3D modelling and printing of craniofacial implant template

Purpose To relieve intracranial pressure and save patient inflicted with severe head injury, neurosurgeons restore cranial defects. These defects can be caused because of trauma or diseases (Osteomyelitis of bone) which are treated by cranioplasty, using the preserved bone of patient. In case of non-availability of bone, a cranial implant is generated using a biocompatible synthetic material, but this process is less accurate and time-consuming. Hence, this paper aims to present the use of rapid prototyping technology that allows the development of a more accurate patient-specific template and saves the surgery time. Design/methodology/approach A five-year-old girl patient having cranial defect was taken up for cranioplasty. CT (computed tomography) scans of the patient were used to generate 3D design of the implant suitable to conceal the defect on the left frontal portion using CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/ computer-aided manufacturing) software. The design was used for 3D printing to manufacture a base template, which was finally used to fabricate the actual implant using Simplex® P bone cement material to conceal the defect. Findings Surgery using Simplex® P implant was performed successfully on the patient, giving precise natural curvature to left frontal portion of the patient, decreasing surgery time by about 30 per cent. Originality/value The case demonstrates the development of a convenient, time-saving and aesthetically superior digital procedure to treat cranial defect in the absence of preserved bone flap using CT scan as input. 3D modelling and printing were deployed to produce an accurate template which was used to generate an implant using bone cement biocompatible material.

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The current status on 3D scanning and CAD/CAM applications in textile research

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology ◽

10.1108/ijcst-07-2018-0094 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 891-907

Author(s):

Ivana Špelic

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Textile Industry ◽

Future Trend ◽

Current Status ◽

New Production ◽

Initial Development ◽

Content Type ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Cam Systems

Purpose In order to present a significant usage of the computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems in the apparel and textile industry, the current literature has been observed. Although the CAD/CAM systems have also been increasingly applied to all fields apparel and textile manufacturing for the last few decades, improving the precision, productivity and the organization of the information flow, they have not been fully utilized in these industrial fields. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The paper is structured in three main sections showing the vast applicability of the CAD/CAM systems, the benefits provided by them and the future trend in their development. Findings Although the initial development of the CAD/CAM systems strived to completely eliminate manual and time-consuming operations, they have not been accepted in practice due to their inﬂexibility at making changes and the time needed for regenerating a complex parametric model. The textile and apparel industries show slow progress in acquiring the CAD/CAM systems. Originality/value This CAD/CAM technology enabled the customization in the design process according to individual needs and directed the textile and the apparel industry to moving into new directions such as the mass customization to personalization. The paper makes clear that although this technological concept is rather old, the use of the CAD/CAM systems will inevitably broaden in terms of applicability to new production stages.

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Computer-Assisted Mandibular Reconstruction using a Patient-Specific Reconstruction Plate Fabricated with Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Techniques

Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction ◽

10.1055/s-0034-1371356 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 158-166 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Frank Wilde ◽

Carl-Peter Cornelius ◽

Alexander Schramm

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Mandibular Reconstruction ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Reconstruction Plate ◽

Fibula Flap ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Aided Design ◽

Five Axis

We investigated the workflow of computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction that was performed with a patient-specific mandibular reconstruction plate fabricated with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques and a fibula flap. We assessed the feasibility of this technique from virtual planning to the completion of surgery. Computed tomography (CT) scans of a cadaveric skull and fibula were obtained for the virtual simulation of mandibular resection and reconstruction using ProPlan CMF software (Materialise®/DePuy Synthes®). The virtual model of the reconstructed mandible provided the basis for the computer-aided design of a patient-specific reconstruction plate that was milled from titanium using a five-axis milling machine and CAM techniques. CAD/CAM techniques were used for producing resection guides for mandibular resection and cutting guides for harvesting a fibula flap. Mandibular reconstruction was simulated in a cadaveric wet laboratory. No problems were encountered during the procedure. The plate was fixed accurately to the residual bone without difficulty. The fibula segments were attached to the plate rapidly and reliably. The fusion of preoperative and postoperative CT datasets demonstrated high reconstruction precision. Computer-assisted mandibular reconstruction with CAD/CAM-fabricated patient-specific reconstruction plates appears to be a promising approach for mandibular reconstruction. Clinical trials are required to determine whether these promising results can be translated into successful practice and what further developments are needed.

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Computer Aided Design of Implant Based Dental Restorations

Volume 3: Design; Tribology; Education ◽

10.1115/esda2008-59241 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Ming C. Leu ◽

Amit Gawate

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Facial Features ◽

Cad Model ◽

Dental Restorations ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Scan Data ◽

Aided Design ◽

Cam Systems

Implant based dental restorations have many advantages over standard removable dentures because using implants can prevent the loss of jawbones, help restore facial features, and enable the patients to get firm bites. A critical step in this kind of restorations is the fabrication of the dental bar on which the denture sits. A dental bar is patient-specific because each patient’s jawbone is unique and the device needs to be conforming to the patient’s gingival surface. The design of a dental bar is crucial to the success of dental restorations. Traditionally, designing a dental bar is a lengthy and laborious process and requires high levels of craftsmanship. There have been attempts to develop CAD/CAM systems towards automating design and fabrication of dental restorations. However, currently available commercial CAD/CAM systems are only capable of making crowns, bridges, copings, onlays and veneers, and they are not capable of making dental restorations involving multiple teeth. The present paper describes a method for computer aided design of a dental bar used in implant based dental restorations. The method starts with a set of digital scan data representing the patient’s gingival surface and generates a CAD model of a dental bar that is ready for fabrication of a physical dental bar.

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A Survey of Dentists’ Perception of Chair-Side CAD/CAM Technology

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9010068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 68

Author(s):

Mohammad Zakaria Nassani ◽

Shukran Ibraheem ◽

Enass Shamsy ◽

Mahmoud Darwish ◽

Asmaa Faden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Time Saving ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Riyadh City ◽

Dental Practitioners ◽

Wide Range ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam

The application of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology in dentistry has rapidly expanded. This survey aimed to investigate attitudes and current practice of dentists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia regarding chair-side CAD/CAM technology. An online questionnaire was prepared and sent to a convenience sample of dentists in Riyadh. Questions related to practice aspects of chair-side CAD/CAM system, attitudes and training were presented. A total of 114 questionnaires were completed (77.6% response rate). Study population comprised dentists of a wide range of clinical experience who are working in the various regions of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Of the participants, 27.2% indicated the presence of a chair-side CAD/CAM system at their current workplace and 57% used the chair-side CAD/CAM in the fabrication of dental crowns. The vast majority of participants (81%) believe that the overall quality of chair-side CAD/CAM restorations is at least as good as those fabricated by a lab technician or much better. Most responding dentists considered the chair-side CAD/CAM system as important in terms of time saving, boosting the number of visiting patients and income improvement. The willingness to dedicate the time and effort to learn the chair-side CAD/CAM technology was apparent amid a high proportion of dentists (75.4%). The findings of this pilot survey reflect broad satisfaction and positive attitude among the surveyed dentists towards use and outcome of chair-side CAD/CAM technology in the dental clinical practice. It seems that the CAD/CAM technology has infiltrated into the workflow of Saudi dental practices with speculations of growing implementation among the wider sector of dental practitioners in the future.

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Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint—impression free CAD/CAM based joint replacement using patient-specific implants

Journal of Surgical Case Reports ◽

10.1093/jscr/rjaa416 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (10) ◽

Author(s):

D G E Thiem ◽

B Al-Nawas ◽

P W Kämmerer

Keyword(s):

Temporomandibular Joint ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Mouth Opening ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Patient Specific Implants ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

3D Printed ◽

Aided Design

Abstract In recent years, alloplastic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) replacement has become a permissible procedure for the reconstruction of severely destroyed TMJs. The use of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) has extended the range of applications to complex anatomical situations. The aim of the treatment is to improve the usually restricted mouth opening and thus oral hygiene and nutrition, which leads to a regular improvement in the general quality of life. The following case report describes the bilateral replacement of ankylotically destroyed TMJs using patient-specific endoprostheses with simultaneous displacement of the maxilla. Innovative in the case described is the impression-free CAD/CAM planning, whereby the upper and lower prostheses were produced on the basis of 3D printed patient models.

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Structural Analysis of Product and Computer-Aided Assembly Planning in AssemBL Software Package

Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science ◽

10.24108/0818.0001424 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 11-33

Author(s):

A. N. Bozhko

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Graph Model ◽

Design System ◽

Assembly Planning ◽

Complex Products ◽

Assembly Sequences ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Aided Design

Computer-aided design of assembly processes (Computer aided assembly planning, CAAP) of complex products is an important and urgent problem of state-of-the-art information technologies. Intensive research on CAAP has been underway since the 1980s. Meanwhile, specialized design systems were created to provide synthesis of assembly plans and product decompositions into assembly units. Such systems as ASPE, RAPID, XAP / 1, FLAPS, Archimedes, PRELEIDES, HAP, etc. can be given, as an example. These experimental developments did not get widespread use in industry, since they are based on the models of products with limited adequacy and require an expert’s active involvement in preparing initial information. The design tools for the state-of-the-art full-featured CAD/CAM systems (Siemens NX, Dassault CATIA and PTC Creo Elements / Pro), which are designed to provide CAAP, mainly take into account the geometric constraints that the design imposes on design solutions. These systems often synthesize technologically incorrect assembly sequences in which known technological heuristics are violated, for example orderliness in accuracy, consistency with the system of dimension chains, etc.An AssemBL software application package has been developed for a structured analysis of products and a synthesis of assembly plans and decompositions. The AssemBL uses a hyper-graph model of a product that correctly describes coherent and sequential assembly operations and processes. In terms of the hyper-graph model, an assembly operation is described as shrinkage of edge, an assembly plan is a sequence of shrinkages that converts a hyper-graph into the point, and a decomposition of product into assembly units is a hyper-graph partition into sub-graphs.The AssemBL solves the problem of minimizing the number of direct checks for geometric solvability when assembling complex products. This task is posed as a plus-sum two-person game of bicoloured brushing of an ordered set. In the paradigm of this model, the brushing operation is to check a certain structured fragment for solvability by collision detection methods. A rational brushing strategy minimizes the number of such checks.The package is integrated into the Siemens NX 10.0 computer-aided design system. This solution allowed us to combine specialized AssemBL tools with a developed toolkit of one of the most powerful and popular integrated CAD/CAM /CAE systems.

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3D Printing & Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Opportunities and Challenges

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.01.006 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (01) ◽

pp. 4723 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Bhusnure O. G.* ◽

Gholve V. S. ◽

Sugave B. K. ◽

Dongre R. C. ◽

Gore S. A. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

3D Printing ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Computer Design ◽

3D Scaffolds ◽

Engineering Research ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Computer Aided

Many researchers have attempted to use computer-aided design (C.A.D) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) to realize a scaffold that provides a three-dimensional (3D) environment for regeneration of tissues and organs. As a result, several 3D printing technologies, including stereolithography, deposition modeling, inkjet-based printing and selective laser sintering have been developed. Because these 3D printing technologies use computers for design and fabrication, and they can fabricate 3D scaffolds as designed; as a consequence, they can be standardized. Growth of target tissues and organs requires the presence of appropriate growth factors, so fabrication of 3Dscaffold systems that release these biomolecules has been explored. A drug delivery system (D.D.S) that administrates a pharmaceutical compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in cells, animals and humans is a key technology that delivers biomolecules without side effects caused by excessive doses. 3D printing technologies and D. D. Ss have been assembled successfully, so new possibilities for improved tissue regeneration have been suggested. If the interaction between cells and scaffold system with biomolecules can be understood and controlled, and if an optimal 3D tissue regenerating environment is realized, 3D printing technologies will become an important aspect of tissue engineering research in the near future. 3D Printing promises to produce complex biomedical devices according to computer design using patient-specific anatomical data. Since its initial use as pre-surgical visualization models and tooling molds, 3D Printing has slowly evolved to create one-of-a-kind devices, implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, diagnostic platforms, and drug delivery systems. Fuelled by the recent explosion in public interest and access to affordable printers, there is renewed interest to combine stem cells with custom 3D scaffolds for personalized regenerative medicine. Before 3D Printing can be used routinely for the regeneration of complex tissues (e.g. bone, cartilage, muscles, vessels, nerves in the craniomaxillofacial complex), and complex organs with intricate 3D microarchitecture (e.g. liver, lymphoid organs), several technological limitations must be addressed. Until recently, tablet designs had been restricted to the relatively small number of shapes that are easily achievable using traditional manufacturing methods. As 3D printing capabilities develop further, safety and regulatory concerns are addressed and the cost of the technology falls, contract manufacturers and pharmaceutical companies that experiment with these 3D printing innovations are likely to gain a competitive edge. This review compose the basics, types & techniques used, advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing

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Fracture Load of Metal, Zirconia and Polyetheretherketone Posterior CAD-CAM Milled Fixed Partial Denture Frameworks

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14040959 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 959

Author(s):

Verónica Rodríguez ◽

Celia Tobar ◽

Carlos López-Suárez ◽

Jesús Peláez ◽

María J. Suárez

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Fracture Load ◽

Fracture Pattern ◽

Bending Test ◽

Weibull Statistics ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Group 2

The aim of this study was to investigate the load to fracture and fracture pattern of prosthetic frameworks for tooth-supported fixed partial dentures (FPDs) fabricated with different subtractive computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) materials. Materials and Methods: Thirty standardized specimens with two abutments were fabricated to receive three-unit posterior FDP frameworks with an intermediate pontic. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10 each) according to the material: group 1 (MM)—milled metal; group 2 (L)—zirconia; and group 3 (P)—Polyetheretherketone (PEEK). The specimens were thermo-cycled and subjected to a three-point bending test until fracture using a universal testing machine (cross-head speed: 1 mm/min). Axial compressive loads were applied at the central fossa of the pontics. Data analysis was made using one-way analysis of variance, Tamhane post hoc test, and Weibull statistics (α = 0.05). Results: Significant differences were observed among the groups for the fracture load (p < 0.0001). MM frameworks showed the highest fracture load values. The PEEK group registered higher fracture load values than zirconia samples. The Weibull statistics corroborated these results. The fracture pattern was different among the groups. Conclusions: Milled metal provided the highest fracture load values, followed by PEEK, and zirconia. However, all tested groups demonstrated clinically acceptable fracture load values higher than 1000 N. PEEK might be considered a promising alternative for posterior FPDs.

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Evaluation of the Feasibility of NaCaPO4-Blended Zirconia as a New CAD/CAM Material for Dental Restoration

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14143819 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 3819

Author(s):

Ting-Hsun Lan ◽

Yu-Feng Chen ◽

Yen-Yun Wang ◽

Mitch M. C. Chou

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Dental Restoration ◽

Numerical Control ◽

Test Results ◽

Cnc Machine ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Aided Design ◽

Better Than

The computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) fabrication technique has become one of the hottest topics in the dental field. This technology can be applied to fixed partial dentures, removable dentures, and implant prostheses. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of NaCaPO4-blended zirconia as a new CAD/CAM material. Eleven different proportional samples of zirconia and NaCaPO4 (xZyN) were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Vickers microhardness, and the milling property of these new samples was tested via a digital optical microscope. After calcination at 950 °C for 4 h, XRD results showed that the intensity of tetragonal ZrO2 gradually decreased with an increase in the content of NaCaPO4. Furthermore, with the increase in NaCaPO4 content, the sintering became more obvious, which improved the densification of the sintered body and reduced its porosity. Specimens went through milling by a computer numerical control (CNC) machine, and the marginal integrity revealed that being sintered at 1350 °C was better than being sintered at 950 °C. Moreover, 7Z3N showed better marginal fit than that of 6Z4N among thirty-six samples when sintered at 1350 °C (p < 0.05). The milling test results revealed that 7Z3N could be a new CAD/CAM material for dental restoration use in the future.

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Characterisation of the Filler Fraction in CAD/CAM Resin-Based Composites

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14081986 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 1986

Author(s):

Andreas Koenig ◽

Julius Schmidtke ◽

Leonie Schmohl ◽

Sibylle Schneider-Feyrer ◽

Martin Rosentritt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computer Aided Design ◽

Point Of View ◽

Specific Information ◽

Dental Resin ◽

X Ray ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Cad Cam ◽

Filler Fraction ◽

The Individual ◽

Aided Design

The performance of dental resin-based composites (RBCs) heavily depends on the characteristic properties of the individual filler fraction. As specific information regarding the properties of the filler fraction is often missing, the current study aims to characterize the filler fractions of several contemporary computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) RBCs from a material science point of view. The filler fractions of seven commercially available CAD/CAM RBCs featuring different translucency variants were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Micro-X-ray Computed Tomography (µXCT), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD). All CAD/CAM RBCs investigated included midifill hybrid type filler fractions, and the size of the individual particles was clearly larger than the individual specifications of the manufacturer. The fillers in Shofu Block HC featured a sphericity of ≈0.8, while it was <0.7 in all other RBCs. All RBCs featured only X-ray amorphous phases. However, in Lava Ultimate, zircon crystals with low crystallinity were detected. In some CAD/CAM RBCs, inhomogeneities (X-ray opaque fillers or pores) with a size <80 µm were identified, but the effects were minor in relation to the total volume (<0.01 vol.%). The characteristic parameters of the filler fraction in RBCs are essential for the interpretation of the individual material’s mechanical and optical properties.

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