Climate funds could boost Africa's economic prospects

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Development Opportunity ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Average Irradiance

Subject Outlook for climate change support for Africa. Significance Global temperatures will likely rise by 2.7-3.4 degrees centigrade from pre-industrial levels, even if states adhere to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction pledges under the Paris Agreement. Africa will be especially vulnerable, with higher disease burdens and food insecurity probable. However, substantial funding commitments linked to Paris may present a development opportunity. Impacts South Africa's decision to reduce energy procurement from independent producers will slow investment in renewables. Global networks of cities such as C40 will set voluntary GHG reduction targets for metropolitan governments. Coastal communities will be at risk from sea level rises, given the absence of adequate protective infrastructure. Africa's high average irradiance per day (4-6 kilowatt hours per square metre) will appeal to investors in solar energy systems.

scholarly journals Criteria and Decision Support for A Sustainable Choice of Alternative Marine Fuels

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3623
Author(s):  
Karin Andersson ◽  
Selma Brynolf ◽  
Julia Hansson ◽  
Maria Grahn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Good Decision ◽  
Life Cycle Perspective ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Energy Conversion Systems

To reach the International Maritime Organization, IMO, vision of a 50% greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction by 2050, there is a need for action. Good decision support is needed for decisions on fuel and energy conversion systems due to the complexity. This paper aims to get an overview of the criteria types included in present assessments of future marine fuels, to evaluate these and to highlight the most important criteria. This is done using a literature review of selected scientific articles and reports and the authors’ own insights from assessing marine fuels. There are different views regarding the goal of fuel change, what fuel names to use as well as regarding the criteria to assess, which therefore vary in the literature. Quite a few articles and reports include a comparison of several alternative fuels. To promote a transition to fuels with significant GHG reduction potential, it is crucial to apply a life cycle perspective and to assess fuel options in a multicriteria perspective. The recommended minimum set of criteria to consider when evaluating future marine fuels differ somewhat between fuels that can be used in existing ships and fuels that can be used in new types of propulsion systems.

scholarly journals The green-house gas (GHG) emission’s reduction mechanisms for biofuels in the European legislation

OCL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Philippe Dusser
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Reduction Mechanisms ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Emission Reduction Target ◽  
The Eu

GHG reductions are a major focus of the EU policy. Several regulations have been set in order to meet the EU commitments under the Paris Agreement with an overall reduction of 40% from 1990 level. For the transport sector which is responsible for around 20% of the total GHG emissions, the GHG reductions obligations have been translated by i) reinforced GHG reduction thresholds for biofuels into the recast Renewable Energy Directive RED II; ii) an ambitious target of 30% GHG emission reduction target from 2005 level in the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR) common to “non-ETS sector” (not covered by the Emission Trading System – ETS) as agriculture, building, waste… and transport. Furthermore, other EU regulations directed to Cars, Vans as well as Heavy Duty Vehicles set GHG emission reduction targets for new vehicle up to 2030. Finally, in its communication “A Clean Planet for All” the EU Commission describes A Strategy for 2050 to achieve a carbon neutral economy. This article addresses also the case of the German “GHG quota” which is a national support system for biofuels and as such is parallel to the European obligations stemming from the RED II renewable energy mandates that are to be met by Germany.

scholarly journals Study on Relationship between DAK Forestry Program and GHG Reduction Target in Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Joko Tri Haryanto
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Significant Alignment ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Presidential Decree ◽  
Target Set ◽  
The Government ◽  
Emission Reduction Target

It has been agreed that forestry is a key sector in the effort to tackle global warming. The government has demonstrated actual commitment to reduce GHG emissions by 26% with their own budget and by 41% with international financing. This commitment is set forth in Presidential Decree No. 61 Year 2011. This regulation indicates that one of the largest emitters is the forestry sector. The government has already allocated Specific Allocation Fund (DAK) Forestry in the State Budget annually to support forest rehabilitation. Despite the relatively small amount, the fund allocation is increasing significantly each year. The question is how the allocation for DAK Forestry can be synchronized with the GHG emission reduction target set forth in Presidential Decree No. 61 of 2011. For that reason, this study has been conducted in order to analyze the conformity of DAK Forestry funding with the emission reduction targets set forth in Presidential Decree No. 61 of 2011. By using qualitative descriptive statistical approach, it is known that the use of DAK Forestry fund as from 2010 to 2014 has had a significant alignment in support of GHG emission reduction target set forth in Presidential Decree No. 61 of 2011.

scholarly journals The Modelling of Power System of Ukraine Development for Assessment of Nationally Determined Contribution of Ukraine to the Paris Agreement

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
B.A. Kostyukovskyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Modeling Tool ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Ukraine is obligated to adopt Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement (NDC2) in 2021 for a period up to 2030 as a percent of 1990, requiring correct projection of green-houses gases (GHG) emissions first of all in key categories, one of that is heat and electricity production by thermal power plants (TPP) and combined heat and electricity production (CHP) which are burning organic fuel. The Ministry of environment protection and natural resources of Ukraine (MEP) proposed GHG reduction of 65% compared to 1990 which is about 3.2% lower compared to 2018, and there is a very ambitious goal taking into account desired rapid Ukrainian economic growth. To assess the reliability of this proposal the appropriate modeling GHG emission reduction from TPP and CHP was made and presented in the article. The modelling was made taking into account methodological approaches of TIMES-Ukraine modeling system, which is the basic tool for assessment of GHG reduction potential in Ukraine for MEP, and also alternative one used in BACS-RVE modeling tool, which was used for calculations for "Generation Adequacy report" which was developed by Ukrainian transmission system operator "Ukrenergo". The analysis of the modeling results showed that neglecting in the methodology used in TIMES-Ukraine the operation modes of generation and required levels of power grid balance reliability indicators does not allow fully adequately project power system development. The modeling results using BACS-RVE modeling tool showed that the reference case scenario of generation development (according to the TIMES-Ukraine) could be feasible under the condition that GHG emission tax should not be less than 100 EUR per tonne of CO2eqv, and potentially will cause the increase of electricity price. Another important result obtained using BACS-RVE is that GHG emission level for 2030 is higher compared to the reference case scenario, hence additional modeling and discussion of results are required to ensure well-grounded GHG emission projection which will allow reviewing NDC obligation for the power sector of Ukraine. Keywords: power system, greenhouse gases, modeling, load profiles, grid balance reliability

scholarly journals Evaluating Green Strategies for the Reduction of Climate-Altering Gas Emissions Using LCA

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 1151
Author(s):  
Paola Marrone ◽  
Federico Orsini
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Lca Methodology ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Building Sector ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
First Results

According to the previsions of Paris Agreement 2015, several Green Strategies (GS) can be implemented to control and reduce the GHG emissions due to the building sector and construction industries. The paper presents the first results of a research in progress that aims to evaluate the capability of GS in GHG reduction into the construction industries. In particular, the work, based on LCA methodology, compares different GS applied for the production of a concrete self-locking blocks for outdoor pavement (COP) and underlines the general capability in reducing the GHG emission of the green strategies applied.

Impacts and adaptation to climate change in Malaysian real estate

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamsuddin Shahid ◽  
Sahar Hadi Pour ◽  
Xiaojun Wang ◽  
Sabbir Ahmed Shourav ◽  
Anil Minhans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Northeast Monsoon ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government

Purpose There is a growing concern in recent years regarding climate change risks to real estate in the developed and developing countries. It is anticipated that the property sector could be affected by variable climate and related extremes as well as by the strategies adopted to combat greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This paper aims to analyse the current knowledge regarding future climate changes to understand their possible impacts on the real estate sector of Malaysia with an aim to help stakeholders to adopt necessary responses to reduce negative impacts. Design/methodology/approach Available literature is reviewed and data related to climatic influences on buildings and structures are analysed to understand the climate change impacts on real estate in Malaysia. Findings The study reveals that temperature in the Peninsular Malaysia will increase by 1.1 to 3.6°C, rainfall will be more variable and river discharge in some river basins will increase up to 43 per cent during the northeast monsoon season by the end of this century. These changes in turn will pose risks of property damage and increase property lifecycle costs. Furthermore, property prices and the overall growth of the property sector may be affected by the government policy of GHG emission reduction by up to 45 per cent by the year 2030. This study concludes that the property sector of Malaysia will be most affected by the implementation of GHG emission reduction policy in the short term and due to the physical risk posed by variable climate and related extremes in the long term. Originality/value The study in general will assist in guiding the operational responses of various authorities, especially in terms of those interventions aimed at climate change risk reduction in the property sector of Malaysia.

scholarly journals Assessment of the GHG Reduction Potential from Energy Crops Using a Combined LCA and Biogeochemical Process Models: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Jiang ◽  
Mengmeng Hao ◽  
Jingying Fu ◽  
Qiao Wang ◽  
Yaohuan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Energy Crop ◽  
Biogeochemical Process ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Ghg Reduction

The main purpose for developing biofuel is to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, but the comprehensive environmental impact of such fuels is not clear. Life cycle analysis (LCA), as a complete comprehensive analysis method, has been widely used in bioenergy assessment studies. Great efforts have been directed toward establishing an efficient method for comprehensively estimating the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction potential from the large-scale cultivation of energy plants by combining LCA with ecosystem/biogeochemical process models. LCA presents a general framework for evaluating the energy consumption and GHG emission from energy crop planting, yield acquisition, production, product use, and postprocessing. Meanwhile, ecosystem/biogeochemical process models are adopted to simulate the fluxes and storage of energy, water, carbon, and nitrogen in the soil-plant (energy crops) soil continuum. Although clear progress has been made in recent years, some problems still exist in current studies and should be addressed. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art method for estimating GHG emission reduction through developing energy crops and introduces in detail a new approach for assessing GHG emission reduction by combining LCA with biogeochemical process models. The main achievements of this study along with the problems in current studies are described and discussed.

scholarly journals Persistent fire foci in all biomes undermine the Paris Agreement in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Antonio da Silva Junior ◽  
Paulo Eduardo Teodoro ◽  
Rafael Coll Delgado ◽  
Larissa Pereira Ribeiro Teodoro ◽  
Mendelson Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Parametric Statistics ◽  
The Government

Abstract Brazil is one of the world’s biggest emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Fire foci across the country contributes to these emissions and compromises emission reduction targets pledged by Brazil under the Paris Agreement. In this paper, we quantify fire foci, burned areas, and carbon emissions in all Brazilian biomes (i.e., Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pantanal and Pampa). We analyzed these variables using cluster analysis and non-parametric statistics to predict carbon and CO2 emissions for the next decade. Our results showed no increase in the number of fire foci and carbon emissions for the evaluated time series, whereby the highest emissions occur and will persist in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. The Atlantic Forest, Pantanal, Caatinga and Pampa biomes had low emissions compared to the Amazon and Cerrado. Based on 2030 projections, the sum of emissions from fire foci in the six Brazilian biomes will exceed 5.7 Gt CO2, compromising the national GHG reduction targets. To reduce GHG emissions, Brazil will need to control deforestation induced by the expansion of the agricultural frontier in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. This can only be achieved through significant political effort involving the government, entrepreneurs and society as a collective.

Costs and Benefits of the Transition to Low-carbon Economyin Russia: Perspectives up to 2050

2014 ◽  
pp. 70-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Bashmakov ◽  
A. Myshak
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Emissions Mitigation ◽  
Very High

This paper investigates costs and benefits associated with low-carbon economic development pathways realization to the mid XXI century. 30 scenarios covering practically all “visions of the future” were developed by several research groups based on scenario assumptions agreed upon in advance. It is shown that with a very high probability Russian energy-related GHG emissions will reach the peak before 2050, which will be at least 11% below the 1990 emission level. The height of the peak depends on portfolio of GHG emissions mitigation measures. Efforts to keep 2050 GHG emissions 25-30% below the 1990 level bring no GDP losses. GDP impact of deep GHG emission reduction - by 50% of the 1990 level - varies from plus 4% to minus 9%. Finally, very deep GHG emission reduction - by 80% - may bring GDP losses of over 10%.

Terrorism, organised crime and threat mitigation in a globalised world

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-961
Author(s):  
Yara El Siwi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subsequent Section ◽  
Threat Mitigation ◽  
Organised Crime Groups ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Substantial Interest

Purpose The gruesome attacks of 11 September 2001 signalled a powerful paradigm shift in international politics: governments previously accustomed to military menaces were now being increasingly threatened by independent, non-state actors. Consequently, a plethora of literature emerged, looking to better understand the nature of these actors. An aspect that has attracted substantial interest is the inter-relation between terrorism and organised crime (OC). This paper aims to answer the question as to whether, for the purpose of controlling and mitigating the threat they pose to society, there is meaning in differentiating between terrorist organisations (TOs) and organised crime groups (OCGs). Design/methodology/approach The first section of the paper will provide an account of the various kinds of threats posed by OCGs and TOs. The subsequent section will question whether it is possible, in today’s globalised era, to distinguish between these two actors, while the last sections will ask if such a differentiation is desirable. Findings OCGs and TOs display a clear divergence: the former’s motivation is financial while the latter’s political. With the end of the Cold War, however, each type of organisation has been building up the capabilities of the other, helped by the force of global networks. As such, these two actors now exist within the same body – a continuum – that renders their separation difficult. As to the question of desirability, the separation of the two phenomena has often led to the adoption of highly disproportionate militarised and securitised measures, resulting in a dangerous blending of law enforcement and security service methodology. Originality/value Many have argued for the separation of the “terrorist” from the “criminal”, on the grounds that the former is particularly heinous and deserving of more severe measures. Others have studied the evolution of these two phenomena to understand whether the lines separating them have been blurring and the extent to which this affects law-enforcement. This paper goes beyond notions of feasibility and poses the following question: has the traditional separation of these phenomena led to a desirable regime?

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