Cost-effective integration of three-dimensional (3D) ICs emphasizing testing cost analysis

Due to the winding level of the thinned wafers and the surface roughness of silicon dies, the quality of through-silicon vias (TSVs) varies during the fabrication and bonding process. If one TSV exhibits a defect during its manufacturing process, the probability of multiple defects occurring in the TSVs neighboring increases the faulty TSVs (FTSV), i.e., the TSV defects tend to be clustered which significantly reduces the yield of three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs). To resolve the clustered TSV faults, router-based and ring-based redundant TSV (RTSV) architecture were proposed. However, the repair rate is low and the hardware overhead is high. In this paper, we propose a novel cross-cellular based RTSV architecture to utilize the area more efficiently as well as to maintain high yield. The simulation results show that the proposed architecture has higher repair rate as well as more cost-effective overhead, compared with router-based and ring-based methods.

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Cost-effective upgrading of the Arnsberg WWTP by post denitrification with a moving bed system

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2000.0186 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 41 (9) ◽

pp. 123-130

Author(s):

N. Jardin ◽

L. Rath ◽

A. Sabin ◽

F. Schmitt ◽

D. Thöle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Biological Process ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Moving Bed ◽

Trickling Filters ◽

Sludge Hydrolysis ◽

Effective Integration

On the basis of a cost-benefit analysis it was decided to expand the Arnsberg WWTP by a multistage biological process which allows for cost-effective integration of the existing facilities. Carbon removal will then be accomplished in a high-loaded activated sludge stage for which the existing primary clarifier is to be reconstructed. The existing trickling filters will be used for nitrification during a midterm period and will be replaced later on either by a moving bed system or by new trickling filters. Line 3 of the existing secondary clarifiers will be reconstructed and used for post denitrification in a moving bed system. The carbon needed for denitrification will be provided by means of sludge hydrolysis and the use of an external carbon source.

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Watershed Based Approach to Mitigate Flooding and Meet Regulatory Criteria within Airfields by Cost-Effective Integration of 1D, 2D and 3D Hydraulic Modeling

Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation ◽

10.2175/193864715819540171 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 (15) ◽

pp. 2855-2860

Author(s):

Nitin Katiyar ◽

Srikanth Gorugantula ◽

Saša Tomić ◽

Masa Takamatsu

Keyword(s):

Cost Effective ◽

Hydraulic Modeling ◽

2D And 3D ◽

Effective Integration

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Cyber-Physical Systems Improving Building Energy Management: Digital Twin and Artificial Intelligence

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14082338 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 2338

Author(s):

Sofia Agostinelli ◽

Fabrizio Cumo ◽

Giambattista Guidi ◽

Claudio Tomazzoli

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Renewable Energy ◽

Energy Management ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Automation System ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Digital Twin ◽

Building Energy Management ◽

Computing Paradigm

The research explores the potential of digital-twin-based methods and approaches aimed at achieving an intelligent optimization and automation system for energy management of a residential district through the use of three-dimensional data model integrated with Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and machine learning. The case study is focused on Rinascimento III in Rome, an area consisting of 16 eight-floor buildings with 216 apartment units powered by 70% of self-renewable energy. The combined use of integrated dynamic analysis algorithms has allowed the evaluation of different scenarios of energy efficiency intervention aimed at achieving a virtuous energy management of the complex, keeping the actual internal comfort and climate conditions. Meanwhile, the objective is also to plan and deploy a cost-effective IT (information technology) infrastructure able to provide reliable data using edge-computing paradigm. Therefore, the developed methodology led to the evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of integrative systems for renewable energy production from solar energy necessary to raise the threshold of self-produced energy, meeting the nZEB (near zero energy buildings) requirements.

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Trends in pediatric imaging: ultrasound

Acta Radiologica ◽

10.1177/0284185113501808 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 54 (9) ◽

pp. 1096-1105 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ansgar Berg ◽

Gottfried Greve

Keyword(s):

Heart Diseases ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Clinical Work ◽

Ventricular Volume ◽

Tissue Doppler ◽

Doppler Imaging ◽

Strain And Strain Rate ◽

2D Echocardiography ◽

Systolic And Diastolic Function

For the last three decades, two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography and Doppler echocardiography have been the primary imaging modalities for the diagnosis and management of heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents. These methods are non-invasive, highly sensitive, and cost-effective, and widely available, making them very useful in clinical work. During this period, the anatomic and hemodynamic abnormalities associated with different congenital and acquired pediatric heart diseases have been well outlined by echocardiography. Recent advances in computer technology, signal processing, and transducer design have allowed the capabilities of pediatric echocardiography to be expanded beyond qualitative 2D imaging and blood flow Doppler analysis. New modalities such as three-dimensional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking echocardiography have been used to evaluate parameters such as ventricular volume, myocardial velocity, regional strain, and strain rate, providing new insight into cardiovascular morphology and ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Accordingly, a comprehensive and sophisticated quantification of ventricular function is now part of most echocardiography protocols. Use of measurements adjusted for body size and age is common practice today. These developments have further strengthened the position of echocardiography in pediatric cardiology.

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The Use of Photogrammetry in Piping Design

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part A Power and Process Engineering ◽

10.1243/pime_proc_1983_197_014_02 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 197 (2) ◽

pp. 125-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P A Bracewell ◽

U R Klement

Keyword(s):

Information Retrieval ◽

Mathematical Formulation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Process Industry ◽

Process Plant ◽

Definition Of ◽

High Degree ◽

Positional Data

Piping design for ‘revamp’ projects in the process industry requires the retrieval of large amounts of ‘as-built’ data from existing process plant installations. Positional data with a high degree of accuracy are required. Photogrammetry, the science of measurement from photographs, was identified in Imperial Chemical Industries plc (ICI) as a suitable tool for information retrieval. The mathematical formulation enabling the definition of three-dimensional positions from photographic information is described. The process of using ICI's photogrammetric system for the definition of complete objects such as structures and pipes is illustrated. The need for specialized photogrammetric software for design purposes is explained. A case study describing how the photogrammetric system has been applied is described and graphical outputs from this exercise are shown. It is concluded that this particular photogrammetric system has proved to be a cost effective and accurate tool for the retrieval of ‘as-built’ information.

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Computation of Three-Dimensional, Rotational Flow Through Turbomachinery Blade Rows for Improved Aerodynamic Design Studies

Volume 1: Turbomachinery ◽

10.1115/86-gt-26 ◽

1986 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. V. Subramanian ◽

R. Bozzola ◽

Louis A. Povinelli

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Maximum Flow ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Computer Code ◽

Integration Scheme ◽

Aerodynamic Design ◽

Design Studies ◽

Flow Equations ◽

Transonic Compressor ◽

Numerical Predictions

The performance of a three dimensional computer code developed for predicting the flowfield in stationary and rotating turbomachinery blade rows is described in this study. The four stage Runge-Kutta numerical integration scheme is used for solving the governing flow equations and yields solution to the full, three dimensional, unsteady Euler equations in cylindrical coordinates. This method is fully explicit and uses the finite volume, time marching procedure. In order to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the code, steady solutions were obtained for several cascade geometries under widely varying flow conditions. Computed flowfield results are presented for a fully subsonic turbine stator and a low aspect ratio, transonic compressor rotor blade under maximum flow and peak efficiency design conditions. Comparisons with Laser Anemometer measurements and other numerical predictions are also provided to illustrate that the present method predicts important flow features with good accuracy and can be used for cost effective aerodynamic design studies.

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Simple fabrication of a three-dimensional porous polymer film as a diffuser for organic light emitting diodes

Nanoscale ◽

10.1039/c4nr04856c ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (23) ◽

pp. 14446-14452 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Byung Wan Lim ◽

Min Chul Suh

Keyword(s):

Polymer Film ◽

Spin Coating ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Porous Polymer ◽

Organic Light Emitting Diodes ◽

Coating Process ◽

Light Emitting ◽

Organic Light ◽

Ultrasonic Humidifier

We have investigated a simple and cost-effective fabrication method for a porous polymer film employing the spin-coating process during continuous supply of water droplets by an ultrasonic humidifier.

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