scholarly journals Assessment of the optimum fertilizer rates and planting density for soybean production in China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jilong Lv ◽  
Ping He ◽  
Dan Wei ◽  
Xinpeng Xu ◽  
Shaojun Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Optimal Rate ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Effect On Yield

AbstractFertilization rate and planting density are important factors affecting crop yield. A large number of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] field experimental data (1998-2017) were collected through different database sources to evaluate the optimum fertilizer rate and planting density for high yield of spring and summer soybean in China. The yield of spring and summer soybean gradually increased over year, with their average yields were 2610 and 2724 kg ha−1, respectively. Based on the fitted quadratic curve, the optimal rate of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers for high yield of summer soybean was 96 kg N ha−1, 80 kg P2O5 ha−1, and 126 kg K2O ha−1, and the corresponding yields were 3038, 2801 and 2305 kg ha−1, respectively. The optimal rate of N, P and K fertilizers for spring soybean was 71 kg N ha-1, 108 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 74 kg K2O ha−1, and the corresponding yields were 2932, 2834 and 2678 kg ha−1, respectively. The optimum density was 27×104 and 34×104 plants ha−1 under high yield for summer and spring soybean, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the P fertilizer had the greatest influence on the spring soybean yield followed by K fertilizer and planting density. For summer soybean, population density had the major effect on yield followed by P fertilizer. Overall, the P fertilization and planting density should be payed attention to increase soybean yield in different regions of China.

scholarly journals Optimal fertigation for high yield and fruit quality of greenhouse strawberry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu Yong ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Li Minzan ◽  
Zhang Man ◽  
Sun Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Soluble Solid Content ◽  
Titratable Acid ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Effect On Yield

AbstractNitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and water are four crucial factors that have significant effects on strawberry yield and fruit quality. A quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination experiment that involved 36 treatments with five levels of the four variables (N, P, and K fertilizers and water) was executed to optimize the fertilization and water combination for high yield and quality. SSC/TA ratio (the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acid) was selected as the index of quality. Results showed that the N fertilizer was the most important factor, followed by water and P fertilizer, and the N fertilizer had a significant effect on yield and SSC/TA ratio. By contrast, the K fertilizer had a significant effect only on yield. N×K fertilizer interaction had a significant effect on yield, whereas the other interactions among the four factors had no significant effects on yield and SSC/TA ratio. The effects of the four factors on the yield and SSC/TA ratio were ranked as N fertilizer > water > K fertilizer > P fertilizer and N fertilizer > P fertilizer > water > K fertilizer, respectively. The yield and SSC/TA ratio increased and then decreased when NPK fertilizer and water increased. The optimal fertilizer and water combination was 22.28–24.61 g/plant Ca (NO3)2⋅4H2O, 1.75–2.03 g/plant NaH2PO4, 12.41–13.91 g/plant K2SO4, and 12.00– 13.05 L/plant water for yields of more than 110 g/plant and optimal SSC/TA ratio of 8.5–14.

scholarly journals Responses of Branch Number and Yield Component of Soybean Cultivars Tested in Different Planting Densities

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Cailong Xu ◽  
Ruidong Li ◽  
Wenwen Song ◽  
Tingting Wu ◽  
Shi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Pod Number

Increasing planting density is one of the key management practices to enhance soybean yield. A 2-yr field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 including six planting densities and two soybean cultivars to determine the effects of planting density on branch number and yield, and analyze the contribution of branches to yield. The yield of ZZXA12938 was 4389 kg ha−1, which was significantly higher than that of ZH13 (+22.4%). In combination with planting year and cultivar, the soybean yield increased significantly by 16.2%, 31.4%, 41.4%, and 46.7% for every increase in density of 45,000 plants ha−1. Yield will not increase when planting density exceeds 315,000 plants ha−1. A correlation analysis showed that pod number per plant increased with the increased branch number, while pod number per unit area decreased; thus, soybean yield decreased. With the increase of branch number, the branch contribution to yield increased first, and then plateaued. ZH13 could produce a high yield under a lower planting density due to more branches, while ZZXA12938 had a higher yield potential under a higher planting density due to the smaller branch number and higher tolerance to close planting. Therefore, seed yield can be increased by selecting cultivars with a little branching capacity under moderately close planting.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Rates and Fertilizer Sources on Yield and Leaf Nutrient Status of Short-day Onions

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Boyhan ◽  
Reid L. Torrance ◽  
C. Randy Hill
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

This is a compilation of several studies that were performed to address specific grower concerns or questions about onion fertilization, to assess onion fertility, to make adjustments in soil test recommendations, and to test specific fertilizers for clients covering the 1999–2000 to 2004–2005 seasons. The synthesis of these studies was to evaluate levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers and their effect on yield, graded yield, and leaf tissue nutrient status in short-day onions over 6 years. In addition, various fertilizers were evaluated for their effect on these parameters. There was a significant increasing quadratic effect on yield from increasing N fertilizer from 0 to 336 kg·ha−1 with an R2 of 0.926. Maximum calculated yield was at 263 kg·ha−1 N fertilizer; however, the yield at this rate did not differ, based on a Fisher's least significant difference (P ≤ 0.05), from our current recommendations of 140 to 168 kg·ha−1 N. Jumbo (7.6 cm or greater) yield performed in a similar fashion. Phosphorus fertilizer rates from 0 to 147 kg·ha−1 had no effect on total yield, but did affect jumbo yields, which decreased linearly with an R2 of 0.322. Evaluations of P fertilizer in the 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 seasons only, when the exact same P fertilizer rates were used, showed a decreasing quadratic effect for jumbo yields with the lowest jumbo yields at 83 kg·ha−1 P fertilizer and jumbo yields increasing with 115 and 147 kg·ha−1 P fertilizer rates. Potassium fertilizer rates from 0 to 177 kg·ha−1 had a quadratic affect on total yield, with the highest yield of 52,361 kg·ha−1 with 84 kg·ha−1 K fertilizer rate. As would be expected, N and P fertilizer rates affected leaf tissue N and P levels, respectively. In addition, N fertilizer rates affected leaf tissue calcium (Ca) and sulfur levels. Potassium fertilizer rates had a significant linear effect on leaf tissue K 3 of 6 years. In addition, K fertilizer rates had a significant effect on leaf tissue P levels. Several fertilizers, including Ca(NO3)2 and NH4NO3, along with complete fertilizers and liquid fertilizers, were used as part of a complete fertilizer program and showed no differences for total yield or jumbo yield 4 of 5 years of evaluation when applied to supply the same amount of N fertilizer. Based on the results of this study, soil test P and K recommendations for onions in Georgia have been cut 25% to 50% across the range of soil test levels.

scholarly journals Influence of Ozone Treatment on Ultrafiltration Performance and Nutrient Flow in a Membrane Based Nutrient Recovery Process from Anaerobic Digestate

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Gienau ◽  
Artjom Ehrmanntraut ◽  
Matthias Kraume ◽  
Sandra Rosenberger
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Particle Removal ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Biogas Plants

Membrane filtration of biological suspensions is frequently limited by fouling. This mechanism is well understood for ultrafiltration of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors. A rather young application of ultrafiltration is the recovery of nutrients from anaerobic digestates, e.g., from agricultural biogas plants. A process chain of solid/liquid separation, ultrafiltration, and reverse osmoses separates the digestate into different products: an organic N-P-fertilizer (solid digestate), a recirculate (UF retentate), a liquid N-K-fertilizer (RO retentate) and water. Despite the preceding particle removal, high crossflow velocities are required in the ultrafiltration step to overcome fouling. This leads to high operation costs of the ultrafiltration step and often limits the economical application of the complete process chain. In this study, under-stoichiometric ozone treatment of the ultrafiltration feed stream is investigated. Ozone treatment reduced the biopolymer concentration and apparent viscosity of different digestate centrates. Permeabilities of centrate treated with ozone were higher than without ozone treatment. In a laboratory test rig and in a pilot plant operated at the site of two full scale biogas plants, ultrafiltration flux could be improved by 50–80% by ozonation. Nutrient concentrations in the fertilizer products were not affected by ozone treatment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nitrogen (Urea) on Zea mays L. under Balkh province climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Nasratullah Habibi ◽  
Friba Sikandari
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Yield And Yield Components ◽  
Effect On Yield

An experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of urea fertilizer on yield and yield components of Zea mays L. Using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) split plots in three replications in agricultural research farm of Balkh University by 2019. Doses of urea used in this experiment were 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1 , respectively. It has been found that amount of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) had significant effect on yield of maize at p<0.05. The higher level of nitrogen caused the higher grain yield, number of kernels per ear, the number of grains per ear row, ear diameter, cob length, grain per plant and plant height. As a result 7.76 ton ha-1 was recorded as high yield while 240 kg ha-1 urea was used, and 5.12 ton ha-1 was recorded as low yield in treatment one with 0 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer. Finally, as a result using 240 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer is recommended.

Magnesium-Silicon Substituted Carbonate Hydroxyapatite (Mg-Si CHA): Factors Affecting Sintering

2016 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor ◽  
Harmiza Zainudin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Powder Properties ◽  
Properties Of Materials

Sintering has major effect on the final properties of materials such as density, porosity and microstructure. Sintering of Mg-Si CHA in particular is a complex process since changes could occur during sintering, which include phase formation, grain size, pore size and carbonate content, and this in turn affects the mechanical properties. Improved mechanical properties of Mg-Si CHA is critical in load bearing implant applications. Poor control of thermal treatment of Mg-Si CHA during sintering would cause carbonate loss, leading to partial or total decomposition of Mg-Si CHA, subsequently would affect the physical and mechanical properties. The influence of powder properties (particle size, porosity, morphology) and sintering parameters (heating rate, firing atmosphere) on the sintered Mg-Si CHA microstructure was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization technique. The SEM results showed that we are able to produce sintered Mg-Si CHA without cracking of the compacted pellets, while keeping the carbonate level in the amount required (2 – 8%). X-Ray diffraction (XRD) was also performed on the sintered samples and the results indicated that a single phase Mg-Si-CHA was obtained, while Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy result confirmed that as-synthesized Mg-Si CHA powder was a B-type.

Factors Affecting the Toxicity of Glyphosate Applied in the Recirculating Sprayer to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense)and Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. McWhorter ◽  
J. R. Williford
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Uniform Droplet ◽  
Better Than

Field experiments were conducted to determine optimum nozzle settings for applying glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in the recirculating sprayer for postemergence control of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Herbicide sprays were directed across the row to johnsongrass growing taller than soybeans in July and August. Herbicide not sprayed on johnsongrass was trapped and reused. Glyphosate at 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg/ha applied with commercially available 25° spray nozzles provided johnsongrass control and soybean yields equal to those following applications with specialized uniform droplet nozzles. Glyphosate at 1.7 kg/ha applied in the recirculating sprayer using only one nozzle per row provided control of johnsongrass equal to or better than that from applications made with two, three, or four nozzles per row. Soybean yield following application of glyphosate at 1.7 kg/ha with one nozzle per row was equal to yields obtained following its application with two, three, or four nozzles per row, with or without surfactant at 0.1% in spray solutions. Soybean yield was higher with four nozzles per row than with one nozzle per row when 0.5% surfactant was included in spray solutions. Soybean injury was lower and yield was higher when glyphosate was applied in the recirculating sprayer rather than over-the-top with a conventional sprayer. Glyphosate at 1.12 kg/ha applied in the recirculating sprayer caused more injury to ‘Hill’ and ‘Bragg’ than to ‘Forrest’ or ‘Tracy’ soybeans.

Factors of yield determination in faba bean (Vicia faba)

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najeeb H. Alharbi ◽  
Kedar N. Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Yield Determination

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important cool-season legume crop that ranks fourth after chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) in terms of total production. The global production of faba bean was 4.8 Mt in 2017, with China, Ethiopia and Australia being the largest producers (1.8, 0.93 and 0.37 Mt, respectively). However, its area of production is not increasing relative to other crops, mainly because of high yield instability. This can be attributed to several factors related to plant traits (e.g. phenology, morpho-physiology) and biotic and abiotic stresses. Faba bean has a very poor flower:pod ratio, with a maximum 20% of flowers resulting in pods. Environmental stresses such as frost, heat and drought cause significant damage to flowers and young pods; therefore, matching phenology of crops to the environment is important for avoiding or minimising detrimental effects of unfavourable environmental conditions. In order to improve adaptation and yield, we need to understand the main factors affecting plant growth, including biotic stresses, identify the main yield components, and find traits associated with tolerance to frost, heat and drought.

scholarly journals Diagnosing the Climatic and Agronomic Dimensions of Rain-Fed Oat Yield Gaps and Their Restrictions in North and Northeast China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong Wang ◽  
Jiangang Liu ◽  
Shuo Li ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield Gaps

Confronted with the great challenges of globally growing populations and food shortages, society must achieve future food security by increasing grain output and narrowing the gap between potential yields and farmers’ actual yields. This study attempts to diagnose the climatic and agronomic dimensions of oat yield gaps and further to explore their restrictions. A conceptual framework was put forward to analyze the different dimensions of yield gaps and their limiting factors. We quantified the potential yield (Yp), attainable yield (Yt), experimental yield (Ye), and farmers’ actual yield (Ya) of oat, and evaluated three levels of yield gaps in a rain-fed cropping system in North and Northeast China (NC and NEC, respectively). The results showed that there were great differences in the spatial distributions of the four kinds of yields and three yield gaps. The average yield gap between Yt and Ye (YG-II) was greater than the yield gap between Yp and Yt (YG-I). The yield gap between Ye and Ya (YG-III) was the largest among the three yield gaps at most sites, which indicated that farmers have great potential to increase their crop yields. Due to non-controllable climatic conditions (e.g., light and temperature) for obtaining Yp, reducing YG-I is extremely difficult. Although YG-II could be narrowed through enriching soil nutrients, it is not easy to improve soil quality in the short term. In contrast, narrowing YG-III is the most feasible for farmers by means of introducing high-yield crop varieties and optimizing agronomic managements (e.g., properly adjusting sowing dates and planting density). This study figured out various dimensions of yield gaps and investigated their limiting factors, which should be helpful to increase farmers’ yields and regional crop production, as long as these restrictions are well addressed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document