scholarly journals Pay to know me in your eyes: A computational account and oxytocin modulation of social evaluation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyang Wang ◽  
Yina Ma
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Social Feedback ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Personal Cost ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Feedback Learning ◽  
Computational Support ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Social

AbstractPeople are eager to know and recast the self in the eyes of others, even at a personal cost. However, it remains unknown what drives people to pursue costly evaluations of the self. Here, we propose that the evaluation of the self is valuable and that such subjective value placed on evaluation drives the costly-to-know behavior. By measuring the amount of money that individuals would forgo for the opportunity to know evaluations from other people (social evaluation) or a computer program (non-social evaluation), we quantified the subjective value individuals assigned to the evaluation on the self. The results from 5 studies (n = 375) lent cognitive and computational support for this hypothesis. Furthermore, the subjective value was modulated by the source and valence of the evaluation. Participants equally valued positive and negative non-social evaluations, characterized by a shared unknown aversion computation. However, individuals computed independent unknown aversion towards positive and negative social evaluations and placed a higher value on the opportunity to know another person’s evaluation on positive than negative aspects. Such a valence-dependent valuation of the social evaluation was facilitated by oxytocin, a neuropeptide linked to linked to social feedback learning and valuation processes, which decreased the value ascribed to negative social evaluation. Taken together, the current study reveals the psychological and computational processes underlying self-image formation and updating and suggests a role of oxytocin in modulating the value of social evaluation.

scholarly journals Oxytocin facilitates valence-dependent valuation of social evaluation of the self

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyang Wang ◽  
Yina Ma
Keyword(s):  
Image Formation ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Feedback Learning ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Computational Processes

AbstractPeople are eager to know the self in other’s eyes even with personal costs. However, what drives people costly to know evaluations remains unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis of placing subjective value on knowing social evaluations. To quantify the subjective value, we developed a pay-to-know choice task where individuals trade off profits against knowing social evaluations. Individuals computed independent unknown aversion towards positive and negative social evaluations and placed higher values on knowing social evaluation on positive than negative aspects. Such a valence-dependent valuation of social evaluation was facilitated by oxytocin, a neuropeptide linked to feedback learning and valuation processes, by decreasing values of negative social evaluation. Moreover, individuals scoring high in depression undervalued positive social evaluation, which was normalized by oxytocin. We reveal the psychological and computational processes underlying self-image formation/update and suggest a role of oxytocin in normalizing hypo-valuation of positive social evaluation in depression.

Field Dependence and Self-Disclosure

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquin F. Sousa-Poza ◽  
Robert Rohrberg ◽  
Ernest Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
The Social ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Personality Theories

Some characteristics of the social behavior of field-dependents as well as their superior recognition of ambiguous social stimuli led to the hypothesis that they would show greater self-disclosure than field-independents. This hypothesis was tested by administering the 60-item Jourard Self-disclosure Questionnaire (JSDQ) to 13 field-dependent and 13 field-independent Ss. In terms of total self-disclosure scores, field-dependents showed significantly (.025) higher levels than field-independents. Results are discussed in light of personality theories which emphasize the role of self-conceptual transactions in the development of the self.

Role of the self-image and smoker stereotype in smoking onset during early adolescence: A longitudinal study.

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Aloise-Young ◽  
Karen M. Hennigan ◽  
John W. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Smoking Onset ◽  
Self Image

Self-processing in relation to emotion and reward processing in depression

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Catherine Hobbs ◽  
Jie Sui ◽  
David Kessler ◽  
Marcus R. Munafò ◽  
Katherine S. Button
Keyword(s):  
Learning Task ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Precise Relationship

Abstract Background Depression is characterised by a heightened self-focus, which is believed to be associated with differences in emotion and reward processing. However, the precise relationship between these cognitive domains is not well understood. We examined the role of self-reference in emotion and reward processing, separately and in combination, in relation to depression. Methods Adults experiencing varying levels of depression (n = 144) completed self-report depression measures (PHQ-9, BDI-II). We measured self, emotion and reward processing, separately and in combination, using three cognitive tasks. Results When self-processing was measured independently of emotion and reward, in a simple associative learning task, there was little association with depression. However, when self and emotion processing occurred in combination in a self-esteem go/no-go task, depression was associated with an increased positive other bias [b = 3.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–5.79]. When the self was processed in relation to emotion and reward, in a social evaluation learning task, depression was associated with reduced positive self-biases (b = 0.11, 95% CI 0.05–0.17). Conclusions Depression was associated with enhanced positive implicit associations with others, and reduced positive learning about the self, culminating in reduced self-favouring biases. However, when self, emotion and reward processing occurred independently there was little evidence of an association with depression. Treatments targeting reduced positive self-biases may provide more sensitive targets for therapeutic intervention and potential biomarkers of treatment responses, allowing the development of more effective interventions.

European Legal Culture and WTO Dispute Settlement: Thirty Years of Socio-Legal Transplants from Brussels to Geneva

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-133
Author(s):  
Tommaso Soave
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
The Self ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Wto Dispute Settlement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Trade Measures

Abstract This article argues that the legal culture of EC/EU institutions has made a significant contribution to the ethos, the style, and the tone of WTO dispute settlement bodies. Areas of alignment between the two regimes include the self-perceived role of adjudicators vis-à-vis their political environment and the jurisprudence on the ‘necessity’ of non-trade measures. Based on these premises, the article traces some of the social and professional pathways through which European sensibilities and perspectives have found their way from Brussels (and Luxembourg) to Geneva. In particular, it describes the convergent trajectories of the EC/EU and the GATT/WTO professional communities. The goal of the analysis is to provide a fresh outlook on the ongoing diplomatic stalemate surrounding the future of the Appellate Body and WTO dispute settlement at large.

How Old Magic Does the Trick for Modern Politics

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 428-450
Author(s):  
Claudio Sergio Nun-Ingerflom
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Self ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Material Form ◽  
Spiritual Ideal

This article attempts to interpret the insurrection led by Razin in the seventeenth century as the beginning of modern politics, because it was founded on the immanence of the social in contrast to the transcendent conceptions of power maintained by the court and church. This advance was made possible by the working of magic. Through performative speech, magic permitted the creation of a verbal presence for the non-existent tsarevich Alexis, who, however, was never given material form. In keeping the self-appointed heir invisible and by declaring his father’s rule illegitimate, the rebels reduced the role of the tsar to a pure signifier. The proof that this uprising represented a turn toward modern politics is that it did not rely upon the invocation of an intangible philosophical or spiritual ideal (as in the West); it was built instead upon an armed people, expressing itself in a language that was still archaic but already oriented toward a new representation of power as socially legitimatized. This analysis opens an important line of argument that has power beyond this specific case.

scholarly journals A Critical Approach to Roma Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-159
Author(s):  
Ágota Szilágyi-Kispista
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Design Theory ◽  
The Self ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Critical Design ◽  
Critical Theories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ongoing Development

In his 2016 book Notes on the Ontology of Design, Arturo Escobar asks whether it is possible to talk about the existence of a “critical design theory”. He states that if by “critical” we mean the application of a series of critical theories and approaches in the fields of design, and a certain connection to cultural studies, then we can talk about the ongoing development of a “critical design theory”. Based on an analysis of a set of objects by the social enterprise Meșteshukar ButiQ (Bucharest, Romania), I analyze the role of design in the construction and representation of Romani identity. Generally, design is interpreted as a representation of the self, however it has a significant role in constructing it too. According to Penny Sparke, “design is seen as being part of the dynamic process through which culture is actually constructed, not merely reflected” (2013: 4). Through an analysis of the products created and sold by Meșteshukar ButiQ and its collaborators, I examine the role of design not just in expressing but also in creating meanings, and thereby, I emphasize the design process’ importance in identity politics.

scholarly journals Hubungan Antara Body Shaming Dan Citra Diri Dengan Kecemasan Sosial Pada Siswa SMP Ekasakti Semarang

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Intan Ayu Setyorini
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Social ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
Teachers And Parents

Verbal speech can make people affected by body shaming become down, lazy to do anything, cry, and become sad. The role of teachers and parents is very important in terms of providing support to students who are victims of body shaming and need to take firm action from the school concerned. The population in this study were students of class VIII SD class IX SMP Ekasakti Semarang, totaling 210 female students. The data collection method used a questionnaire with a Likert scale instrument consisting of four options. The test results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between body shaming and social anxiety, so the higher the body shaming, the higher the social anxiety, conversely the lower the body shaming, the lower the social anxiety, the two variables are strongly correlated, meaning that the higher the image. The students themselves will have lower social anxiety, on the other hand, the lower their self-image, the higher their social anxiety, so the two variables have strong correlation.

ALBION W. SMALL’S NEGLECTED PROGRESSIVE VIEWS: REDUCING INEQUALITIES FOR A REASONABLE CAPITALISM

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Virgile Chassagnon ◽  
Guillaume Vallet
Keyword(s):  
Progressive Era ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
Social Injustice ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Equality Of Opportunities

This paper sheds light on Albion Small’s views on the inequalities resulting from capital concentration. As a leading intellectual of the Progressive Era, Small sought ways to reduce social injustice, which in his view was key to avoiding class conflict and preserving democracy. He emphasized the need to devise social policies with a view to ensuring the equality of opportunities for all to realize what Small termed their “interests”—through the combination of their labor with “tool-capital.” Small entrusted the State with the central role of fighting capital inequalities through social policies, the treatment of inequalities dealing with morals. He embraced the then-fashionable idea of reasonable capitalism, as expounded by fellow progressive scholars, the likes of Richard T. Ely, John Dewey, or John R. Commons, who all sensed that such an economic system would survive only if it improves the social well-being as well as the self-development of all individuals.

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