scholarly journals What threatens Brazilian endangered species and how they are Red-Listed

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Bernard ◽  
Fernanda Silva de Barros ◽  
Vitória Edna Fernandes Felix ◽  
Thomas E. Lacher

AbstractBrazil is a continental-sized megadiverse country with high rates of habitat loss and degradation. Part of the Brazilian biodiversity – including endemic species – is recognized as threatened. By following the IUCN standards, we review the classification of all the 1172 endangered species in Brazil, analyzing differences among categories and groups. Based on a subsample of all 464 terrestrial vertebrates we identified 1036 records of threats affecting them. Criterion B was the most used (56% overall; 70% for CR species; 75% for EN), mainly related to reductions in their habitat area, extent and/or quality due to deforestation. Data on population declines (criterion A), number of reproductive individuals (criterion C), and population sizes (criterion D) are available for only a small fraction of the Brazilian fauna. Criterion E (probability of extinction in the wild) was used for only one species. Birds and mammals had the highest diversity of used criteria, while marine fish the lowest (90% related to declining populations). Two out of three of the 464 vertebrate species analyzed were negatively impacted by agribusiness. Other major threats are hunting, urban sprawl, rural settlements, and the construction of hydroelectric dams. Birds and mammals experience more co-occurrence of threats. Some threats are clearly underestimated in Brazil: climate change was indicated for only 2% species analyzed, but included no birds or amphibians. The main threats identified are linked to the patterns of economic development in Brazil and the current political and economic context points to a worrisome conservation scenario in the near future.

Webbia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328
Author(s):  
Edward Entalai Besi ◽  
Farah Alia Nordin ◽  
Rusea Go

Analysis of morphological characters and conservation status were carried out for Hymenorchis javanica from Peninsular Malaysia. Morphology was studied in detail and accompanied by a botanical drawing prior to the correct identification. From most closely related Hymenorchis phitamii found in Vietnam, it differs in the lip ovate-oblong with apex acute and margins entire, and the leaves margins prominently serrulate. Based on the current IUCN criteria, we proposed H. javanica as an endangered species under the threatened category. Judging from the current small population sizes and degraded habitats, H. javanica in Malaysia is threatened by extinction in the wild.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hanane Bennasar ◽  
Mohammad Essaaidi ◽  
Ahmed Bendahmane ◽  
Jalel Benothmane

Cloud computing cyber security is a subject that has been in top flight for a long period and even in near future. However, cloud computing permit to stock up a huge number of data in the cloud stockage, and allow the user to pay per utilization from anywhere via any terminal equipment. Among the major issues related to Cloud Computing security, we can mention data security, denial of service attacks, confidentiality, availability, and data integrity. This paper is dedicated to a taxonomic classification study of cloud computing cyber-security. With the main objective to identify the main challenges and issues in this field, the different approaches and solutions proposed to address them and the open problems that need to be addressed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e000196
Author(s):  
Yue Wu ◽  
Xiaosi Jin ◽  
Yuhao Zhang ◽  
Jing Zheng ◽  
Rulai Yang

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common of congenital cardiovascular malformations associated with birth defects, and it results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The classification of CHD is still elusive owing to the complex pathogenesis of CHD. Advances in molecular medicine have revealed the genetic basis of some heart anomalies. Genes associated with CHD might be modulated by various epigenetic factors. Thus, the genetic and epigenetic factors are gradually accepted as important triggers in the pathogenesis of CHD. However, few literatures have comprehensively elaborated the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of CHD. This review focuses on the etiology of CHD from genetics and epigenetics to discuss the role of these factors in the development of CHD. The interactions between genetic and epigenetic in the pathogenesis of CHD are also elaborated. Chromosome abnormalities and gene mutations in genetics, and DNA methylations, histone modifications and on-coding RNAs in epigenetics are summarized in detail. We hope the summative knowledge of these etiologies may be useful for improved diagnosis and further elucidation of CHD so that morbidity and mortality of children with CHD can be reduced in the near future.


Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Alexander Cotrina Sánchez ◽  
Nilton B. Rojas Briceño ◽  
Subhajit Bandopadhyay ◽  
Subhasis Ghosh ◽  
Cristóbal Torres Guzmán ◽  
...  

The increasing demand for tropical timber from natural forests has reduced the population sizes of native species such as Cedrela spp. because of their high economic value. To prevent the decline of population sizes of the species, all Cedrela species have been incorporated into Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The study presents information about the modeled distribution of the genus Cedrela in Peru that aims to identify potential habitat distribution of the genus, its availability in areas protected by national service of protected areas, and highlighted some areas because of their conservation relevance and the potential need for restoration. We modeled the distribution of the genus Cedrela in Peru using 947 occurrence records that included 10 species (C. odorata, C. montana, C. fissilis, C. longipetiolulata, C. angustifolia, C. nebulosa, C. kuelapensis, C. saltensis, C. weberbaueri, and C. molinensis). We aim to identify areas environmentally suitable for the occurrence of Cedrela that are legally protected by the National Service of Protected Areas (PAs) and those that are ideal for research and restoration projects. We used various environmental variables (19 bioclimatic variables, 3 topographic factors, 9 edaphic factors, solar radiation, and relative humidity) and the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to predict the probability of occurrence. We observed that 6.7% (86,916.2 km2) of Peru presents a high distribution probability of occurrence of Cedrela, distributed in 17 departments, with 4.4% (10,171.03 km2) of the area protected by PAs mainly under the category of protection forests. Another 11.65% (21,345.16 km2) of distribution covers areas highly prone to degradation, distributed mainly in the departments Ucayali, Loreto, and Madre de Dios, and needs immediate attention for its protection and restoration. We believe that the study will contribute significantly to conserve Cedrela and other endangered species, as well as to promote the sustainable use and management of timber species as a whole.


Oryx ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart H.M. Butchart ◽  
Alison J. Stattersfield ◽  
Nigel J. Collar

Considerable resources and efforts have been directed at biodiversity conservation in recent years, but measures of the success of conservation programmes have been limited. Based on information on population sizes, trends, threatening processes and the nature and intensity of conservation actions implemented during 1994–2004, we assessed that 16 bird species would have probably become extinct during this period if conservation programmes for them had not been undertaken. The mean minimum population size of these 16 species increased from 34 to 147 breeding individuals during 1994–2004. In 1994, 63% of them had declining populations but by 2004, 81% were increasing. Most of these species (63%) are found on islands. The principal threats that led to their decline were habitat loss and degradation (88%), invasive species (50%) and exploitation (38%), a pattern similar to that for other threatened species, but with exploitation and invasive species being relatively more important. The principal actions carried out were habitat protection and management (75% of species), control of invasive species (50%), and captive breeding and release (33%). The 16 species represent only 8.9% of those currently classified as Critically Endangered, and 1.3% of those threatened with extinction. Many of these additional species slipped closer to extinction during 1994–2004, including 164 that deteriorated in status sufficiently to be uplisted to higher categories of extinction risk on the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2006). Efforts need to be considerably scaled up to prevent many more extinctions in the coming decades. The knowledge and tools to achieve this are available, but we need to mobilize the resources and political will to apply them.


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 20180557 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. L. Toews ◽  
Henry M. Streby ◽  
Lowell Burket ◽  
Scott A. Taylor

Hybridization between divergent taxa can provide insight into the breakdown of characters used in mate choice, as well as reproductive compatibility across deep evolutionary timescales. Hybridization can also occur more frequently in declining populations, as there is a smaller pool of conspecific mates from which to choose. Here, we report an unusual combination of factors that has resulted in a rare, three-species hybridization event among two genera of warblers, one of which is experiencing significant population declines. We use bioacoustic, morphometric and genetic data, to demonstrate that an early generation female hybrid between a golden-winged warbler ( Vermivora chrysoptera ) and a blue-winged warbler ( V. cyanoptera ) went on to mate and successfully reproduce with a chestnut-sided warbler ( Setophaga pensylvanica ) . We studied the product of this event—a putative chrysoptera × cyanoptera × pensylvanica hybrid—and show that this male offspring sang songs like S. pensylvanica , but had morphometric traits similar to Vermivora warblers. The hybrid's maternal parent had V. chrysoptera mitochondrial DNA and , with six plumage-associated loci, we predicted the maternal parent's phenotype to show that it was likely an early generation Vermivora hybrid . That this hybridization event occurred within a population of Vermivora warblers in significant decline suggests that females may be making the best of a bad situation, and that wood-warblers in general have remained genetically compatible long after they evolved major phenotypic differences.


Author(s):  
Guzel Faizullina ◽  
Elena Ermakova

В статье рассматриваются словообразовательные возможности антропонимики русского и татарского языков. Наименования человека (личные имена, отчества, фамилии, прозвища) являются частью лексической системы языка, а значит, появляются, формируются и развиваются в соответствии с общеязыковыми законами. В дальнейшем эти наименования становятся деривационной базой для появления новых антропонимов и отантропонимных топонимов. Анализ и сопоставление аналогичных и уникальных наименований человека и их производных, способов и средств словотворчества в разных языках позволяют определить особенности менталитета, выявить межэтнические контакты, результаты взаимодействия и взаимовлияния разных наций и народов. Материалом для наблюдения послужили данные толковых и этимологических словарей разносистемных языков, словарей русских и татарских имен и фамилий. В качестве иллюстративного материала представлены данные архивных документов, хранящиеся в ГБУТО «Государственный архив в г. Тобольске»; полевой материал, который был собран во время диалектологических экспедиций в сельские населенные пункты Тюменской области (2014–2018 гг.). Несмотря на то, что вторичные наименования рассматриваются в разносистемных языках, наблюдения над материалом позволяют сделать выводы о наличии универсальных концептов, об общих культурных ценностях. В силу культурно-исторических связей формирование татарских фамилий проходило позднее по тем словообразовательным моделям, которые сложились в русском языке, и с помощью таких же формантов, как и в русском языке, от одной мотивирующей основы (имени собственного) могут образовываться дериваты – две и более фамилий; в обоих языках деривационной базой служат не только имена, но и их квалитативы; широко распространены фонетические варианты фамилий. Нередко трудно, а порой практически невозможно определить происхождение фамилий разных народов в силу их фонетического созвучия. Производные единицы сами становятся базой для появления новообразований – антропонимных топонимов. Для анализа ономастикона, представленного в статье, использовался описательный метод с применением его основных приемов: наблюдения, обобщения и классификации материала. Для семантической реконструкции был использован метод этимологического анализа с учетом фонетического и словообразовательного аспектов. Анализ формирования и становления топонимов в регионе позднего заселения, каким является Западная Сибирь, представляется актуальным, поскольку в научный оборот вводятся новые антропонимические данные, которые подтверждают общие закономерности формирования русской и татарской ономастики. Тождественность лексических и деривационных процессов формирования ономастикона в разносистемных языках обусловлена общностью территории, на которой в тесном взаимодействии проживают разные народы.The article considers derivational possibilities of anthroponymy of Russian and Tatar languages. Names person (personal names, middle names, surnames, nicknames) are part of the lexical system of the language, and therefore appear, are formed and developed in accordance with the common language laws. In the future, these names become a derivation base for the emergence of new anthroponyms and from the antroponimnykh of toponyms… Analysis comparison of similar and unique names of the person and their derivatives, ways and means word creation in different languages allow you to determine the features mentality, identify enter-ethnic contacts. The results of the interaction and mutual influence of different Nations and peoples. Material for observation based on data from sensible and etymological dictionaries of different languages, dictionaries Russian and Tatar names, names. As illustrative material presented archival documents stored in the GUTO «State archive in Tobolsk»; field material that was collected during the dialectological expeditions in rural settlements of the Tyumen regions (2014–2018). Despite the fact that the secondary names are considered in multi-system languages, observations on the material allow you to make conclusions on the existence of universal concepts and General cultural values: due to cultural and historical ties, later formation Tatar surnames passed on those word- formation models, which have developed in the Russian language, and with the help of the same formants; Russian language, from one motivating basis (own name ) can to form the derivatives two and further the names in both languages the derivation base is not only the names, and their qualitative; widely common phonetic variants of the names. Often difficult, and sometimes it is almost impossible to determine the origin of the names of different peoples because of their phonetic harmony. Derived units themselves become the basis for the emergence of tumors – the phenomenon affected not only the surname of different peoples, but also atastrophic names. For the analysis of onomasticon presented in the article, we used descriptive method: observation, generalization and classification of the material. In semantic reconstruction the etymological method was used analysis taking into account phonetic and word-formative aspects. Identity lexical derivation processes formations the onomasticon dissimilar languages is due to community territory. On which they live in close cooperation Russians and Tatars.


Author(s):  
Jana Niedobová ◽  
Vladimír Hula ◽  
Pavla Šťastná

Collecting of Carabidae was conducted using pitfall traps at four sites. The first two sites (T1 + T2) were at the slope of Macošská stráň and the other two sites (T3 + T4) at the slope of Vilémovická stráň. The study was done in 2008 and 2009. At Macošská stráň in 2008, 21 species of Carabidae with the total number of 228 individuals were found and in 2009, 18 species of the total number of 116 specimens were collected. At Vilémovická stráň in 2008, 22 species of Carabidae with the total number of 1977 specimens were found and in 2009, 21 species of the total number of 623 specimens were caught. In terms of classification of relictness, Macošská stráň in 2008 was dominated by species of adaptable group A (60%), species of eurytop group (E) were represented by 35% and of relic group (R) by 5%. In 2009, the same representation of species of groups A and E (47%) were found and the species of group R were represented by 6%. Vilémovická stráň in 2008 was dominated by species of group A (52%), species of group E were represented by 43% and of group R by 5%. In 2009 also dominated species of group A (54%), species of group E were represented by 41% and of group R by 5%. In the studied area we reported four endangered species of Carabidae protected by Law (No. 395/1992 Coll.) as amended, these were Calosoma auropunctatum (critically endangered), Brachinus crepitans, Carabus ullrichii and Cicindela campestris (endangered) and two species listed under the Red List of Threatened Species of the Czech Republic (Veselý et al., 2005). One of the species is listed as vulnerable (Calosoma auropunctatum) and one as near endangered (Carabus cancellatus). Another significant species found on the monitored sites was Aptinus bombarda.


2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carel van Schaik ◽  
Sereina Graber ◽  
Caroline Schuppli ◽  
Judith Burkart

AbstractClassical ethology and behavioral ecology did not pay much attention to learning. However, studies of social learning in nature reviewed here reveal the near-ubiquity of reliance on social information for skill acquisition by developing birds and mammals. This conclusion strengthens the plausibility of the cultural intelligence hypothesis for the evolution of intelligence, which assumes that selection on social learning abilities automatically improves individual learning ability. Thus, intelligent species will generally be cultural species. Direct tests of the cultural intelligence hypothesis require good estimates of the amount and kind of social learning taking place in nature in a broad variety of species. These estimates are lacking so far. Here, we start the process of developing a functional classification of social learning, in the form of the social learning spectrum, which should help to predict the mechanisms of social learning involved. Once validated, the categories can be used to estimate the cognitive demands of social learning in the wild.


2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00041
Author(s):  
Andrzej Kuliczkowski ◽  
Stanisław Nogaj

Technologies for the trenchless rehabilitation of pipelines using various types of coatings have been used for almost half a century. Considering that the assumed life expectancy of such renewed pipelines is 50 years, it will be necessary to assess their technical condition in the near future. The aim of this article is to attempt to answer the question "Do existing damage classification methods allow for the full and reliable assessment of the sewers already renewed with rehabilitation coatings?". The scope of the article, and its original part, is to describe how the problem of damage assessment of rehabilitation coatings has been included in various methods of classification of underground infrastructure pipelines, and conducting a comparison that compares these methods in terms of the damages described. An interpretation of the results of the research on rehabilitation coatings operated in various time periods, starting from those recently applied to those operating for over 30 years, was also made. The result of the analysis is to present the differences and deficiencies in the damage classification methods discussed.


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