulator proteins. It plays an important role in plant growth and development, as well as various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, a comprehensive analysis of the bHLH family has not been reported in Brassica oleracea. In this study, we systematically describe the BobHLHs in the phylogenetic relationships, expression patterns in different organs/tissues, and in response to chilling stress, and gene and protein characteristics. A total of 234 BobHLH genes were identified in the B. oleracea genome and were further clustered into twenty-three subfamilies based on the phylogenetic analyses. A large number of BobHLH genes were unevenly located on nine chromosomes of B. oleracea. Analysis of RNA-Seq expression profiles revealed that 21 BobHLH genes exhibited organ/tissue-specific expression. Additionally, the expression of six BobHLHs (BobHLH003, -048, -059, -093, -109, and -148) were significantly down-regulated in chilling-sensitive cabbage (CS-D9) and chilling-tolerant cabbage (CT-923). At 24h chilling stress, BobHLH054 was significantly down-regulated and up-regulated in chilling-treated CS-D9 and CT-923. Conserved motif characterization and exon/intron structural patterns showed that BobHLH genes had similar structures in the same subfamily. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of BobHLH genes and reveals several candidate genes involved in chilling tolerance of B. oleracea, which may be helpful to clarify the roles of bHLH family members and understand the regulatory mechanisms of BobHLH genes in response to the chilling stress of cabbage.

scholarly journals Systems Biology Analysis of the Antagonizing Effects of HIV-1 Tat Expression in the Brain over Transcriptional Changes Caused by Methamphetamine Sensitization

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liana V. Basova ◽  
James P. Kesby ◽  
Marcus Kaul ◽  
Svetlana Semenova ◽  
Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Systems Biology ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hiv 1

Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse is common among humans with immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), has been described to induce changes in brain gene transcription that can result in impaired reward circuitry, as well as in inflammatory processes. In transgenic mice with doxycycline-induced Tat protein expression in the brain, i.e., a mouse model of neuroHIV, we tested global gene expression patterns induced by Meth sensitization. Meth-induced locomotor sensitization included repeated daily Meth or saline injections for seven days and Meth challenge after a seven-day abstinence period. Brain samples were collected 30 min after the Meth challenge. We investigated global gene expression changes in the caudate putamen, an area with relevance in behavior and HIV pathogenesis, and performed pathway and transcriptional factor usage predictions using systems biology strategies. We found that Tat expression alone had a very limited impact in gene transcription after the Meth challenge. In contrast, Meth-induced sensitization in the absence of Tat induced a global suppression of gene transcription. Interestingly, the interaction between Tat and Meth broadly prevented the Meth-induced global transcriptional suppression, by maintaining regulation pathways, and resulting in gene expression profiles that were more similar to the controls. Pathways associated with mitochondrial health, initiation of transcription and translation, as well as with epigenetic control, were heavily affected by Meth, and by its interaction with Tat in anti-directional ways. A series of systems strategies have predicted several components impacted by these interactions, including mitochondrial pathways, mTOR/RICTOR, AP-1 transcription factor, and eukaryotic initiation factors involved in transcription and translation. In spite of the antagonizing effects of Tat, a few genes identified in relevant gene networks remained downregulated, such as sirtuin 1, and the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In conclusion, Tat expression in the brain had a low acute transcriptional impact but strongly interacted with Meth sensitization, to modify effects in the global transcriptome.

KVα1 channels in murine arterioles: differential cellular expression and regulation of diameter

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (3) ◽  
pp. H1057-H1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cheong ◽  
A. M. Dedman ◽  
S. Z. Xu ◽  
D. J. Beech
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Major Function ◽  
Cellular Expression

The primary objectives of this study were to reveal cell-specific expression patterns and functions of voltage-gated K+ channel (KVα1) subunits in precapillary arterioles of the murine cerebral circulation. KVα1 were detected using peptide-specific antibodies in immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays. KV1.2 was localized almost exclusively to endothelial cells, whereas KV1.5 was discretely localized to the nerves and nerve terminals that innervate the arterioles. KV1.5 also localized specifically to arteriolar nerves in human pial membrane. KV1.5 was notable for its absence from smooth muscle cells. KV1.3, KV1.4, and KV1.6 were localized to endothelial and smooth muscle cells, although KV1.4 had a low expression level. KV1.1 was not expressed. Therefore, we show that different cell types of pial arterioles have distinct physiological expression profiles of KVα1, conferring the possibility of differential modulation by extracellular and second messengers. Furthermore, we show recombinant agitoxin-2 and margatoxin are potent vasoconstrictors, suggesting that KVα1 subunits have a major function in determining arteriolar resistance to blood flow.

scholarly journals Systematic Analysis of Gibberellin Pathway Components in Medicago truncatula Reveals the Potential Application of Gibberellin in Biomass Improvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7180
Author(s):  
Hongfeng Wang ◽  
Hongjiao Jiang ◽  
Yiteng Xu ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Feedback Regulation ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

Gibberellins (GAs), a class of phytohormones, act as an essential natural regulator of plant growth and development. Many studies have shown that GA is related to rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis in legume species. However, thus far, GA metabolism and signaling components are largely unknown in the model legume Medicago truncatula. In this study, a genome-wide analysis of GA metabolism and signaling genes was carried out. In total 29 components, including 8 MtGA20ox genes, 2 MtGA3ox genes, 13 MtGA2ox genes, 3 MtGID1 genes, and 3 MtDELLA genes were identified in M. truncatula genome. Expression profiles revealed that most members of MtGAox, MtGID1, and MtDELLA showed tissue-specific expression patterns. In addition, the GA biosynthesis and deactivation genes displayed a feedback regulation on GA treatment, respectively. Yeast two-hybrid assays showed that all the three MtGID1s interacted with MtDELLA1 and MtDELLA2, suggesting that the MtGID1s are functional GA receptors. More importantly, M. truncatula exhibited increased plant height and biomass by ectopic expression of the MtGA20ox1, suggesting that enhanced GA response has the potential for forage improvement.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of the Carbonic Anhydrase Genes for CA VII (Car7) And CA-RP VIII (Car8) in Mouse Brain

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha M. Lakkis ◽  
K. Sue O'Shea ◽  
Richard E. Tashian
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Granular Cell ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lower Expression

The spatial expression patterns of the two α-carbonic anhydrase genes, CA VII and CA-RP VIII (called Car7 and Car8 in the mouse) were examined in the mouse brain by in situ hybridization. These two genes are the most highly conserved evolutionarily among the mammalian α-CAs. Both genes showed a similarly wide expression pattern in the brain. In the cerebrum, mRNA expression was detected in the pia, choroid plexus, and neurons of the cortical layer, thalamus, and medial habenulae. A high level of expression appeared in the pyramidal and granular cells of the hippocampus. In the cerebellum, both Car7 and Car8 were transcribed to different degrees in the Purkinje cells, and a lower expression level occured in the molecular and granular cell layers. Transcription signals for both genes were excluded from the white matter regions.

scholarly journals Analysis of Area-Specific Expression Patterns of RORbeta, ER81 and Nurr1 mRNAs in Rat Neocortex by Double In Situ Hybridization and Cortical Box Method

PLoS ONE ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. e3266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junya Hirokawa ◽  
Akiya Watakabe ◽  
Sonoko Ohsawa ◽  
Tetsuo Yamamori
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Rat Neocortex ◽  
Box Method

scholarly journals The Mouse Murr1 Gene Is Imprinted in the Adult Brain, Presumably Due to Transcriptional Interference by the Antisense-Oriented U2af1-rs1 Gene

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 270-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youdong Wang ◽  
Keiichiro Joh ◽  
Sadahiko Masuko ◽  
Hitomi Yatsuki ◽  
Hidenobu Soejima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Change ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Paternal Allele ◽  
Transcriptional Interference ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Biallelic Expression ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Predominant Expression

ABSTRACT The mouse Murr1 gene contains an imprinted gene, U2af1-rs1, in its first intron. U2af1-rs1 shows paternal allele-specific expression and is transcribed in the direction opposite to that of the Murr1 gene. In contrast to a previous report of biallelic expression of Murr1 in neonatal mice, we have found that the maternal allele is expressed predominantly in the adult brain and also preferentially in other adult tissues. This maternal-predominant expression is not observed in embryonic and neonatal brains. In situ hybridization experiments that used the adult brain indicated that Murr1 gene was maternally expressed in neuronal cells in all regions of the brain. We analyzed the developmental change in the expression levels of both Murr1 and U2af1-rs1 in the brain and liver, and we propose that the maternal-predominant expression of Murr1 results from transcriptional interference of the gene by U2af1-rs1 through the Murr1 promoter region.

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