Historical BackgroundBy way of background, I shall give a brief summary of Islamic educationalinstitutions. First, according to Shalaby, the institution where theQur’an, Hadith (sayings and deeds related to the Prophet Muhammad),Arabic grammar, stories of the prophets, reading, and writing weretaught is the maktub (elementary school). This maktub is different fromthe Dar al-Arqam (see previous article), where the early Muslimsreceived their “quality” of training (educational framework of thinkingand practicing). Bashier describes the Dar al-Arqam as “a sort of schoolout of which the best cadres of nascent Islam graduated.” It is my contentionthat the Dar al-Arqam was more a nmjh (i.e., a place where discussion,teaching, and learning activities took place) Moreover, accordingto Makdisi the maktab became known asthe institution of learning where elementary education took placeand the studies which led to the level of higher education, such asspecialization in law.For him, the maktab was recognized as an elementary school where“khan, calligraphy or writing, . . . [was] taught, as well as the Koran, thecreed (i‘tiqad) and poetry.” This claim is supported by Tibawi whoasserts that “teachers . . . receive[d] pupils in special places possibly aroom in a house . . . for instruction . . . known as [m]aktab or [kuttab,both derived from the Arabic root ‘to write This idea of the maktab ashaving been an elementary school is vindicated by the fact that pupilsentered the school at ages seven to ten, and were placed under the careof the mu‘allim (the most common term used to designate the teacher ofpupils at elementary level). according to Makdisi, studies of the maktabled to study in a “masjid-college or madrasa and to the halqat of theSecond, after the arrival of the Prophet (May the peace and blessingsof Allah be upon him) in Madinah, the first mosque in Islam (MasjidQuba) was erected. The mosque became the major institution in Islamfor the dissemination of Islamic education, and its importance cannot bedenied. It was used as a political and cultural center, a court of justice, aneducational institution, and above all a place of worship. For this reason,the mosque is considered the “first institution of learning.” ...