Beyond the crime-terror nexus: socio-economic status, violent crimes and terrorism

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanja Ljujic ◽  
Jan Willem van Prooijen ◽  
Frank Weerman
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Strain Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Violent Crimes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Socio Economic Status

Purpose The literature on terrorism suggests a strong link between criminal offending and terrorism – the crime-terror nexus. Building upon a strain theory perspective, the purpose of this paper is to suggest that devalued socio-economic status (i.e. limited education and unemployment) and criminal past define the pool of people from which violent and terror offenders may be recruited. Design/methodology/approach The current study compares three sources of data on educational and employment characteristics of violent and terror offenders: Dutch statistical data (CBS) including the Police Recognition System (HKS) on violent criminals, the findings on jihadist networks and the open access on European terrorists. Findings The majority of Dutch violent offenders, foreign fighters and European terrorists have only completed secondary school (or lower) and were unemployed in the year of offending. Half of recent European terrorists had previously been involved in violent crimes and/or had joined jihadi groups abroad. Research limitations/implications One limitation of the study concerns the exploratory use of secondary and open-access data. While it was impossible to establish causality with the current methodology, these findings highlight the background conditions under which violent and terrorist crime can originate, and suggest one of the mechanisms that shapes the crime-terror nexus. Future research would benefit from more work identifying the causal antecedents to terrorism. Practical implications Whether relative deprivation is a direct cause or merely an amplifying factor in criminal motivation needs to be scrutinized in future research. However, its consideration may have great implications for policy and law enforcement agencies. Social implications An individual’s desire to improve status and personal significance by the virtue of illegal activity may be particularly salient in the context of cultural polarization, which manifests as decreased trust and loyalty toward national laws and institutions. Parallel to preventive and security measures, it may be worthwhile to encourage multicultural associations and community networks in support of mutual (interethnic and interreligious) understanding. Originality/value The paper explores one of the oldest factors that has been suspected of leading to terrorism in lack of economic or educational opportunity. However, the paper also offers a new perspective on how these factors may relate to participation in terrorism. Rather than claiming these factors directly cause terrorism, the authors take a strain theory perspective to argue that these strains induce fewer opportunities to engage in terrorism and provide individuals with the skills/strength to resist de-radicalization or counter-radicalization.

Determinants of Maternal Mortality in Rural China

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Li ◽  
M. D. Fottler
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Health Care Facility ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
On The Road

A case-control study of maternal mortality was conducted in selected rural areas of two provinces in China: Henan province, which has a relatively lower socio-economic status and higher maternal mortality rates, and Jiangsu province with higher socio-economic status and lower maternal mortality rates. The major cause of maternal mortality in the two provinces was postpartum hemorrhage and the largest proportion of deaths occurred on the road between the women's home and the health care facility. Results indicate that the expectant mother's socio-economic status, knowledge of maternal care, and the nature and level of maternal care provided all influence rural maternal death rates. However, socio-economic factors were only significant predictors of mortality in the poorer province. Implications for health policy and future research are discussed.

Adjustment to Retirement: What We Know and What We Need to Know

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Braithwaite ◽  
D. M. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Work Commitment ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Hierarchy Model ◽  
Goal Hierarchy ◽  
Status Occupation

ABSTRACTDifficulty in adjusting to retirement has consistently emerged as a problem for approximately a third of retirees. A body of research has converged on a description of the poor adjuster as one in poor health, with inadequate income, a negative pre-retirement attitude, but with an increased likelihood of adaptation over time. Findings relating to other factors such as socio-economic status, occupation, activity, career fulfilment, job satisfaction and work commitment are far less conclusive, with interpretation hampered by a failure to control for the more well established correlates of retirement adjustment. This paper reviews the empirical work in this field, evaluates the goal hierarchy model and the political economy of old age literature as bases for explaining differences in retirement adjustment, and proposes a theoretical framework for future research which brings these two perspectives together.

Social and experiential influences on the development of inheritance concepts

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne M. Williams ◽  
Lesley A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Family Composition ◽  
Pet Ownership ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Environmental Variations

This study explored social and experiential differences in children's (aged 4 to 14 years) concepts of inheritance. The study utilized semi-structured interviews including four tasks that were designed to elicit judgements and explanations about different aspects of inheritance understanding. A variety of social and experiential factors were examined including, gender of participant, family composition, pet ownership, socio-economic status and urban/rural locale. The results indicated strong developmental changes and several social and environmental variations in children's knowledge of inheritance. Children from rural areas and from a higher socio-economic group showed a more sophisticated understanding of inheritance. Other variables including gender, owning a pet and having siblings had less impact on children's understanding of inheritance. Overall, children showed small variations in their inheritance concepts based on differences in experience and background. The precise causes of these differences remains an issue for future research.

Family socio-economic status and young children's outcomes

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Donkin ◽  
Jillian Roberts ◽  
Alison Tedstone ◽  
Michael Marmot
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Social And Emotional Skills ◽  
The Social

Purpose – This paper was written as part of a suite to inform the Big Lottery Better Start programme and as such has focused on the outcomes that are of interest to that programme. The authors have also focused on outcomes for younger children and the zero to three years age group where data are available. There is a social gradient such that the lower a family's socio-economic status (SES) the greater the likelihood that they have children who are obese, have impaired social and emotional skills, or have impaired language acquisition. These statistics are clear and undisputed. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the reasons for the social gradient in these outcomes. The paper provides some suggestions for actions that might be taken to redress the inequalities. It follows broader work presented in, for example, the Marmot (2010) review, Fair Society Healthy Lives. Design/methodology/approach – Rapid review of the literature building on the work of the Marmot (2010) review. Findings – Poor SES is linked with increased stress and a higher likelihood of being unable to afford to live a healthy life. These factors can have a negative impact on children's outcomes. The paper presents some examples of what can be done. Originality/value – This should be a useful paper for local authorities trying to reduce inequalities and improve outcomes.

Prevalence of psychotic symptoms: comparation of immigrants and native- born primary care service users

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 467-467
Author(s):  
P. Martinena-Palacio ◽  
F. Eiroa ◽  
A. Qureshi ◽  
F. Collazos ◽  
H.W. Revollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Primary Care Setting ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Socio Economic Status

IntroductionEpidemiological studies reveal higher rates of psychotic disorders among immigrants of ethnic minorities. However, the variation in prevalence of psychosis differs, and the proposed explanations and risk factors vary across the literature.Objectives1) to examine the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in a sample of immigrants and native-born in a primary care setting context2) to explore the effect that certain socio-demographic characteristics have in the difference in prevalence.AimsIt is expected that the presence of psychotic symptoms will be greater for the immigrant population than for the native-born population. Low educational level, a low socio-economic status and the presence of a physical illness will partly explain these differences.Methods3000 patients (1500 immigrants and 1500 native-born outpatients paired in age and gender) were interviewed in a primary care setting. They completed the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, including the psychotic disorders sections, and a questionnaire that probed demographic characteristics and physical health status.ResultsImmigrants showed significantly higher rates of psychotic symptoms than native-born patients in both sections of diagnosis: life-span psychotic symptoms only (9.8% in immigrants and 5.3% in native-born) and life span with current psychotic symptoms (7% of the immigrants and 4.8% of the native-born). Immigrants also showed a lower education level, and a lower socio-economic status. When controlling for these factors, a relationship between these factors and the symptoms was found.ConclusionsFindings are discussed in the context of culture and etiology of psychotic symptoms, and suggestions with regard to future research are made.

Barriers and strategies of open government data adoption using fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 210-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Alexander Parung ◽  
Achmad Nizar Hidayanto ◽  
Puspa Indahati Sandhyaduhita ◽  
Karina Lia Meirita Ulo ◽  
Kongkiti Phusavat
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Fuzzy Ahp ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Open Government ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Open Government Data ◽  
Government Data

Purpose This study aims to propose strategies to address the identified major barriers for giving the public open access to government data. The study adopts fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (AHP-TOPSIS) to weigh the barriers and strategies, and it subsequently involves experts to identify and weigh the barriers and strategies. A case of Indonesia is used to contextualize the study. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected using fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS-based questionnaires given to several government representatives who had been working with data and information. The respondents were given sets of pairwise comparisons of which they were asked to compare the level of importance using one to nine fuzzy numbers between barriers and strategies. The data were then calculated using the fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS formula to obtain each weight of the barriers and strategies. The weight is used to prioritize the barrier and strategies. Findings In total, five barrier categories in the order of importance, namely, legal and privacy; government culture; social; technical; and economic, were identified from 27 barriers. In total, ten strategies of open government data (OGD) adoption were identified and ranked in the order of importance, and they can be grouped into five priorities. Priority 1 is to involve stakeholders in OGD planning and establish an OGD competence center. Priority 2 is to develop a legal compliance framework. Priority 3 is to adopt OGD gradually. Priority 4 is to create a collaboration feature on the portal for stakeholder communication and raise public awareness of OGD. Priority 5, finally, is to conduct training for government officials, develop standard operating practice for OGD management, use standard data formats and provide metadata. Research limitations/implications This study provides a perspective from the government’s view. One suggestion for future research is to conduct a study from the public’s perspective to formulate strategies based on the identified citizens’ barriers in using OGD. In addition, cross-country (of different characteristics) studies were required to generalize the findings. Practical implications The first strategy of the first priority implies that government institutions should be able to develop a preliminary plan to involve relevant stakeholders in OGD planning, which includes identifying relevant stakeholders and continuously engaging them to participate in the planning phase of OGD. The second strategy in the first priority entails that government institutions should realize an OGD competence center by creating a virtual team whose members are from various backgrounds and who are very knowledgeable about OGD and how to manage OGD in government institutions. Originality/value This research provides key strategies to address the main barriers to giving the public open access to government data.

scholarly journals Impact of Socio-Economic Status on Accessibility of Dog Training Classes

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 849
Author(s):  
Lauren Harris ◽  
Tamsin Durston ◽  
Jake Flatman ◽  
Denise Kelly ◽  
Michelle Moat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behaviour Problems ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Dog Training ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
Household Incomes

Behaviour problems are amongst the most common reasons given for relinquishing dogs to rehoming centres. Some behaviour problems may be amenable to being tackled pre-emptively with classes educating owners on basic dog training and understanding behaviour; however, it is recognised that people with low socio-economic status (SES) may face barriers to attending classes such as affordability, variable working hours, and limited access to transport and childcare. The current study piloted free-to-use dog training and owner education classes in areas with high levels of economic deprivation, both in the traditional face-to-face format and online. It was hypothesised that providing an online dog training course may help people overcome practical barriers by allowing them to complete training modules in their own time. High dropout rates were observed in both formats (online: 100%, face-to-face: 43% dropout). A course of paid dog training classes running in the same area saw a comparatively low dropout rate (24%). Participants who completed the face-to-face classes had significantly higher household incomes and were less likely to receive means-tested benefits than participants who dropped out (household income p = 0.049; benefits status p = 0.017). This evidence suggests that people with low SES may face non-course fee-related barriers to attending dog training classes. Future research should include a qualitative investigation of people’s reasons for not continuing with dog training courses. Study findings can support the development of training and behaviour advice delivery that is accessible to people with varied socio-economic backgrounds.

Drug Abuse: A Family Affair?

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
John William De Forest ◽  
Thomm Kevin Roberts ◽  
J. Ray Hays
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Ethnic Background ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Abusers ◽  
Socio Economic Status

This investigation compares interpersonal behavior patterns of mothers of adolescent drug abusers with a comparison group of mothers reporting no drug abuse in their families. The Interpersonal System developed by Leary (8) was used in comparing 31 mothers of drug abusers at the Texas Research Institute's Drug Abuse Clinic with a group of mothers matched for age, education, ethnic background, and socio-economic status. The drug abuse mothers emerged as significantly more disidentified with their own mothers. Also, they described their husbands as significantly more critical and arrogant than did the control group. The drug abuse mothers described their children as significantly more resentful and bitter. Therapeutic and future research implications were suggested.

Fast-Accurate and Slow-Inaccurate Conceptual Tempos: Are They Distinct Groups?

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-647
Author(s):  
Jody L. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Gerald D. Parr ◽  
L. G. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Second Grade Students ◽  
Conceptual Tempo

Fast-accurate and slow-inaccurate conceptual tempos were examined for evidence of their relationships to the more common categories of conceptual tempo, impulsive and reflective, on measures of intelligence and achievement and on selected demographic variables. Subjects were 162 second-grade students, one-third of whom were classified as fast-accurate or slow-inaccurate. In contrast to previous research no significant differences were found for ethnicity or socio-economic status. Mixed findings were demonstrated for sex. Fast-accurate and reflective groups tended to score similarly on measures of intelligence and achievement while impulsive and slow-inaccurate subjects grouped at a lower level. Results are discussed in terms of needs for future research on these two modes of conceptual tempo.

Structural school safety measures, SROs, and school-related delinquent behavior and perceptions of safety

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Reingle Gonzalez ◽  
Katelyn K. Jetelina ◽  
Wesley G. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
School Safety ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Resource Officers ◽  
Metal Detectors ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of school safety measures, including SROs and safety personnel, on school-related delinquency and perceived safety. Design/methodology/approach Specifically, a comprehensive search of the literature was performed to identify studies published between January 1, 1998 and July 1, 2016 that focussed on structural school safety measures such as metal detectors, cameras, closed circuit television systems, and access control measures and/or school resource officers in primary and secondary schools. Only studies that relied on randomized controlled trials and pre-test/post-test designs evaluating the impact of at least one school safety measure in reference to a control condition were eligible for inclusion. Findings The results of this exhaustive search revealed 32 unique study samples that met the inclusion criteria. Results from the studies suggest that implementation of more security measures may not be an effective policy. More safety measures often result in a decline of student-perceived safety. Study limitations and directions for future research are also discussed. Originality/value Results from this meta-review can provide educational administrators, superintendents, and school safety policymakers with a synthesis of only the most rigorous and valid studies that evaluate the impact of school safety measures on both actual and perceived school-related delinquency and safety. This information will provide school safety decision makers with a state-of-the-art synthesis of how school safety measures impact school-related delinquency problems and safety, and which measures appear to be most effective for informing the allocation of scarce resources.

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