scholarly journals A carbohydrate-binding protein, FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 influences the initiation of A- and B-type starch granules in wheat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tansy Chia ◽  
Marcella Chirico ◽  
Rob King ◽  
Ricardo Ramirez-Gonzalez ◽  
Benedetta Saccomanno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Granule ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Floury Endosperm ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Trait Locus ◽  
B Granules ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractPreviously, we identified a quantitative trait locus on the group 4 chromosomes of Aegilops and bread wheat that controls B-type starch-granule content. Here, we identify a candidate gene by fine-mapping in Aegilops and confirm its function using wheat TILLING mutants. This gene is orthologous to the FLOURY ENDOSPERM 6 (FLO6) gene of rice and barley and the PTST2 gene of Arabidopsis. In Triticeae endosperm, reduction in the gene dose of functional FLO6 alleles results in reduction, or loss, of B-granules. This is due to repression of granule initiation in late-grain development, but has no deleterious impact on the synthesis of A-granules. The complete absence of functional FLO6, however, results in reduced numbers of normal A-type and B-type granules and the production of highly-abnormal granules that vary in size and shape. This polymorphous starch seen in a wheat flo6 triple mutant is similar to that observed in the barley mutant Franubet. Analysis of Franubet (fractured Nubet) starch suggests that the mutant A-granules are not fractured but compound, due to stimulation of granule initiation in plastids during early-grain development. Thus, in different situations in Triticeae, FLO6 either stimulates or represses granule initiation.

scholarly journals A carbohydrate-binding protein, B-GRANULE CONTENT 1, influences starch granule size distribution in a dose-dependent manner in polyploid wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tansy Chia ◽  
Marcella Chirico ◽  
Rob King ◽  
Ricardo Ramirez-Gonzalez ◽  
Benedetta Saccomanno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Polyploid Wheat ◽  
Gene Dose ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
B Granules

Abstract In Triticeae endosperm (e.g. wheat and barley), starch granules have a bimodal size distribution (with A- and B-type granules) whereas in other grasses the endosperm contains starch granules with a unimodal size distribution. Here, we identify the gene, BGC1 (B-GRANULE CONTENT 1), responsible for B-type starch granule content in Aegilops and wheat. Orthologues of this gene are known to influence starch synthesis in diploids such as rice, Arabidopsis, and barley. However, using polyploid Triticeae species, we uncovered a more complex biological role for BGC1 in starch granule initiation: BGC1 represses the initiation of A-granules in early grain development but promotes the initiation of B-granules in mid grain development. We provide evidence that the influence of BGC1 on starch synthesis is dose dependent and show that three very different starch phenotypes are conditioned by the gene dose of BGC1 in polyploid wheat: normal bimodal starch granule morphology; A-granules with few or no B-granules; or polymorphous starch with few normal A- or B-granules. We conclude from this work that BGC1 participates in controlling B-type starch granule initiation in Triticeae endosperm and that its precise effect on granule size and number varies with gene dose and stage of development.

Physiology of Cereal Grain II. Starch Granule Formation in the Developing Barley Kernel

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
LH May ◽  
MS Buttrose
Keyword(s):  
Starch Granule ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Type A ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Type B ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Barley Kernel ◽  
B Granules

Types, numbers, volumes, and weights of starch granules in the barley endosperm were measured at different times from anthesis to maturity. The formation of two types of granule was confirmed: the first (type A) was initiated until 15 days after anthesis; the second (type B) between 18 and 30 days. At maturity there were approximately 10 times as many type B granules as type A, although the latter made up 90 per cent. of the total granule volume. There was a linear relationship between starch granule and endosperm volume throughout kernel development, while the rate of increase in volume per unit granule volume was the same, irrespective of granule size, at anyone time. Starch weight increased as endosperm dry weight increased although the precise form of this relationship is in doubt. The interrelationships between starch granule weight and volume, and also endosperm dry weight and volume, suggest that both starch granules and endosperm increase in density during development.

scholarly journals Characterization of wheat lacking B-type starch granules

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetta Saccomanno ◽  
Pierre Berbezy ◽  
Kim Findlay ◽  
Jennifer Shoesmith ◽  
Cristobal Uauy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Starch Granule ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Bread Making ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Alcohol Production ◽  
Mutant Lines ◽  
B Granules

ABSTRACTThe physicochemical and agronomical properties of a new form of bread wheat, lacking B-type starch granules (BlessT) was assessed. Three BlessT mutant lines, made by combining homoeologous deletions of BGC1, a gene responsible for the control of B-granule content were compared with two sibling lines with normal starch phenotype and the parent line, cv. Paragon. Quantification of starch granule size and number in developing grain confirmed the lack of small, B-type starch granules throughout development in BlessT. Most starch, flour, grain and loaf characteristics did not vary between BlessT and the wild type sibling controls. However, BlessT starches had higher water absorption, reduced grain hardness and higher protein content, and dough made from BlessT flour required more water and had increased elasticity. Despite the lack of B-granules, BlessT lines do not display a significant decrease in total starch content suggesting that it should be possible to produce commercial wheat varieties that lack B-type starch granules without compromising yield. These findings support the potential utility of this novel type of wheat as a specialist crop in applications ranging from bread making and alcohol production to improved industrial starch products.

1Sl(1B) Chromosome substitution in Chinese Spring wheat promotes starch granule development and starch biosynthesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Cao ◽  
Guanxing Chen ◽  
Chang Wang ◽  
Shoumin Zhen ◽  
Xiaohui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Spring ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Starch Biosynthesis ◽  
Substitution Line ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Aegilops Longissima ◽  
Chinese Spring Wheat

The common wheat variety Chinese Spring (CS) chromosome substitution line CS-1Sl(1B) was used in this study, in which the 1B chromosome in CS (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) was substituted by the 1Sl from Aegilops longissima (2n = 2x = 14, SlSl). The results showed that the substitution of 1B in CS by 1Sl chromosome could significantly increase amylopectin and total starch contents. The dynamic changes in starch granules during grain development in CS and CS-1Sl(1B) demonstrated that the substitution line possessed higher amount of A-type starch granules and greater diameter of both A- and B-granules. qRT-PCR revealed that some key genes involved in starch biosynthesis, such as starch synthases (SSI, SSII and SSIII), starch branching enzymes (SBE IIa and SBE IIb) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS I), displayed higher transcript levels of mRNA expressions during grain development in CS-1Sl(1B). Our results indicate that the substituted 1Sl chromosome carries important genes that influence starch granule development and starch biosynthesis, which may be used as potential gene resources for improvement of wheat starch quality.

scholarly journals Expression of starch-binding factor CBM20 in barley plastids controls the number of starch granules and the level of CO2 fixation

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-246
Author(s):  
Yingxin Zhong ◽  
Domenico Sagnelli ◽  
Henrik Bak Topbjerg ◽  
Harald Hasler-Sheetal ◽  
Olga Agata Andrzejczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Fixation ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Binding Factor

Interference in protein–starch interactions in barley by the expression of an exogenous high-affinity starch-binding factor (Carbohydrate-Binding Motif 20, CBM20) reveals a link between starch granule biosynthesis and the level of photosynthesis.

Production and Characterization of Porous Starch Granule and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blend as a Bio-Composite

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1513-1521
Author(s):  
Sirirat Thothong ◽  
Klanarong Sriroth ◽  
Rattana Tantatherdtam ◽  
Amnat Jarerat
Keyword(s):  
Starch Granule ◽  
Rice Starch ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Single Screw ◽  
Single Screw Extruder ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Granular Starch

To improve the miscibility of native rice starch granules and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT), rice starch was hydrolyzed by a mixture of α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. The obtained porous rice granular starch was then mechanically blended with PBAT by single screw extruder. Many pits and holes on the surface of starch granules were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The rough surface of the rice starch granules improved the compatibility of the polymers in the blends, which consequently increased the tensile strength and the elongation at break. In addition, SEM also revealed that the porous granules were homogeneously distributed in the polymer matrix with no appearance of gaps.

Digestion and physiological properties of resistant starch in the human large bowel

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H Cummings ◽  
Emily R Beatty ◽  
Susan M Kingman ◽  
Sheila A Bingham ◽  
Hans N Englyst
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Retrograded Starch ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Stimulation Of

The digestion of four sources of resistant starch (RS) has been studied in twelve healthy volunteers who ate controlled diets for 15 d periods. RS from potato, banana, wheat and maize (17−30 g/d) was compared with a starch-free diet, a diet containing wheat starch that was fully digested in the small intestine, and with 18·4 g NSP from bran/d. RS increased stool wet weight by 1·6 g/d per g RS fed for potato, 1·7 for banana, 2·5 for wheat and 2·7 for maize, but this was significantly less than bran NSP at 4·9 g/g. RS was extensively digested in twenty-seven of thirtyfour diet periods but five subjects were unable to break down one or two of the RS sources. Faecal N and energy excretion were increased. RS decreased NSP breakdown and RS2(resistant starch granules) tended to prolong transit time. All forms of RS increased faecal total short-chain fatty acid excretion. RS2(from potato and banana) gave greater proportions of acetate in faeces, and RS3(retrograded starch from wheat and maize) more propionate. We have concluded that RS2and RS3are broken down in the human gut, probably in the colon although in 26% of cases this breakdown was impaired. RS exerts mild laxative properties, predominantly through stimulation of biomass excretion but also through some sparing of NSP breakdown.

scholarly journals Starch Granule Size and Morphology of Arabidopsis thaliana Starch-Related Mutants Analyzed during Diurnal Rhythm and Development

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 5859
Author(s):  
Qingting Liu ◽  
Yuan Zhou ◽  
Joerg Fettke
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Transitory Starch ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Safranin O

Transitory starch plays a central role in the life cycle of plants. Many aspects of this important metabolism remain unknown; however, starch granules provide insight into this persistent metabolic process. Therefore, monitoring alterations in starch granules with high temporal resolution provides one significant avenue to improve understanding. Here, a previously established method that combines LCSM and safranin-O staining for in vivo imaging of transitory starch granules in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana was employed to demonstrate, for the first time, the alterations in starch granule size and morphology that occur both throughout the day and during leaf aging. Several starch-related mutants were included, which revealed differences among the generated granules. In ptst2 and sex1-8, the starch granules in old leaves were much larger than those in young leaves; however, the typical flattened discoid morphology was maintained. In ss4 and dpe2/phs1/ss4, the morphology of starch granules in young leaves was altered, with a more rounded shape observed. With leaf development, the starch granules became spherical exclusively in dpe2/phs1/ss4. Thus, the presented data provide new insights to contribute to the understanding of starch granule morphogenesis.

Controlled Release Starch Granule Formulations Reduce Herbicide Leaching in Soil Columns

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick A. Boydston
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Sand Soil ◽  
Water Dispersible ◽  
Loamy Sand Soil ◽  
Water Dispersible Granule

Experimental controlled release starch granules (CRSG) containing 5.3% a.i. (w/w) norflurazon or 6% a.i. (w/w) simazine retarded the leaching of both herbicides in loamy sand soil columns when compared to commercial formulations of norflurazon [80% (w/w) dry flowable] or simazine [90% (w/w) water dispersible granule]. Barley bioassays indicated norflurazon and simazine remained in the surface 0 to 2.5 cm of soil when applied as CRSG formulations and moved to a depth of 15 cm when applied as commercial dry formulations and leached with 6 cm of water. CRSG placed on pre-wetted soil columns began to release norflurazon by 7 d at 25 C or 14 d at 15 C, and subsequent leaching moved norflurazon beyond the top 2.5 cm of the soil column.

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