scholarly journals Unoccupied aerial system enabled functional modeling of maize (Zea mays L.) height reveals dynamic expression of loci associated to temporal growth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L. Anderson ◽  
Seth C. Murray ◽  
Yuanyuan Chen ◽  
Lonesome Malambo ◽  
Anjin Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Trajectories ◽  
Dynamic Expression ◽  
Aerial Systems

AbstractUnoccupied aerial systems (UAS) were used to phenotype growth trajectories of inbred maize populations under field conditions. Three recombinant inbred line populations were surveyed on a weekly basis collecting RGB images across two irrigation regimens (irrigated and non-irrigated/rain fed). Plant height, estimated by the 95th percentile (P95) height from UAS generated 3D point clouds, exceeded 70% correlation to manual ground truth measurements and 51% of experimental variance was explained by genetics. The Weibull sigmoidal function accurately modeled plant growth (R2: >99%; RMSE: < 4 cm) from P95 genetic means. The mean asymptote was strongly correlated (r2=0.66-0.77) with terminal plant height. Maximum absolute growth rates (mm d-1) were weakly correlated to height and flowering time. The average inflection point ranged from 57 to 60 days after sowing (DAS) and was correlated with flowering time (r2=0.45-0.68). Functional growth parameters (asymptote, inflection point, growth rate) alone identified 34 genetic loci, each explaining 3 to 15% of total genetic variation. Plant height was estimated at one-day intervals to 85 DAS, identifying 58 unique temporal quantitative trait loci (QTL) locations. Genomic hotspots on chromosome 1 and 3 indicated chromosomal regions associated with functional growth trajectories influencing flowering time, growth rate, and terminal growth. Temporal QTL demonstrated unique dynamic expression patterns not observable previously, no QTL were significantly expressed throughout the entire growing season. UAS technologies improved phenotypic selection accuracy and permitted monitoring traits on a temporal scale previously infeasible using manual measurements, furthering understanding of crop development and biological trajectories.Author summaryUnoccupied aerial systems (UAS) now can provide high throughput phenotyping to functionally model plant growth and explore genetic loci underlying temporal expression of dynamic phenotypes, specifically plant height. Efficient integration of temporal phenotyping via UAS, will improve the scientific understanding of dynamic, quantitative traits and developmental trajectories of important agronomic crops, leading to new understanding of plant biology. Here we present, for the first time, the dynamic nature of quantitative trait loci (QTL) over time under field conditions. To our knowledge, this is first empirical study to expand beyond selective developmental time points, evaluating functional and temporal QTL expression in maize (Zea mays L.) throughout a growing season within a field-based environment.

scholarly journals Plant Growth Promotion and Biocontrol Properties of Aneurinibacillus migulanus Isolated from Maize Roots (Zea mays)

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Lynda Kelvin Asogwa ◽  
Frank C. Ogbo
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting

Aims: To isolate Plant Growth Promoting Bacillus strain from maize roots, to evaluate its biocontrol potentials and to characterize the isolate using16S rRNA sequencing. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, between February 2019 and March 2020. Methodology: The isolation of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) from maize roots was done using Pikovskaya (PVK) agar. Quantitative determination of phosphate was carried out using PVK broth. Evaluations of other plant growth promoting properties were carried out such as IAA, etc. Fusarium and Enterobacter plant pathogens were isolated from diseased maize plants. The in vitro antagonism effects of the PGPR isolates against the pathogens were analyzed using the dual culture plate technique. The pot experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design. Plant characteristics such as plant height, shoot  and root weight, chlorophyll content, as well as disease assessment were recorded accordingly. The organisms were identified using phenotypic and molecular methods. Results: Seven PGPR bacteria were isolated from maize (Zea mays) roots using PVK agar. Aneurinibacillus migulanus gave the highest solubilization index of 4.21 while isolate IS48 gave the lowest solubilization index of 1.47. A. migulanus produced IAA, ammonia and cellulase enzyme but no hydrogen cyanide. The organism showed antagonism activity against the two tested phytopathogens. In the pot experiment, A. migulanus treated plants showed a statistically insignificant difference in maize plant height at P=0.05 but gave significant increases in shoot and root wet weights. The organism offered 83.33% and 71.43% protection against Enterobacter and Fusarium pathogens respectively in the pot experiment. Conclusion: A. migulanus solubilized phosphate in addition to other plant growth promoting  properties. It showed biocontrol potentials both in vitro and in vivo and thus can be used as substitute for synthetic agrochemicals.

Growth and Development of Organic Arsenical-Susceptible and -Resistant Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Biotypes Under Noncompetitive Conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Haigler ◽  
Billy J. Gossett ◽  
James R. Harris ◽  
Joe E. Toler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Xanthium Strumarium ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Growth Development

The growth, development, and reproductive potential of several populations of organic arsenical-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) common cocklebur biotypes were compared under noncompetitive field conditions. Plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and relative growth rate (RGR) were measured periodically during the growing season. Days to flowering, bur dry weight, and number of burs per plant were also recorded. Arsenical S- and R-biotypes were similar in all measured parameters of growth, development, and reproductive potential. Populations within each biotype varied occasionally in plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and reproductive potential.

scholarly journals Intensity of grass stand formation on simulation models of pastures for different seasons of use

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 (11) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
S. Turko ◽  
K. Trubakova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Grass Stand ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the relationship between the parameter of the greatest growth of plants with a specific rate of grazing of animals on pasture. It is necessary to solve problems with the intensity of animal grazing, and also to establish, according to the data, a statistical relationship between the parameters of the logistic equation that describes the average statistical growth of plants on natural pastures. Research methods. The experiments were carried out at the research sites of the lysimetric complex of the FSC of Agroecology RAS with various soil substrates (Kumskiy sand, Bazhiganskiy sand, chernozem-like sandy loam substrate). Sowing mixtures of multicomponent herbs of the Stavropol selection was performed for further analysis of plant growth and development, taking into account the different season of use. Results. The article presents the equation of the course of growth of the grass stand for the growing season, which proves that even after the removal of part of the phytomass, the plant growth law is preserved according to the principle of the sigmoid curve. The maximum plant height after simulating phytomass etching was recorded on a lysimeter No. 6 and averaged: with phytomass removal of ⅓ – 121 cm, ½ – 97 cm, ⅔ – 61 cm. The smallest average plant height was noted on lysimeter No. 13 – 64 cm. The highest height on this lysimeter was 110 cm with ⅓ removal. The average growth at the end of the growing season of plants for all simulation models was distributed as follows: with the withdrawal of 33 % – 73 %; 50 % – 53 %; 67 % – 31 %. The experiments showed that it is not recommended to remove more than ⅓ of the plant phytomass. The main role is played by the rate of phytomass removal (grazing rate) for the stable restoration of the grass stand of degraded pastures, and it is also necessary to take into account the vegetative period of the plant. Scientific novelty. The relationship between plant growth parameters has been established. It allows you to predict the characteristics of further growth, improve the natural degraded grass stands, establish the sequence of grazing in different areas in accordance with the species composition of plants.

Variation of morphological indicators of three-line hybrids sunflower and their parental forms

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Average Plant ◽  
Fertility Restorers

The article presents the results of three-year (2016–2018) studies of five three-line hybrids of the IMC selection - Agent, Agronomichny, Marshal, Kamenyar, Zaporozhskij 28 and their parent components - simple unreduced hybrids - ZL22A/102B, ZL42A/46B, ZL42A/58B and pollen fertility restorers – ZL512V, ZL678V and ZL7034V. It was found that individual indicators do not change synchronously. The Agent, Marshal and Kamenyar hybrids had the highest plant height in 2016, one each in 2017 – Agronomichny and in 2018 – Zaporozhskij 28. At the same time, three hybrids (Agent, Agronomical, Marshal) had the largest basket diameter in 2018 and two (Zaporozhskij 28, Kamenyar) in 2017. The shortest growing season hybrids Marshal, Zaporozhskij 28 and Kamenyar had in 2016 (90, 105 and 105 days), and two – Agent and Agronomichny in 2018 – 100 and 103 days, respectively. Among the simple unrecovered hybrids, two – ZL42A/46B and ZL42A/58B had high indicators of plant height, basket diameter and duration of the growing season in 2016. In the ZL22A/102B hybrid, the diameter of the basket was also the largest in 2016 (18.5 cm), the average plant height in 2016 – 124.5 cm was slightly lower than in 2018 (125.4 cm), also in these years in it almost coincided with the duration of the growing season – 97 days in 2016 and 96 in 2018 Fertility restorers had the highest indicators of plant height and basket diameter in 2017, also this year they had the shortest growing season, in 2016, on the contrary, they had the lowest height and the diameter of the basket, and the long growing season. The size of the baskets in the Marshal and Kamenyar hybrids correlates with the moisture supply of plants and the hydrothermal coefficient – the correlation coefficients are 0.997, 0.902 and 0.990, 0.973, respectively. The phases of organogenesis of plants of hybrids Kamenyar and Zaporozhskij 28 are greatly influenced by temperature, the correlation coefficient of this indicator with plant height and with the duration of the growing season is 0.996 for Kamenyar and 0.946 for Zaporozhskij 28, and with a hydrothermal coefficient – 0.939 and 0.753. In the Agent hybrid, the temperatures in June have the greatest influence on plant growth - the correlation coefficient is 0.997 and precipitation in May is 0.968, and the temperatures in May - 0.999 and June - 0.998 on the size of the basket. For the height of plants and the duration of the growing season at Agronomichny, moisture availability at the beginning of the growing season is very important, the correlation coefficients are 0.918 and 0.994, and in August during the filling of seeds 0.996 and 0.927, as well as July precipitation is 0.995. Of the simple unrecovered hybrids, the most demanding for heat is ZL22A/102B - the correlation coefficients are 0.941 with plant height and vegetation duration, 0.843 with the basket size. For ZL42A/58B, the most important are the May precipitation, their correlation with the vegetation duration of 1,000 and the basket diameter of 0.987, and the July temperatures - 0.999 and 0.993, respectively. Among the pollen fertility restorers, the line ZL512V turned out to be the most demanding to weather conditions. For plant growth, the temperatures of April (0.906), May (0.995) and June (1.000) are very important, for the duration of the growing season respectively – 0.958, 0.971 and 0.991, and for the size of the basket, precipitation in May (0.956) and July temperatures (0.943). The correlation coefficient with the sum of active temperatures is – 0.829 for plant height – 0.851 for basket diameter – 0.902 for the growing season.

Trinexapac-ethyl as an Alternative to Reduce Lodging and Preserve Grain Yield and Quality of Rye

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Magaiver Gindri Pinheiro ◽  
Clovis Arruda Souza ◽  
Elijanara Raissa Silva ◽  
João Francisco Costa Carneiro Junior ◽  
Alex Fernando Basilio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Best Response

Trinexapac-ethyl (henceforth referred to as trinexapac) is a growth regulator that can mitigate some undesirable vegetative growth in Poaceae plants, reducing lodging and optimizing the distribution of photoassimilates to reproductive organs. The objective of this research was to evaluate the morphophysiological and productive responses of rye cultivars and trinexapac doses applied at different phenological stages of plants. Two field experiments were performed in two different seasons. In the 2015 growing season, 8 doses of trinexapac were evaluated: 0, 75, 85, 100, 115, 130, 150, 200 g ha-1 of active ingredient (a.i.), applied at the plant growth stage with the 4th node visible on the main stem (GS34). In the 2018 growing season, two cultivars (IPR 89 and BRS Serrano) and five doses of trinexapac were evaluated: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g a.i. ha-1, applied at the plant growth stage with the 6th node visible on the main stem (GS36). The morphophysiological, productive and qualitative characteristics of grains were evaluated. In the 2015 season, trinexapac applied to shoot plants at GS34 only have low response in decreased plant lodging from around 20% to 10%. However, in the 2018 season, the application of trinexapac on plants at GS36, resulted in lower plant height, associated with reduced lodging and better quality of rye grains. Cultivar IPR 89 showed higher values for yield components and grain quality in comparison to cultivar BRS Serrano. Reduced lodging is dependent on speed of resumption of plant height growth, and the magnitude of response to trinexapac is also stage-cultivar-dose-dependent; in rye, the best response to trinexapac was found at GS 36 in comparison to GS 34, and for IPR 89 in comparison to BRS Serrano cultivar, respectively, with a dose range from 100 to 150 g ai ha-1. In conclusion, trinexapac (around 150 g a.i. ha-1), when applied to plants at GS36, reduces plant height, reduces the lodging index and enables the harvest of high-quality grains.

scholarly journals Effect of Mesorhizobium, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and phosphorus on plant biometery and growth indices of desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1422-1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorawar Singh ◽  
Guriqbal Singh ◽  
Navneet Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Phosphorus Application

The field experiment was conducted during 2015-16 to study the effect of biofetilizer inoculation [control, Mesorhizobium only, Mesorhizobium + RB-1 (Pseudomonas argentinensis) and Mesorhizobium + RB-2 (Bacillus aryabhattai)] and four levels of phosphorus (0, 15, 20 and 25 kg P2O5 ha-1) on chickpea growth. RB-1 and RB-2 were the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Biofertilizers could play a crucial role in reducing the dependence on chemical fertilizers by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen for crop and/or by increasing the availability of phosphorus and phytohormones to the crop. The 16 treatment combinations were laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated three times. In biofertilizer treatments, Mesorhizobium + RB-1 proved superior over control and sole inoculation of Mesorhizobium and at par with Mesorhizobium + RB-2 with respect to plant height (cm), number of branches (plant-1), shoot and root dry matter (kg ha-1) which were recorded at 30, 60 90, 120 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest. Application of 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 gave the highest values of all the growth at-tributes viz. plant height (60 cm), number of primary (5.3) and secondary (27.2) branches per plant, shoot dry matter (4000 kg ha-1) and root dry matter (354 kg ha-1) which were significantly higher than that of 0 and 15 kg P2O5 ha-1 and at par with 20 kg P2O5 ha-1. Similar results were observed in case of crop growth rate (CGR) whereas relative growth rate (RGR) was not influenced significantly by various biofertilizer and phosphorus treatments. The dual inoc-ulation with PGPR strains along with phosphorus application have a supplementary effect on the growth of chickpea.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF CELERY PLANT(Apium graviolens L.) TO THE REDUCTION OF INORGANIC FERTILIZER WITH DECANTER CAKE USAGE

Agric ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Made Deviani Duaja
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Decanter Cake ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose of this research was to find out the response of celery plants when inorganic fertilizers are reduced and substituted with oil palm decanter cake mill waste. This research was conducted at Farmer’s Field in Tangkit Baru Village, Sungai Gelam Sub-district, Muaro Jambi Regency, uses Randomized Block Design with one factor ie decanter cake and inorganic fertilizer (NPK) consists of 7 levels, namely: 100% NPK Fertilizer (as recommended 200 kg urea / ha, 150 kg / ha SP-36, 200 kg / ha KCl ), decanter cake 15 ton / ha, 20 ton / ha, decanter cake 15 ton / ha + 75% dose of NPK (25% reduction of NPK dosage), decanter cake 15 ton / ha + 50% dose of NPK (50% reduction of NPK dose ), decanter cake 20 ton / ha + 75% dose of NPK (25% reduction NPK dose), decanter cake 20 ton / ha + 50% dose of NPK (50% reduction of NPK dose). The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, number of stems per hill, fresh weight per plant and plant growth rate. The results showed, that plant response to the reduction of 50% inorganic fertilizer substituted with decanter cake 15 tons per hectare gave the best celery fresh weight , leaves number and the highest celery stems number. For plant height parameters and the highest plant growth rate indicated that there was no significant difference between 15 tons per hectare and 20 tons per hectare of decanter cake at 50 percent reduction of inorganic fertilizers.

Effect of Photosynthetic Microorganism on Lime Plant Growing and Fruiting

2020 ◽  
Vol 901 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Varinthorn Boonyaroj ◽  
Kanawut Inkaew ◽  
Sirichai Saramanus
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Photosynthetic Microorganism ◽  
Nutrients Concentration ◽  
Microorganism Community ◽  
Fermented Juice

Lime plant has an absolute requirement of nutrients for growing. The microbial application can facilitate in addressing limited access to chemical fertilizer concern. Moreover, the photosynthetic microorganism community can contribute together in nutrient availability for plant growing and fruiting. The objectives of this research were analyzed the growth rate of photosynthetic microorganism in a fermented juice within three months. A fermented juice was analyzed in terms of MLSS, COD, and nutrient. The efficiencies of fermented juice of lime plant growing, and fruiting was also investigated. The lime plant growth rate was collected in terms of plant height, and fruiting. The experimental results showed that the concentration of microbes in a fermented juice was maintained approximately 1,063 ± 135 mg/L on average (n=5). The photosynthetic microorganism concentration and nutrients concentration in fermented juice was a significant promotion of productivity of lime plant growing and fruiting.

scholarly journals Growth regulation and off-season flowering through night breaks in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Anmol

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-378
Author(s):  
Tanya Thakur ◽  
HS Grewal
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Chrysanthemum Morifolium Ramat ◽  
Root Suckers ◽  
Number Of Branches

The photoperiodic night interruption to schedule efficient flowering time in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Anmol according to demand of its flowers in the market was monitored. The influence of six night interruption treatments i.e. control, <5 second flash, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min were studied on the morphological development of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Anmol. The results revealed that the plant height, number of branches, leaves and root suckers per plant were positively affected with increased duration of night interruption. The flowering time was significantly delayed from mid December to end of February (two months) and number of flowers per plant increased as the duration of night interruption was increased from control to 120 min. Therefore, the night interruption durations studies were helpful to schedule the sustainable flowering time in Chrysanthemum cultivar Anmol by around two months with better plant growth.

scholarly journals 632 GA4/7 and Light Level Affect Flowering and Plant Height of New Cultivars and Genetic Lines of Aquilegia ×hybrida Sims

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 506D-506
Author(s):  
T.J. Gianfagna ◽  
R.H. Merritt ◽  
J.D. Willmott
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
White Rose ◽  
New Cultivars

Aquilegia cultivars `Songbird Bluebird', `Songbird Robin', `Dove Improved', `Colorado Violet/White' and five cultivars from new experimental genetic lines (`Red and White', `Rose and White #1', `Rose and White #2', `Scarlet and Yellow' and `White') will flower without vernalization, but little is known of their response to light or plant growth regulators. Plants were started from seed on 5 Jan. 1999 and grown in either natural light or 33% shade, and treated with gibberellins (GA4/7) at the seven-leaf stage. Flowering time, number of flowers/plant, and plant height were evaluated through 31 May 1999. All five cultivars from the new genetic lines bloomed during the study. `White', grown in shade and treated with GA4/7, bloomed 2 weeks earlier (115 days) than untreated plants grown in natural light (130 days). `Songbird Robin', treated with GA4/7, bloomed in 146 days, and was the only other cultivar to bloom. Flower numbers were greater in natural light than in 33% shade. GA4/7 increased flowering for four of five cultivars, in the new genetic lines, grown in natural light. In shade, GA4/7 increased flowering for three of five cultivars. Height response to GA4/7 was significant in both natural light and 33% shade. Four of the five cultivars in the new genetic lines were taller when treated. All five of these cultivars were taller when grown in natural light verses 33% shade. `White' and both `Rose and White' cultivars were consistently taller, bloomed earlier and were more floriferous when treated with GA4/7.

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