scholarly journals Chronology-based architecture of descending circuits that underlie the development of locomotor repertoire after birth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Pujala ◽  
Minoru Koyama
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Kinematics And Dynamics ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Biophysical Properties ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Parallel Circuits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Connectivity Patterns

AbstractThe emergence of new and increasingly sophisticated behaviors after birth is accompanied by dramatic increase of newly established synaptic connections in the nervous system. Little is known, however, of how nascent connections are organized to support such new behaviors alongside existing ones. To understand this, in the larval zebrafish we examined the development of spinal pathways from hindbrain V2a neurons and the role of these pathways in the development of locomotion. We found that new projections are continually layered laterally to existing neuropil, and give rise to distinct pathways that function in parallel to existing pathways. Across these chronologically layered pathways, the connectivity patterns and biophysical properties vary systematically to support a behavioral repertoire with a wide range of kinematics and dynamics. Such layering of new parallel circuits equipped with systematically changing properties may be central to the postnatal diversification and increasing sophistication of an animal’s behavioral repertoire.

scholarly journals Chronology-based architecture of descending circuits that underlie the development of locomotor repertoire after birth

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avinash Pujala ◽  
Minoru Koyama
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Kinematics And Dynamics ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Biophysical Properties ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Parallel Circuits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Connectivity Patterns

The emergence of new and increasingly sophisticated behaviors after birth is accompanied by dramatic increase of newly established synaptic connections in the nervous system. Little is known, however, of how nascent connections are organized to support such new behaviors alongside existing ones. To understand this, in the larval zebrafish we examined the development of spinal pathways from hindbrain V2a neurons and the role of these pathways in the development of locomotion. We found that new projections are continually layered laterally to existing neuropil, and give rise to distinct pathways that function in parallel to existing pathways. Across these chronologically layered pathways, the connectivity patterns and biophysical properties vary systematically to support a behavioral repertoire with a wide range of kinematics and dynamics. Such layering of new parallel circuits equipped with systematically changing properties may be central to the postnatal diversification and increasing sophistication of an animal’s behavioral repertoire.

scholarly journals Ecological Representations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Golonka ◽  
Andrew D Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Intentional Behavior ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Potential Basis

AbstractMainstream cognitive science and neuroscience both rely heavily on the notion of representation in order to explain the full range of our behavioral repertoire. The relevant feature of representation is its ability todesignate(stand in for) spatially or temporally distant properties, When we organize our behavior with respect to mental or neural representations, we are (in principle) organizing our behavior with respect to the property it designates. While representational theories are a potentially a powerful foundation for a good cognitive theory, problems such as grounding and system-detectable error remain unsolved. For these and other reasons, ecological explanations reject the need for representations and do not treat the nervous system as doing any mediating work. However, this has left us without a straight-forward vocabulary to engage with so-called ‘representation-hungry’ problems or the role of the nervous system in cognition.In an effort to develop such a vocabulary, here we show that James J Gibson’s ecological information functions to designate the ecologically-scaled dynamical world to an organism. We then show that this designation analysis of information leads to an ecological conceptualization of the neural activity caused by information, which in turn we argue can together support intentional behavior with respect to spatially and temporally distal properties. Problems such as grounding and error detection are solved via law-based specification. This analysis extends the ecological framework into the realm of ‘representation-hungry’ problems, making it as powerful a potential basis for theories of behavior as traditional cognitive approaches. The resulting analysis does, according to some definitions, allow information and the neural activity to be conceptualized as representations; however, the key work is done by information and the analysis remains true to Gibson’s ecological ontology.

scholarly journals Role of Nuclear Receptors in Central Nervous System Development and Associated Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 9s2 ◽  
pp. JEN.S25480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Ana Maria ◽  
Moreno-Ramos Oscar Andréas ◽  
Neena B. Haider
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nuclear Receptors ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nuclear Hormone Receptor ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily is composed of a wide range of receptors involved in a myriad of important biological processes, including development, growth, metabolism, and maintenance. Regulation of such wide variety of functions requires a complex system of gene regulation that includes interaction with transcription factors, chromatin-modifying complex, and the proper recognition of ligands. NHRs are able to coordinate the expression of genes in numerous pathways simultaneously. This review focuses on the role of nuclear receptors in the central nervous system and, in particular, their role in regulating the proper development and function of the brain and the eye. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mutations in NHRs on a spectrum of human diseases from autism to retinal degeneration.

scholarly journals Role of synaptotagmin in Ca2+-triggered exocytosis

2002 ◽  
Vol 366 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward C. TUCKER ◽  
Edwin R. CHAPMAN
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Membrane Fusion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Biophysical Properties ◽  
Synaptotagmin I ◽  
And Function ◽  
Fusion Pores

The Ca2+-binding synaptic-vesicle protein synaptotagmin I has attracted considerable interest as a potential Ca2+ sensor that regulates exocytosis from neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Recent studies have shed new light on the structure, biochemical/biophysical properties and function of synaptotagmin, and the emerging view is that it plays an important role in both exocytosis and endocytosis. At least a dozen additional isoforms exist, some of which are expressed outside of the nervous system, suggesting that synaptotagmins might regulate membrane traffic in a variety of cell types. Here we provide an overview of the members of this gene family, with particular emphasis on the question of whether and how synaptotagmin I functions during the final stages of membrane fusion: does it regulate the Ca2+-triggered opening and dilation of fusion pores?

scholarly journals Living Proof of Activity of Extracellular Vesicles in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7294
Author(s):  
Shadi Mahjoum ◽  
David Rufino-Ramos ◽  
Luís Pereira de Almeida ◽  
Marike L. D. Broekman ◽  
Xandra O. Breakefield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Rna And Dna

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of a heterogeneous population of cells with highly specialized functions. For optimal functioning of the CNS, in disease and in health, intricate communication between these cells is vital. One important mechanism of cellular communication is the release and uptake of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane enclosed particles actively released by cells, containing a wide array of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. These EVs can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells, and influence a wide range of processes. Due to the complexity and relative inaccessibility of the CNS, our current understanding of the role of EVs is mainly derived in vitro work. However, recently new methods and techniques have opened the ability to study the role of EVs in the CNS in vivo. In this review, we discuss the current developments in our understanding of the role of EVs in the CNS in vivo.

Expression of the N-myc proto-oncogene during the early development of Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 885-896
Author(s):  
P.D. Vize ◽  
A. Vaughan ◽  
P. Krieg
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Otic Vesicle ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mammalian Embryos ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The N-myc proto-oncogene is expressed in a wide range of tissues during mammalian embryogenesis. This observation, along with the oncogenic capacity of this gene, has led to the suggestion that N-myc plays an important role in early development. However, due to the complexity of the expression pattern and the difficulty of manipulating mammalian embryos, little progress has been made towards understanding the developmental function of this gene. To enable a more detailed analysis of the role of this gene in early development, a study of the Xenopus homologue of N-myc was undertaken. Xenopus N-myc cDNA clones were isolated from a neurula library using a murine N-myc probe. Analysis of the timing of expression of N-myc mRNA and of the distribution of N-myc protein during Xenopus development indicate that this gene may be playing an important role in the formation of a number of embryonic structures, including the nervous system. N-myc is initially expressed as a maternal RNA, but this mRNA is degraded by the gastrula stage of development. Zygotic expression does not commence until late neurula. Examination of the distribution of the N-myc protein by whole-mount immunohistochemistry indicates that the early embryonic expression occurs in the central nervous system, the neural crest, the somites and the epidermis. Later expression is mostly within the head and somites. Specific structures within the head that express the protein include the eye, otic vesicle, fore and hindbrain and a number of cranial nerves. The results demonstrate that while N-myc is expressed in the developing nervous system of Xenopus, the timing of expression indicates that it is unlikely to be involved in regulation of the very first stages of neurogenesis.

scholarly journals The Role of ACE2 Receptors of the Olfactory System in Anosmia in COVID-19: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Mohammad Javad Nasr ◽  
Ali Alizadeh Khatir ◽  
Arefeh Babazadeh ◽  
Soheil Ebrahimpour
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The latest data show that more than 211.7 million people were infected and more than 4.4 million deaths have been reported. The illness presents a wide range of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. Mild symptoms include cough, fever, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia and arthralgia, anosmia, and dysgeusia. Furthermore, this virus can affect the central nervous system (CNS) and present a range of mild to severe nervous symptoms, from headache and dysphoria to loss of consciousness, coma, paralysis, and acute cerebrovascular disease. The virus can enter nonneuronal cells of the olfactory epithelium and cause a complete loss of smell. Anosmia and hyposmia are commonly reported in clinics, and being asymptomatic or showing mild symptoms can be primary symptoms in early infected persons. Dysgeusia/hypogeusia is another symptom presented with anosmia/hyposmia. In this article, we reviewed the articles of anosmia and suggested a possible mechanism for this.

Vital Role of Monoamine Oxidases and Cholinesterases in Central Nervous System Drug Research: A Sharp Dissection of the Pathophysiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 877-886
Author(s):  
Begum E. Aksoz ◽  
Erkan Aksoz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase enzymes are very critical enzymes that regulate the level of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and monoamines. Monoamine neurotransmitters and acetylcholine play a very important role in many physiological events. An increase or decrease in the amount of these neurotransmitters is observed in a wide range of central nervous system pathologies. Balancing the amount of these neurotransmitters is important in improving the progression of these diseases. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase enzymes are important in symptomatic therapy and delaying progression of a group of central nervous system disease manifested with memory loss, cognitive decline and psychiatric disturbances like depression. Objective: In this article, the relationship between central nervous system diseases and the vital role of the enzymes, monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase, is discussed on the pathophysiologic basis, focusing on drug research. Conclusion: Monoamine oxidase and cholinesterase enzymes are still a good target for the development of novel drug active substances with optimized pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, which can maximize the benefits of current therapy modalities.

scholarly journals Regulation of CNS Plasticity Through the Extracellular Matrix

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa M. Warren ◽  
Stuart M. Dickens ◽  
Sylvain Gigout ◽  
James W. Fawcett ◽  
Jessica C.F. Kwok
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Ion Diffusion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Plasticity

Contrary to established dogma, the central nervous system (CNS) has a capacity for regeneration and is moderately plastic. Traditionally, such changes have been recognized through development, but more recently, this has been documented in adults through learning and memory or during the advent of trauma and disease. One of the causes of such plasticity has been related to changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM). This complex scaffold of sugars and proteins in the extracellular space alters functionality of the surrounding tissue through moderation of synaptic connections, neurotransmission, ion diffusion, and modification to the cytoskeleton. This chapter discusses the role of the ECM in CNS plasticity in development and the adult. Further, it determines how the ECM affects normal neuronal functioning in critical processes such as memory. Finally, the chapter assesses how the ECM contributes to adverse CNS changes in injury and disease, concentrating on how this matrix may be targeted for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in the Nervous System: Inhibitors to Repair

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin R. Siebert ◽  
Amanda Conta Steencken ◽  
Donna J. Osterhout
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are widely expressed in the normal central nervous system, serving as guidance cues during development and modulating synaptic connections in the adult. With injury or disease, an increase in CSPG expression is commonly observed close to lesioned areas. However, these CSPG deposits form a substantial barrier to regeneration and are largely responsible for the inability to repair damage in the brain and spinal cord. This review discusses the role of CSPGs as inhibitors, the role of inflammation in stimulating CSPG expression near site of injury, and therapeutic strategies for overcoming the inhibitory effects of CSPGs and creating an environment conducive to nerve regeneration.

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