scholarly journals DOWN state in the anterior cingulate and prelimbic areas in rats during immobility

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatol Bragin ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Sotiris C. Masmanidis ◽  
Jerome Engel
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
External Input ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Ca1 Area ◽  
Speed Propagation ◽  
Silent State

AbstractBackgroundUP-DOWN state is considering as a dominant electrographic pattern during immobility and slow wave sleep. This study is focused on the analysis of spatial distribution and neuronal correlates of the DOWN state in ratsMethodsLocal field potentials and multiunit discharges were recorded bilaterally in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of non-anesthetized, tethered rats (Sprague Dawley, males, weight 350-400g) with 256 channel, 4 shank silicon probes. We have focused our study on the analysis of the positive wave of slow oscillations (SOs), which is considered as the DOWN (silent) state of the UP-DOWN state in the anterior cingulate (AC), prelimbic (PL) areas of PFC and hippocampus during immobility.ResultsOur experiments showed that SOs occurred intermittently with a mean interval 1.4±0.8 (±SD) seconds. The SOs began with the DOWN state, and they were generated locally within AC or PL areas, or simultaneously in AC, PL and hippocampus bilaterally (generalized SOs). The DOWN state of local SOs in the AC was associated with a decreased rate of multiunit discharges. Similar waves in the PL area were associated with increased multiunit discharges. We observed high speed propagation of generalized SOs that occurred with 3-6ms delay within left and right PFC and less than 10ms delay between the PFC and CA1 area of hippocampus. All generalized SOs were associated with decreased multiunit discharges.ConclusionOur data support the hypothesis that neocortical networks are sufficient to generate focal SOs but the participation of external input is needed for occurrence of generalized SOs.

scholarly journals Altered Emotional Phenotypes in Chronic Kidney Disease Following 5/6 Nephrectomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
Yeon Hee Yu ◽  
Seong-Wook Kim ◽  
Dae-Kyoon Park ◽  
Ho-Yeon Song ◽  
Duk-Soo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Rat Models

Increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and neurological disorders including cerebrovascular disease, cognitive impairment, peripheral neuropathy, and dysfunction of central nervous system have been reported during the natural history of CKD. Psychological distress and depression are serious concerns in patients with CKD. However, the relevance of CKD due to decline in renal function and the pathophysiology of emotional deterioration is not clear. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham control, 5/6 nephrectomy at 4 weeks, and 5/6 nephrectomy at 10 weeks. Behavior tests, local field potentials, and histology and laboratory tests were conducted and investigated. We provided direct evidence showing that CKD rat models exhibited anxiogenic behaviors and depression-like phenotypes, along with altered hippocampal neural oscillations at 1–12 Hz. We generated CKD rat models by performing 5/6 nephrectomy, and identified higher level of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in CKD rats than in wild-type, depending on time. In addition, the level of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I for renal tissue was markedly elevated, with worsening fibrosis due to renal failures. The level of anxiety and depression-like behaviors increased in the 10-week CKD rat models compared with the 4-week rat models. In the recording of local field potentials, the power of delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–7 Hz), and alpha rhythm (7–12 Hz) was significantly increased in the hippocampus of CKD rats compared with wild-type rats. Together, our findings indicated that anxiogenic behaviors and depression can be induced by CKD, and these abnormal symptoms can be worsened as the onset of CKD was prolonged. In conclusion, our results show that the hippocampus is vulnerable to uremia.

scholarly journals M146. NEUROCHEMICAL MODULATION OF AUDITORY CORTEX FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN PATIENTS WITH AUDITORY VERBAL HALLUCINATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S191-S191
Author(s):  
Sarah Weber ◽  
Helene Hjelmervik ◽  
Alexander R Craven ◽  
Erik Johnsen ◽  
Rune Kroken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Auditory Hallucinations ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Neurochemical Correlates

Abstract Background Auditory hallucinations have been linked to aberrant functioning of the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and are associated with impaired cognitive control regulated by areas in the prefrontal cortex. However, the mechanisms behind these dysfunctions are still unclear. Methods The current study combined resting state connectivity fMRI with MR spectroscopy (MRS) in a sample of 81 psychosis patients to explore how neurochemical correlates of auditory hallucinations modulate left STG functioning. The analyses were focused on glutamate (Glu) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), two neurotransmitters with excitatory and inhibitory functions, respectively, since these have previously been implicated in psychosis. Results Glu and GABA showed differential relationships with left STG connectivity in patients with and without hallucinations. Specifically, Glu concentration in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was positively related to functional connectivity between the left and right temporal lobe in hallucinating patients only. In contrast, GABA concentration in the ACC was negatively related to connectivity between the left and right temporal lobe in non-hallucinating patients only. Discussion These findings support a recently proposed model of interhemispheric temporal lobe miscommunication in auditory hallucinations and indicate prefrontal neurochemical modulation as a potential underlying mechanism. The results can further be integrated with previously suggested excitatory/inhibitory imbalances as neurochemical modulators in AVH.

Contusion, dislocation, and distraction: primary hemorrhage and membrane permeability in distinct mechanisms of spinal cord injury

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Choo ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Clarrie K. Lam ◽  
Marcel Dvorak ◽  
Wolfram Tetzlaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Membrane Permeability ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Test System ◽  
Fracture Dislocation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Cord Injury

Object In experimental models of spinal cord injury (SCI) researchers have typically focused on contusion and transection injuries. Clinically, however, other injury mechanisms such as fracture–dislocation and distraction also frequently occur. The objective of the present study was to compare the primary damage in three clinically relevant animal models of SCI. Methods Contusion, fracture–dislocation, and flexion–distraction animal models of SCI were developed. To visualize traumatic increases in cellular membrane permeability, fluorescein–dextran was infused into the cerebrospi-nal fluid prior to injury. High-speed injuries (approaching 100 cm/second) were produced in the cervical spine of deeply anesthetized Sprague–Dawley rats (28 SCI and eight sham treated) with a novel multimechanism SCI test system. The animals were killed immediately thereafter so that the authors could characterize the primary injury in the gray and white matter. Sections stained with H & E showed that contusion and dislocation injuries resulted in similar central damage to the gray matter vasculature whereas no overt hemorrhage was detected following distraction. Contusion resulted in membrane disruption of neuronal somata and axons localized within 1 mm of the lesion epicenter. In contrast, membrane compromise in the dislocation and distraction models was observed to extend rostrally up to 5 mm, particularly in the ventral and lateral white matter tracts. Conclusions Given the pivotal nature of hemorrhagic necrosis and plasma membrane compromise in the initiation of downstream SCI pathomechanisms, the aforementioned differences suggest the presence of mechanism-specific injury regions, which may alter future clinical treatment paradigms.

Intracortical Circuits in Rat Anterior Cingulate Cortex Are Activated by Nociceptive Inputs Mediated by Medial Thalamus

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 3409-3422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenq-Wei Yang ◽  
Hsi-Chien Shih ◽  
Bai-Chuang Shyu
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
High Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Synaptic Organization ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Intracortical Circuits ◽  
Layer V

We investigated the afferents and intracortical synaptic organization of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during noxious electrical stimulation. Extracellular field potentials were recorded simultaneously from 16 electrodes spanning all layers of the ACC in male Sprague–Dawley rats anesthetized by halothane inhalation. Laminar-specific transmembrane currents were calculated with the current source density analysis method. Two major groups of evoked sink currents were identified: an early group (latency = 54.04 ± 2.12 ms; 0.63 ± 0.07 mV/mm2) in layers V–VI and a more intense late group (latency = 80.07 ± 4.85 ms; 2.16 ± 0.22 mV/mm2) in layer II/III and layer V. Multiunit activities were evoked mainly in layer V and deep layer II/III with latencies similar to that of the early and late sink groups. The evoked EPSP latencies of pyramidal neurons in layers II/III and V related closely with the sink currents. The sink currents were inhibited by intracortical injection of CNQX (1 mM, 1 μl), a glutaminergic receptor antagonist, and enhanced by intraperitoneal (5 mg/kg) and intracortical (10 μg/μl, 1 μl) injection of morphine, a μ-opioid receptor agonist. Paired-pulse depression was observed with interpulse intervals of 50 to 1,000 ms. High-frequency stimulation (100 Hz, 11 pulses) enhanced evoked responses in the ACC and evoked medial thalamic (MT) unit activities. MT lesions blocked evoked responses in the ACC. Our results demonstrated that two distinct synaptic circuits in the ACC were activated by noxious stimuli and that the MT is the major thalamic relay that transmits nociceptive information to the ACC.

The frame/content theory of evolution of speech production

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. MacNeilage
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
External Input ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Species Specific

The species-specific organizational property of speech is a continual mouth open-close alternation, the two phases of which are subject to continual articulatory modulation. The cycle constitutes the syllable, and the open and closed phases are segments – vowels and consonants, respectively. The fact that segmental serial ordering errors in normal adults obey syllable structure constraints suggests that syllabic “frames” and segmental “content” elements are separately controlled in the speech production process. The frames may derive from cycles of mandibular oscillation present in humans from babbling onset, which are responsible for the open-close alternation. These communication- related frames perhaps first evolved when the ingestion-related cyclicities of mandibular oscillation (associated with mastication [chewing] sucking and licking) took on communicative significance as lipsmacks, tonguesmacks, and teeth chatters – displays that are prominent in many nonhuman primates. The new role of Broca's area and its surround in human vocal communication may have derived from its evolutionary history as the main cortical center for the control of ingestive processes. The frame and content components of speech may have subsequently evolved separate realizations within two general purpose primate motor control systems: (1) a motivation-related medial “intrinsic” system, including anterior cingulate cortex and the supplementary motor area, for self-generated behavior, formerly responsible for ancestral vocalization control and now also responsible for frames, and (2) a lateral “extrinsic” system, including Broca's area and surround, and Wernicke's area, specialized for response to external input (and therefore the emergent vocal learning capacity) and more responsible for content.

scholarly journals Dynamic of Friction Coupling Independently Rotating Wheels for High Speed

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Shi ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
Weihua Ma ◽  
Kang Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Large Radius ◽  
Coupling Structure ◽  
Lateral Coupling ◽  
Creep Force ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Curved Track ◽  
Dynamics Models

A new lateral coupling structure with independently rotating wheels (IRW) is proposed, and longitudinal creepage is obtained by replacing the gear pair with the friction pair to synchronize the rotation speed of left and right wheels. The auxiliary wheelset made up of two friction wheels can be placed either under the primary suspension or on the frame. Vehicles dynamics models with three different kinds of bogies are developed, including friction coupling bogie with independently rotating wheels (FCIRW-bogie), bogie with independently rotating wheels (IRW-bogie), and bogie with rigid wheelsets, and their guiding and resetting capability when negotiating large-radius curves are compared and analyzed. Results show that FCIRW has the advantages of both IRW and rigid wheelset. On the straight track, FCIRW has sufficient wheel-rail longitudinal creep force to assist the reset; its critical speed is much higher than that of the rigid wheelset. On the curved track, the whole vehicle wear power of FCIRW-bogie vehicle is about 2/3 of the rigid axle level.

scholarly journals Performance Monitoring Local Field Potentials in the Medial Frontal Cortex of Primates: Anterior Cingulate Cortex

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 759-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik E. Emeric ◽  
Joshua W. Brown ◽  
Melanie Leslie ◽  
Pierre Pouget ◽  
Veit Stuphorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Macaque Monkeys

We describe intracranial local field potentials (LFP) recorded in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of macaque monkeys performing a saccade countermanding task. The most prominent feature at ∼70% of sites was greater negative polarity after errors than after rewarded correct trials. This negative polarity was also evoked in unrewarded correct trials. The LFP evoked by the visual target was much less polarized, and the weak presaccadic modulation was insufficient to control the initiation of saccades. When saccades were cancelled, LFP modulation decreased slightly with the magnitude of response conflict that corresponds to the coactivation of gaze-shifting and -holding neurons estimated from the probability of canceling. However, response time adjustments on subsequent trials were not correlated with LFP polarity on individual trials. The results provide clear evidence that error- and feedback-related, but not conflict-related, signals are carried by the LFP in the macaque ACC. Finding performance monitoring field potentials in the ACC of macaque monkeys establishes a bridge between event-related potential and functional brain-imaging studies in humans and neurophysiology studies in non-human primates.

scholarly journals Genes in immune pathways associated with abnormal white matter integrity in first-episode and treatment-naïve patients with schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 214 (5) ◽  
pp. 281-287
Author(s):  
Bo Xiang ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Wei Lei ◽  
Mingli Li ◽  
Yinfei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
White Matter Integrity ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Left And Right

BackgroundPrevious studies have inferred a strong genetic component in schizophrenia. However, the genetic variants involved in the susceptibility to schizophrenia remain unclear.AimsTo detect potential gene pathways and networks associated with schizophrenia, and to explore the relationship between common and rare variants in these pathways and abnormal white matter integrity in schizophrenia.MethodThe analysis included 100 first-episode treatment-naïve patients with schizophrenia and 140 healthy controls. A network-based analysis was carried out on the data collected from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Phase I (PGC-I). Based on our genome-wide association study and whole-exome sequencing data-sets, we performed a gene-set analysis to detect associations between the combining effects of common and rare genetic variants and abnormal white matter integrity in schizophrenia.ResultsPatients had significantly reduced functional anisotropy in the left and right anterior cingulate cortex, left and right precuneus and extra-nuclear (t = 4.61–5.10, PFDR < 0.01), compared with controls. Generated from co-expression network analysis of the PGC-1 summary statistics of schizophrenia, a subnetwork of 207 genes associated with schizophrenia was identified (P < 0.01), and 176 genes were co-expressed in four gene modules. Functional enrichment analysis for genes in each module revealed that the yellow module was enriched with highly co-expressed, innate immune response genes. Furthermore, rare variants of enriched genes in the yellow module were associated with reduced functional anisotropy in the left anterior cingulate cortex (P = 0.006; Padjusted = 0.024) in patients only.ConclusionsThe pathogenesis of schizophrenia may be substantially influenced by genes involved in the immune system, via both pathway and network.Declaration of interestsNone.

scholarly journals Anticipatory Activity of Motor Cortex in Relation to Rhythmic Whisking

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 1274-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy A. Friedman ◽  
Lauren M. Jones ◽  
Nathan P. Cramer ◽  
Ernest E. Kwegyir-Afful ◽  
H. Philip Zeigler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Central Pattern Generator ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Free Exploration ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Anticipatory Activity

Rats characteristically generate stereotyped exploratory (5–12 Hz) whisker movements, which can also be adaptively modulated. Here we tested the hypothesis that the vibrissal representation in motor cortex (vMCx) initiates and modulates whisking by acting on a subcortical whisking central pattern generator (CPG). We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) in vMCx of behaving Sprague-Dawley rats while monitoring whisking behavior through mystacial electromyograms (EMGs). Recordings were made during free exploration, under body restraint, or in a head-fixed animal. LFP activity increased significantly prior to the onset of a whisking epoch and ended prior to the epoch's termination. In addition, shifts in whisking kinematics within a whisk epoch were often reflected in changes in LFP activity. These data support the hypothesis that vMCx may initiate and modulate whisking behavior through its action on a subcortical CPG.

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