Servant leadership

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoping Qiu ◽  
Larry Dooley
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Leadership Behavior ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Servant Leadership Scale

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate an instrument intended to measure servant leadership behavior in the Chinese hospitality industry. Design/methodology/approach After reviewing the literature, a scale of nine dimensions with 81 items was generated and then subjected to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using a sample of 600 participants from a polytechnic college and hospitality industry, resulting in 6-factor-33-item solution. The derived measure was then shortened to 24 items by using item response theory (IRT). Drawing on the data from 440 respondents in the hospitality industry, this 6-factor-24 item measure was subsequently validated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the test of construct validity. Findings Difference in factors has been found between this instrument and western-developed scales. This study resulted in 6-dimension-24-items scale. These dimensions were named integrity, self-sacrifice, building community, empowering people, emotional healing and visioning. This servant leadership scale was demonstrated to have good internal consistency reliability and strong construct validity. Originality/value This is the first study that used IRT as a statistic tool to shorten a servant leadership scale and also this study provided additional support to cultural psychology theory.

Validation of the Beliefs of Physical Activity among Clergy (B-PAC) Instrument

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Gwin ◽  
Paul Branscum ◽  
E. Laurette Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Reliable Instrument ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

The purpose of this study was to create a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate theory-basedbeliefs towards physical activity among clergy members. Data were collected from 174 clergy that par-ticipated in a 15-item online and paper-based survey. Psychometric properties of the instrument includedconfirmatory factor analysis (construct validity), and cronbach’s alpha (internal consistency reliability).In addition, the stability (test-retest reliability) of each subscale was evaluated with a sub-sample of 30participants. Results show the instrument was both valid and reliable, and will be useful in future studiestargeting this population. Future implications are discussed.

Perceived servant leadership: the impact of servant leadership on intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-29
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
The Body ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of perceived servant leadership on the intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction of followers. Design/methodology/approach Data was gathered from the responses of 205 employees working in service- sector organizations in Kuwait as part of a larger questionnaire survey on employee satisfaction and leadership. Servant leadership was then measured using Liden’s (2008) 28 item servant leader instrument and analyzed using factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings The results suggest that the seven factor model proposed by Linden (2008) is shown to be valid in this study with good reliability. In addition a second-order factor analysis showed strong positive correlations were found between servant leadership and both intrinsic (0.69) and extrinsic (0.08) job satisfaction. Practical implications Promoting altruistic approaches to leadership which increases extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction will have a positive effect on the organizational goals. Leaders should be made aware of this so they can put interventions in place to improve overall performance. Originality/value This paper is of value as research examining the relationship between servant leadership and job satisfaction has been limited so it adds to the body of knowledge with particular relevance to the nature of this relationship in the service sector in the Middle East.

The genetic code: HRM internal integration scale

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-316
Author(s):  
Aviv Kidron ◽  
Shay S. Tzafrir ◽  
Ilan Meshoulam
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Internal Integration ◽  
New Research ◽  
Research Avenue

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a scale for measuring internal integration within human resource management (HRM) departments, which is developed and validated in this paper. Thus far, no valid, comprehensive operational instrument for measuring HRM internal integration has been introduced in the literature. Design/methodology/approach The scale items were developed on the basis of a qualitative analysis. The authors recruited 233 HRM professionals from 29 organizations to participate in the survey. In this paper, the authors present evidence of content validity, internal consistency reliability and construct validity that provides support for the use of an HRM internal integration scale. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the underlying factors that comprise HRM internal integration, while confirmatory factor analysis was used as a confirmatory test of the scale. Findings The results of this study led to the development of a standardized 34-item instrument that can be used for measuring HRM internal integration. Originality/value The use of the scale opens up a new research avenue by focusing on the nature of integration processes, particularly within HRM systems. The scale will allow studies to be compared across various contexts.

Measurement Structure of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire-24 in a Sample of Individuals With Musculoskeletal Pain: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Yi Chiu ◽  
Joseph Jochman ◽  
Mayu Fujikawa ◽  
David Strand ◽  
Gladys Cheing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Outpatient Rehabilitation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

Purpose: To examine the factorial structure of the Coping Strategy Questionnaire-24 (CSQ-24) in a sample of Canadians with chronic musculoskeletal pain.Method: The sample included 171 workers’ compensation clients (50.9% men) recruited from outpatient rehabilitation facilities in Canada. Mean age of participants was 42.45 years (SD = 9.87). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the factorial validity of the CSQ-24.Results: CFA indicated that the respecified 4-factor model comprising 20-specific coping items provided the best fit between the model and data, with χ2/df = 2.009, CFI = 0.916, RMSEA = .077. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the 4 factors ranged from .80 to .86. The CSQ-24 correlated moderately in the predicted directions with pain intensity, activity interference, and depression, supporting its construct validity.Conclusion: The CSQ-24 was found to measure the 4 coping strategy factors reported by Harland and Georgieff (2003). It demonstrated good internal consistency reliability and construct validity and can be used as a brief coping measure for chronic pain clients in clinical rehabilitation settings.Chung-Yi Chiu, PhD, CRC, is an assistant professor, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Reliability and Validity of the Overeating Tension Scale

2000 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Popkess-Vawter ◽  
Mary M. Gerkovich ◽  
Shirley Wendel
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Instrument Development ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Reversal Theory ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Motivational States

This study presents the development and testing of the Overeating Tension Scale. Overeating tension was defined operationally as the total discrepancy score resulting from differences between subjects’ ratings of actual and desired feelings before overeating. The 32-item Overeating Tension Scale, derived from Apter’ s Reversal Theory, measures reported overall tension and motivation-specific tension. The scale initially included 48 items, six items for each of eight motivational states. After two instrument development studies (N = 373, N = 208), items were refined and reduced to a total of 32, or four for each of eight motivational states. The final version of the instrument was tested in two additional studies (N = 330, N = 130) that provided evidence to support the internal consistency reliability of the Overeating Tension Scale. There was support for construct validity using contrasted groups (overweight and normal weight subjects), convergent validity, and factor analysis.

Development of the destination food image scale (DFIS) and examination of measurement invariance by gender

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Görür ◽  
Cem Oktay Güzeller
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Scale Development ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Scale Adaptation ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Food Image ◽  
Image Component

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to create a reliable and valid scale to assess the destination food image perceived by the tourists regarding the food in Turkey within the cognitive and affective image component framework. In line with this purpose, both scale development and scale adaptation studies are conducted, and measurement invariance of the scale for gender is analyzed.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the survey model among quantitative research methods. Scale development processes are used to assess the cognitive image; the construct validity is analyzed with exploratory factor analysis (n = 328), confirmatory factor analysis (n = 425) and convergent and discriminant validity. Scale adaptation processes are followed to assess the affective image, and construct validity is tested with confirmatory factor analysis (n = 425). The reliability of both scales is investigated with Cronbach's alpha. Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel (CMH) analysis is conducted for measurement invariance for gender.FindingsConstruct validity and reliability provided the desired values in all processes. Measurement invariance results proved that the scale does not change according to genders.Research limitations/implicationsThe data obtained in this study have geographical limitations, and the data represent tourists visiting Antalya, an important tourism destination in Turkey.Practical implicationsThe scale will provide concrete information about the destination food image and help practitioners to test the model and develop future strategies for the destination.Originality/valueThis study presents an integrated approach to understanding the destination food image and expands theoretical and empirical evidence by creating a scale that measures both cognitive and affective image component. Scale-invariant shows that there is no item bias for analyzed gender and contributes to generalizability.

scholarly journals Validation of the Korean Version of the Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy Scale: A Methodological Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1080
Author(s):  
Jina Oh ◽  
Haeryun Cho ◽  
Yae Young Kim ◽  
So Yeon Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Nursing Profession ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Korean Version ◽  
Validity Criterion ◽  
Nursing Professionals

Background: The Nursing Profession Self-Efficacy (NPSE) scale was developed to reflect the characteristics of nursing tasks. This study was conducted to validate the Korean version of the NPSE (K-NPSE) scale. Methods: The NPSE scale with nineteen items was translated into Korean after forward and backward translation according to Devellis’ guideline. For the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), 298 nurses participated and criterion-related validity and reliability were verified. For the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), 218 other nurses participated. Content validity, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency reliability were examined. Additionally, construct validity was examined. SPSS and AMOS were used for the data analyses. Results: Nineteen items were selected after evaluating the content and cognitive validity and comprised three factors: “Professional (10 items)”, “Advocating (4)”, and “Caring (5)”. Construct validity was supported by the CFA. Criterion-related validity was supported by comparison with the General Self-Efficacy Test (r = 0.43, p < 0.001). Cronbach’s alpha of the K-NPSE was 0.93. Conclusions: Study findings indicate that the K-NPSE could be useful for assessing nurses’ self-efficacy. The K-NPSE may be used as a valuable reference for developing programs or policies that promote nursing professionals. It is expected that continued use of this scale in various clinical settings to further generalize and validate the scale.

scholarly journals The nonprofit board servant leader : a quantitative analysis of servant leadership behavior in nonprofit board presidents from the perception of nonprofit chief staff officers using Liden's global servant leadership scale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Chad E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Leadership Behavior ◽  
Leadership Traits ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Board Presidents ◽  
Conceptual Skills ◽  
Servant Leadership Scale

The purpose of this quantitative research study was to fill the gap in the current body of research regarding the leadership behavior characteristics, specifically servant leadership traits, exhibited by volunteer nonprofit board of director presidents. Using Liden's (2008, 2015) Global Servant Leadership Scale, a survey instrument was developed and administered to chief staff officers of nonprofit organizations, asking respondents to reflect on the behavior traits of their nonprofit's board president. Data from the study participants (n [equals] 133) were analyzed to determine a) if servant leadership behavior is exhibited in nonprofit board presidents and to what extent; b) if differences exist in the servant leadership traits of 501(c)3 nonprofit board presidents and the presidents of other types of 501(c) nonprofit organizations; and, c) if a difference exists between servant leadership behavior in board presidents and the nonprofit organization characteristics of organization focus, annual budget size, and geographic scope of the organization's mission, and demographic characteristics of nonprofit board presidents including age, tenure, length of volunteer involvement, and gender identity. The study addresses gaps in the current literature by advancing empirical research using a reliable and valid instrument to assess servant leadership and the use of empirical research in the nonprofit sector to study the leadership behavior of nonprofit board presidents. The findings of the study suggest that nonprofit board presidents do exhibit servant leadership behavior, as defined by Liden's seven dimensions (emotional healing, creating community value, conceptual skills, empowering, helping others grow and succeed, putting others first, and behaving ethically). On average nonprofit board presidents score highest in exhibiting behaving ethically and empowering. The sample studied scored lowest on average in putting others first and helping others grow and succeed. The study findings found significant difference in the behavior dimensions of creating community value, putting others first, and behaving ethically between nonprofit board presidents of city/locally focused nonprofits and those with a inter/national geographic service scope. Additionally, significant difference was found in leadership behavior of the dimension conceptual skills between nonprofit board presidents age 40 to 55 and those age 56 to 75 years old.

Development and validation of servant leadership scale in Spanish higher education

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khawaja Fawad Latif ◽  
Frederic Marimon
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Career Satisfaction ◽  
Leadership Behavior ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Relationship Building ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Spanish Higher Education

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold. First is the validation of a scale to measure the servant leadership of the university leaders. Second is to analyze how servant leadership affects the career satisfaction and life satisfaction of the academics.Design/methodology/approachUsing a survey of 148 academics at universities located in Spain collected in May 2018, a couple of models were conducted using structural equation model techniques: a confirmatory factor analysis of second order in order to assess the leadership scale and a mediation model to assess how servant leadership impacts on the life satisfaction through career satisfaction.FindingsResults reveal that leadership is a multi-dimensional construct having dimensions namely: behaving ethically, development, emotional healing, empowerment, pioneering, relationship building and wisdom. The total effect of servant leadership on life satisfaction is null due to a competitive mediation of career satisfaction.Originality/valueResearch on servant leadership has primarily focused on business organizations through extensive search in peer-reviewed databases the authors could not find a scale to measure servant leadership behavior in higher education. Additionally, the study assesses the role of career satisfaction as mediator between servant leadership and life satisfaction. Existing research has called for further research into both career and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction research has been criticized on the grounds that it has mainly overlooked the work/organizational settings. Moreover, the authors could only find little research into life satisfaction in higher education, that too in context of students.

A systematic review of the servant leadership literature in management and hospitality

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Bavik
Keyword(s):  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Hospitality Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Servant Leaders ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Leadership Attributes ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
New Research

Purpose The purpose of this study is two-fold. First, it systematically reviews and synthesizes research on servant leadership in management and hospitality management literature. Second, by reviewing and comparing the characteristics of the hospitality industry and servant leadership attributes, this study provides insights concerning the conceptualizations and theorization of servant leadership in hospitality management and discusses future research directions. Design/methodology/approach The current study reviewed 106 articles published during the period of 1970 to 2018 in hospitality management and broader management literature. Findings The characteristics of the hospitality industry and servant leadership attributes were found to be mutually inclusive, both consisting qualities such as trust, integrity, honesty, care, servant behavior, listening and community focus. Practical implications Scholars should concentrate on exploring what makes servant leaders unique in the hospitality industry. Originality/value The study reviews the hospitality characteristics, and servant leadership attributes offer new research avenues.

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