Digestion and physiological properties of resistant starch in the human large bowel

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H Cummings ◽  
Emily R Beatty ◽  
Susan M Kingman ◽  
Sheila A Bingham ◽  
Hans N Englyst
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Retrograded Starch ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Stimulation Of

The digestion of four sources of resistant starch (RS) has been studied in twelve healthy volunteers who ate controlled diets for 15 d periods. RS from potato, banana, wheat and maize (17−30 g/d) was compared with a starch-free diet, a diet containing wheat starch that was fully digested in the small intestine, and with 18·4 g NSP from bran/d. RS increased stool wet weight by 1·6 g/d per g RS fed for potato, 1·7 for banana, 2·5 for wheat and 2·7 for maize, but this was significantly less than bran NSP at 4·9 g/g. RS was extensively digested in twenty-seven of thirtyfour diet periods but five subjects were unable to break down one or two of the RS sources. Faecal N and energy excretion were increased. RS decreased NSP breakdown and RS2(resistant starch granules) tended to prolong transit time. All forms of RS increased faecal total short-chain fatty acid excretion. RS2(from potato and banana) gave greater proportions of acetate in faeces, and RS3(retrograded starch from wheat and maize) more propionate. We have concluded that RS2and RS3are broken down in the human gut, probably in the colon although in 26% of cases this breakdown was impaired. RS exerts mild laxative properties, predominantly through stimulation of biomass excretion but also through some sparing of NSP breakdown.

Wheat cell walls and constituent polysaccharides induce similar microbiota profiles upon in vitro fermentation despite different short chain fatty acid end-product levels.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyi Lu ◽  
Deirdre Mikkelsen ◽  
Hong Yao ◽  
Barbara Williams ◽  
Bernadine Flanagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation

Plant cell walls as well as their component polysaccharides in foods can be utilized to alter and maintain a beneficial human gut microbiota, but it is not known whether the...

scholarly journals Propionate and Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Killingsworth ◽  
Darrell Sawmiller ◽  
R. Douglas Shytle
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Propionate Metabolism

Propionate, a short-chain fatty acid, serves important roles in the human body. However, our review of the current literature suggests that under certain conditions, excess levels of propionate may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The cause of the excessive levels of propionate may be related to the Bacteroidetes phylum, which are the primary producers of propionate in the human gut. Studies have shown that the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum is significantly increased in older adults. Other studies have shown that levels of the Bacteroidetes phylum are increased in persons with AD. Studies on the diet, medication use, and propionate metabolism offer additional potential causes. There are many different mechanisms by which excess levels of propionate may lead to AD, such as hyperammonemia. These mechanisms offer potential points for intervention.

scholarly journals A novel class of CoA-transferase involved in short-chain fatty acid metabolism in butyrate-producing human colonic bacteria

Microbiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Charrier ◽  
Gary J. Duncan ◽  
Martin D. Reid ◽  
Garry J. Rucklidge ◽  
Donna Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Coa Transferase ◽  
Coa Hydrolase ◽  
Acetate Butyrate

Bacterial butyryl-CoA CoA-transferase activity plays a key role in butyrate formation in the human colon, but the enzyme and corresponding gene responsible for this activity have not previously been identified. A novel CoA-transferase gene is described from the colonic bacterium Roseburia sp. A2-183, with similarity to acetyl-CoA hydrolase as well as 4-hydroxybutyrate CoA-transferase sequences. The gene product, overexpressed in an Escherichia coli lysate, showed activity with butyryl-CoA and to a lesser degree propionyl-CoA in the presence of acetate. Butyrate, propionate, isobutyrate and valerate competed with acetate as the co-substrate. Despite the sequence similarity to 4-hydroxybutyrate CoA-transferases, 4-hydroxybutyrate did not compete with acetate as the co-substrate. Thus the CoA-transferase preferentially uses butyryl-CoA as substrate. Similar genes were identified in other butyrate-producing human gut bacteria from clostridial clusters IV and XIVa, while other candidate CoA-transferases for butyrate formation could not be detected in Roseburia sp. A2-183. This suggests strongly that the newly identified group of CoA-transferases described here plays a key role in butyrate formation in the human colon.

scholarly journals Resistant Starch: Metabolic Effects and Potential Health Benefits

2004 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine A Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Large Bowel ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Fatty Acid Production

Abstract Although there is strong evidence that the amount and type of fat in the diet can have dramatic effects on metabolism, the case for carbohydrate subtypes influencing metabolic parameters is emerging. By definition, resistant starch (RS) is any starch that is not digested in the small intestine but passes to the large bowel. Here, RS is a good substrate for fermentation which gives rise to an increase in short-chain fatty acid production. The differing rates of absorption between RS and digestible starch are thought to denote their differential metabolic responses. RS intake is associated with several changes in metabolism which may confer some health benefits. RS intake seems to decrease postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses, lower plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, improve whole body insulin sensitivity, increase satiety, and reduce fat storage. These properties make RS an attractive dietary target for the prevention of diseases associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance as well as the development of weight loss diets and dietary therapies for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. This review analyzes the body of literature examining the metabolic effects of RS consumption and discusses possible mechanisms whereby increased short-chain fatty acid production in the bowel could account for some of these effects. The effects of RS in the large bowel per se are the topic of other reviews and are not addressed in this paper.

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