The structure and changes of China’s land system

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Shouying
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Land System ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the structure and changes of China’s land system. To achieve this aim, the paper is divided into four parts. The first part gives a brief introduction to the structural characteristics of the Chinese land institutional arrangements; the second part analyzes the reform process of the land system in the past 40 years and its path of change; the third part engages the discussion about the historic contribution made by the land institutional change to rapid economic growth and structural changes; and the final part is conclusion and some policy implications. Design/methodology/approach After 40 years of reforms and opening up, China has not only created a growth miracle unparalleled for any major country in human history, but also transformed itself from a rural to an urban society. Behind this great transformation is a systemic reform in land institutions. Rural land institutions went from collectively owned to household responsibility system, thereby protecting farmers’ land rights. This process resulted in long-term sustainable growth in China’s agriculture, a massive rural-urban migration and a historical agricultural transformation. The conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses and the introduction of market mechanisms made land a policy tool in driving high economic growth, industrialization and urbanization. Findings Research shows that the role of land and its relationship with the economy will inevitably change as China’s economy enters a new stage of medium-to-high speed growth. With economic restructuring, low-cost industrial land will be less effective. Urbanization is also shifting from rapid expansion to endogenous growth so that returns on land capitalization will decrease and risks will increase. Therefore, China must abandon land-dependent growth model through deepening land reforms and adapt a new pattern of economic development. Originality/value This paper gives a brief introduction to the structural characteristics of the Chinese land institutional arrangements, analyzes the reform process of the land system in the past 40 years and its path of change, and evaluates the historic contribution made by the land institutional change to rapid economic growth and structural changes.

scholarly journals Inequality in China – Trends, Drivers and Policy Remedies

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (127) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Jain-Chandra ◽  
Niny Khor ◽  
Rui Mano ◽  
Johanna Schauer ◽  
Philippe Wingender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

China has experienced rapid economic growth over the past two decades and is on the brink of eradicating poverty. However, income inequality increased sharply from the early 1980s and rendered China among the most unequal countries in the world. This trend has started to reverse as China has experienced a modest decline in inequality since 2008. This paper identifies various drivers behind these trends – including structural changes such as urbanization and aging and, more recently, policy initiatives to combat it. It finds that policies will need to play an important role in curbing inequality in the future, as projected structural trends will put further strain on equity considerations. In particular, fiscal policy reforms have the potential to enhance inclusiveness and equity, both on the tax and expenditure side.

scholarly journals Rural children’s work and school education in the context of rapid economic growth in South Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 165-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chae-Young Kim ◽  
Heather Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Schooling Experience ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
The Times ◽  
Children’S Work

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how children’s work, defined in a broad sense, and the related values and attitudes concerning childhood have evolved in the context of rapid economic growth in South Korea. It discusses how ideas about children’s activities and their status and relationships within the family have changed and how children’s roles and responsibilities are seen by members of different generations. It interrogates the changing ideas of work in contemporary children’s lives and presents data from a relatively under-researched part of the world. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on semi-structured interviews with a mixed age group of people, including children, in a rural community in South Korea. Findings In decisions over their work and schooling during their childhoods, most adults did not appear to have shown any apparent agency with this passivity reflecting the cultural norms of the times. Conversely, rural children today often choose not to work but may not be able to exercise similar agency over their schooling. The research suggests a distinct generational change in the schooling experience with this going from being relatively unimportant, and sometimes unaffordable, to becoming universal and essential. Research limitations/implications Interviewing adults and children about what they do now or did in the past poses methodological problems. As the researchers found “child- friendly” or “child-centred” methods impractical in the particular research context, relaxed and semi-structured interviews were used with the children. The adult interviews presented different challenges: a lack of other sources of data meant that primary sources of evidence had to be recollections of past events. This means such recollections of childhoods may be mediated by an “adult” perspective and susceptible to bias. Current life circumstances may also determine the interpretive contexts through which they tell their stories and influence how they view the past. Originality/value Internationally published research on South Korean childhoods is limited, with most focusing on the education system and the associated issues. Research of this type also rarely examines children's own views, their lives outside of school and the choices they make in their family contexts. This paper examines these under-researched areas.

Interest rate liberalization and economic growth nexus: does corruption matter?

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulhadi Aliyara Haruna ◽  
Abu Sufian Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Interest Rate Liberalization ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to examine the impact of interest rate liberalization on economic growth and the relevance of corruption in the five selected sub-Saharan African countries. Design/methodology/approach The study used the modified version of Driscoll and Kraay’s model by Hoechle, which solved the effects of cross-sectional dependence and heteroscedasticity. Findings The findings reveal a positive impact of the index on economic growth, and it was found that foreign direct investment (FDI) and credit to private sector by banks (CPSB) all stimulate economic growth. The interaction terms of corruption with FDI and CPSB indicate negative effects that show how corruption erodes the benefits of liberalization. Finally, the paper recommends the pursuit of appropriate policies with the sole aim of eradicating corruption and providing a conducive environment for business. Originality/value The paper developed a composite domestic financial liberalization index to capture the timing and essential dimensions of the reform process. The study investigates the effect of interest rate liberalization on economic growth and the relevance of corruption. Most of the recent and past studies only examined the impact of interest rate reforms on growth without investigating the relevance of corruption.

Do surges in foreign direct investment inflows lead to surges in economic growth? Evidence from developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagadish Prasad Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Recursive Bivariate Probit ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether surge in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows leads to surge in economic growth in 52 developing countries for the period 1990-2014. Design/methodology/approach The author used a threshold approach to identify surge incidences in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth rates and FDI inflows (measured as percentage of GDP) for each country included in the sample. Three different criteria are used to identify surge instances. As a preliminary analysis the author used the probit and complementary log–log regression methods to estimate the likelihood of growth surge occurrence. To correct the potential endogeneity problem the author jointly estimated the growth surge and FDI surge equations using the recursive bivariate probit (RBP) regression. Findings The author found that East Asia and the Pacific region has highest rate of growth surge incidences followed by South Asia. The results suggest that surge in FDI inflows significantly increases the likelihood of growth surge. The finding is robust to alternative surge definitions and methods of estimation. Practical implications The analysis reveals that inbound FDI flow is a critical driver of economic growth in developing countries. Large FDI inflows matters for achieving rapid economic growth. Therefore developing countries should adopt favourable policies to attract more FDI. Policymakers should focus on improving the investment climate of the country to boost domestic investment and to attract larger amount of FDI into the economy. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge this is the first study to examine whether surge in FDI inflows stimulates surge in economic growth in developing countries. The analysis reveals that FDI surge is a robust predictor of rapid economic growth in developing countries.

Technological Innovation in China's Recent Industrialization

1984 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Conroy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific And Technological Development

The intimate, though as yet imperfectly understood, causal relation-ship between scientific and technological development and the economic growth in industrially advanced countries over the past 30 years has been investigated and refined over a number of years, and attempts have been made to quantify the relationship. Although a strong scientific and technological (S & T) base does not by itself guarantee rapid economic growth, most observers consider it to be a necessary prerequisite, after a certain level of development has been reached. One of the main ways that S & T act on the economic system is by the generation of new knowledge through research activities and the application of this in production. Such application often results in new products and processes which are grouped under the term “technological innovations.” The innovation process is usually defined as “the technical, industrial and commercial steps which lead to the successful marketing of new manufactured products and/or to the commercial use of technically new processes or equipment.”

Melanin on the Margins: Advertising and the Cultural Politics of Fair/Light/White Beauty in India

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika Parameswaran ◽  
Kavitha Cardoza
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Cultural Politics ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Personal Transformation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Television Commercials ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Skin Lightening

The recent commercial boom in women's skin-lightening or “fairness” cosmetics in India is part of the larger context of escalating lifestyle consumerism in Asia's emerging market nations. This monograph examines the cultural politics of gender, nation, beauty and skin color in the persuasive narratives of Indian magazine advertisements and television commercials for fairness cosmetics and personal care products. We situate advertising's compact stories of ideal femininity within the sociology of colorism's transnational links to hierarchies of race, gender, caste, ethnicity and class and the rapid economic growth in the skin-lightening cosmetics sector in India over the past decade. Deconstructing advertising's visual and linguistic fields of meaning, our analysis dissects the rhetorical themes of bodily and personal transformation, modern and traditional science, and heterosexual romance that operate together to inflate the currency of light-skinned beauty. In conclusion, we outline recent challenges to the hegemony of colorism in India and suggest directions for future research that can build on this monograph's scrutiny of advertising's regulatory regimes of beauty.

scholarly journals Managing the Digital Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Ageev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Paradigm

In the article, the author considers the problems of economic growth acceleration in the conditions of external environment tightening. Digital transformation sets the vector of structural changes in the Russian and world economy. Currently, the most and least likely elements of digital transformation at the level of the real sector have been identified. Against the background of the ongoing spread of a number of important elements of the digital economy, well-defined threats to cybersecurity are identified and natural intelligence is degraded. It is expected that the structure of employment will undergo major changes. Technological changes provoke fundamental changes in the society, — its appearance in the future can not only be presented in the light of techno-optimism. Scenarios that reanimate very dark futuristic prophecies in the past can become a modern reality. The unfolding digitalization assumes the solution of fundamental issues of development management. Successful co-evolution of social, technical and natural systems requires going beyond the entrenched economic paradigm.

The Situation of the Epidemiology and Management of Obesity in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Overweight People ◽  
Aging Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
Adults And Children

Obesity and overweight have become one of the most concerning health problems in Japan. Japan has been keeping the longest life expectancy in the last decade after the very rapid economic growth. However, the increases in chronic degenerative diseases that are partly due to over-nutrition and obesity will be a large burden in an aging society [1]. Also in Japan, the increase of obese and overweight population is not only due to over eating but also to less exercise and daily activities. In this paper, the situation of the obese and overweight people and the trends of obesity from 1947 to 2000 in adults and children as well as the food intake tendencies during the past 50 years are summarized [2].

Conflict and COVID worsen Sahel food insecurity

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Food Assistance ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Emergency Food Assistance

Significance Much of Mauritania and Chad are food stressed as well. European Union estimates, counting the five Sahelian countries as well as Nigeria and Cameroon, put the number of people needing emergency food assistance this year at 23.4 million. Impacts The region’s economies are projected to resume relatively rapid economic growth this year after recessions or near-recessions in 2020. The benefits of restored economic growth will be very unevenly shared. Armed groups' efforts to extort money from stressed populations could prompt resistance, retaliatory violence and further displacement.

Structural change and economic growth in India: a comparative study of Punjab

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anirban Sanyal ◽  
Nirvikar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
State Level ◽  
Productivity Change ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Panel Regressions ◽  
Time Varying Parameter

Purpose The Green Revolution transformed agriculture in the Indian State of Punjab, with positive spillovers to the rest of India, but recently the state’s economy has fallen dramatically in rankings of per capita state output. Understanding the trajectory of Punjab’s economy has important lessons for all of India. Economic development is typically associated with changes in economic structure, but Punjab has remained relatively reliant on agriculture rather than shifting economic activity to manufacturing and services, where productivity growth might be greater. Design/methodology/approach The authors empirically examine structural change in the Punjab economy in the context of structural change and economic growth across the States of India. The authors calculate structural change indices and map their pattern over time. The authors estimate panel regressions and time-varying parameter regressions, as well as performing productivity change decompositions into within-sector and structural changes. Findings Panel regressions and time-varying-coefficient regressions suggest a significant positive influence of structural change on state-level growth. In addition, growth positively affected structural change across India’s states. The relative lack of structural change in Punjab’s economy is implicated in its relatively poor recent growth performance. Comparisons with a handful of other states reinforce this conclusion: Punjab’s lack of economic diversification is a plausible explanation for its lagging economic performance. Originality/value This paper performs a novel empirical analysis of structural change and growth, simultaneously using three different approaches: panel regressions, time-varying parameter regressions and productivity decompositions. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the only paper we are aware of that combines these three approaches.

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