Breast milk contains probiotics with anti‐infantile diarrhoea effects that may protect infants as they change to solid foods

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 1750-1764
Author(s):  
Haiyue Niu ◽  
Xiaohong Zhou ◽  
Xuguang Zhang ◽  
Tongjie Liu ◽  
Yifan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infantile Diarrhoea ◽  
Solid Foods

The Use of Whole Cow's Milk in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1105-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Iron Deficient

The pediatrician is faced with a difficult challenge in providing recommendations for optimal nutrition in older infants. Because the milk (or formula) portion of the diet represents 35% to 100% of total daily calories and because WCM and breast milk or infant formula differ markedly in composition, the selection of a milk or formula has a great impact on nutrient intake. Infants fed WCM have low intakes of iron, linoleic acid, and vitamin E, and excessive intakes of sodium, potassium, and protein, illustrating the poor nutritional compatibility of solid foods and WCM. These nutrient intakes are not optimal and may result in altered nutritional status, with the most dramatic effect on iron status. Infants fed iron-fortified formula or breast milk for the first 12 months of life generally maintain normal iron status. No studies have concluded that the introduction of WCM into the diet at 6 months of age produces adequate iron status in later infancy; however, recent studies have demonstrated that iron status is significantly impaired when WCM is introduced into the diet of 6-month-old infants. Data from studies abroad of highly iron-deficient infant populations suggest that infants fed partially modified milk formulas with supplemental iron in a highly bioavailable form (ferrous sulfate) may maintain adequate iron status. However, these studies do not address the overall nutritional adequacy of the infant's diet. Such formulas have not been studied in the United States. Optimal nutrition of the infant involves selecting the appropriate milk source and eventually introducing infant solid foods. To achieve this goal, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be fed breast milk for the first 6 to 12 months. The only acceptable alternative to breast milk is iron-fortified infant formula. Appropriate solid foods should be added between the ages of 4 and 6 months. Consumption of breast milk or iron-fortified formula, along with age-appropriate solid foods and juices, during the first 12 months of life allows for more balanced nutrition. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that whole cow's milk and low-iron formulas not be used during the first year of life.

Supporting Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Sidney R. Kemberling
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Elderly Woman ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Simple Solution ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Spanish Family ◽  
Good Nutrition

For those interested in another approach to breast-feeding, Jelliffe and Jelliffe have recently published an elegant paper titled " Breast Is Best."4 Developing skills that enhance breast-feeding can be learned by reading the books listed at the end of this article. If pediatricians want to be strong advocates of breast-feeding, they must be convinced of the advantages of breast milk. Many physicians say that they support breast-feeding but will, for instance, send formula bottles to the bedside of a breast-feeding mother. The antagonistic physician or member of the office team may make remarks such as "Are you going to breast-feed until your child goes to school?" " Are you still breast-feeding?" or " The baby needs solid foods for good nutrition." These innuendos can defeat and demoralize the breast-feeding mother. Unless the physician provides strong support against these remarks, the mother will lose her confidence. Many husbands who are advocates of breast-feeding will defend her against these discouraging remarks. Group sessions of lactating mothers also bolster morale. Many mothers find duenna substitutes whom they can communicate with by telephone. (A duenna is an elderly woman who has charge of young unmarried women in a Spanish family.) However, when breast-feeding mothers confront a serious problem for which they have no simple solution, the pediatrician has to provide the ultimate backup support.

scholarly journals Associations Between Breast Milk Feeding, Introduction of Solid Foods, and Weight Gain in the First 12 Months of Life

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1059-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Klag ◽  
Kelly McNamara ◽  
Sheela R. Geraghty ◽  
Sarah A. Keim
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Milk Feeding

scholarly journals Dietary intake of manganese by New Zealand infants during the first six months of life

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara E. McLeod ◽  
Marion F. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Young Infants

The manganese concentrations of breast-milk, liquid and dried cow's milk, and foods widely used in mixed feeding of infants in New Zealand, were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.The dietary supply of Mn to infants during the first 6 months was calculated. This varied from 2.5 to 75 μg/d per kg body-weight depending upon the age of the infant, the type of milk and the quantity of solid foods consumed. Young infants in New Zealand received about as much Mn as has been reported for infants elsewhere.

scholarly journals Analisi Kandungan FE dalam Air Susu Ibu (ASI) pada Ibu Menyusui

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 051-055
Author(s):  
Dwi Ernawati ◽  
Ismarwati Ismarwati ◽  
Henny Parida Hutapea
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Aas Method

Kandungan zat besi baik di dalam ASI maupun susu formula keduanya rendah serta bervariasi. Namun bayi yang mendapat ASI mempunyai risiko yang lebih kecil untuk mengalami kekurangan zat besi dibanding dengan bayi yang mendapat susu formula. Hal ini disebabkan karena zat besi yang berasal dari ASI lebih mudah diserap, yaitu 20-50% dibandingkan hanya 4 -7% pada susu formula. Keadaan ini tidak perlu dikuatirkan karena dengan pemberian makanan padat yang mengandung zat besi mulai usia 6 bulan masalah kekurangan zat besi ini dapat diatasi(Hendarto & Pringgadini 2013). Fe merupakan salah satu zat yang berperan dalam pertumbuhan bayi. Dan banyak yang masyarakat yang beraggapan bahwa status gizi pada ibu berpengaruh dalam komponen dalam ASI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahu besar kandungan Fe dalam Air susu ibu dengan metode Atomic Aborbtion Spectroscopy (AAS). Hasil penelitian di dapatkan Hb pada ibu menyusui normal Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan kadar Fe dalam ASI pada ibu menyusui dengan Hb normal dengan ibu menyusui yang anemia. The  iron  content  both  in  breast  milk  and  in  formula  milk  are  low  and varied. However, babies who get breastfeeding have a lower risk of experi- encing iron deficiency compared to babies who get formula milk. It hap- pens because iron obtained from breast milk can be more easily absorbed, which is 20-50% compared to only 4-7% in formula milk. This situation does  not  need  to  be  worried  because  with  the  provision  of  solid  foods containing iron starting at the age of 6 months the problem of iron defi- ciency can be overcome.And many people think that the nutritional status of mothers influences the components in breast milk.This study aims to determine the amount of Fe in breast milk with Atomic Aborbtion Spectroscopy (AAS) method. The sampel used this study was breast milk in mild anemic mothers as much 6 sampel, sufficient anemic mother as much 6 sampel and normal mother as much 6 sampel, total sample in this study was 18 sampel breast milk. The results of the study can be concluded that there was no significant difference in Fe levels in breast milk in mild anemic mothers, sufficient anemic mother and normal mothers.

On the Feeding of Supplemental Foods to Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1178-1181
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Peter R. Dallman ◽  
Homer Anderson ◽  
Platon Jack Collipp ◽  
Buford L. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
First Year ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Ready Availability ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mistaken Assumption ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Recommendations and practices of feeding solid foods to infants are widely divergent in the United States and in other countries. Although few differences in health are noted from such divergent practices, the consequences may be subtle or may require long-term, careful observations. The previous Committee on Nutrition statement1 on this subject reviewed the history of the use of solid foods and showed that solid or supplemental foods were seldom offered to infants before 1 year of age until about 1920. Breast milk, for the most part, or modified cow's milk formulas supplied all or most of the nutritional needs of infants during the first year. The first supplements to the diet were cod liver oil to prevent rickets and orange juice to prevent scurvy. Over the next 50 years recommendations were made that some cereals and strained vegetables and fruits be introduced at about 6 months of age to: (a) supply iron, vitamins, and possibly other factors; and (b) help prepare the infant for a more diversified diet. A much wider variety of infant foods became available, and these were introduced into the infant's diet earlier and earlier. Some of the reasons for earlier introduction of solid foods were the desire of mothers to see their infants gain weight rapidly, the ready availability of convenient forms of solid foods, and the mistaken assumption that added solid foods help the infant to sleep through the night. INFANT FEEDING PERIODS Infant feeding should be considered in three overlapping stages: the nursing period, during which breast milk or an appropriate formula is the source of nutrients; a transitional period, during which specially prepared foods are introduced in addition to breast milk or a formula; and a modified adult period, during which the majority of the nutrients come from the foods available on the family table.

Nutritional diet in Balyavasta

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayalaxmi B. Benakatti
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Good Nutrition ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Semi Solid

In Ashtanga Ayurveda, Kaumarya Bhritya has been considered as important specialty. Kaumarya Bhritya deals with the proper growth and development of the healthy child as well as treatment of the diseased child. Nutrition plays central role in growth and development of the child. Initial 6 months the baby is nourished with exclusive breast feeding, later periods only breast milk is not sufficient to provide the nutritional needs of growing baby. Introduction of food supplements (semi-solid foods) along with breast feeding is necessary to provide adequate and appropriate supplements for proper growth and development and to prevent malnutrition. Introduce fruits and vegetables, which are rich source of macro and micro nutrients, hence help in growth and development of child, Prevent many diseases. After two years start normal diet. So Ayurveda gives importance on good nutrition at every stage of life, in order to maintain health. This article highlights Ayurvedic concepts of nutritional practice in Balyavasta.

scholarly journals The Introduction of Plant-Derived Glycans in Exclusively 6-Month Old Breastfed Infants Alters Fecal Glycan Profiles and Microbial Metabolism (IMiND Study)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1082-1082
Author(s):  
Jennifer Smilowitz ◽  
Matthew Amicucci ◽  
Eshani Nandita ◽  
Ace Galermo ◽  
Diane Tu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objectives Very little is known about dietary carbohydrate and intestinal microbe interactions during the introduction of solid foods in exclusively breastfed infants. The objective of the UC Davis IMiND study is to discover the relationships between plant-derived complementary foods commonly used in the early weaning period and the gut microbiome in a prospective feeding-trial in exclusively breast milk-fed infants. Methods In a randomized, crossover study, 6-month old, exclusively breastfed infants (n = 99) entered a 7-day lead-in period of exclusive breast milk, followed by 7 days of either study food (pear or sweet potato) plus breast milk. This was followed by a 4-day washout period of exclusive breast milk, then 7 days of the alternate study food, followed by a 4-day follow-up period of exclusive breast milk. The infant gut microbiome was measured by 16 s rRNA amplicon sequencing (n = 39). Fecal monosaccharides and short chain fatty acids were measured in a subset of mother-infant dyads (n = 20) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results There was no significant difference in gut alpha diversity (Shannon index) but a significant difference in beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac, P = 0.03, R,2 = 0.02) between pre- and post- first food. Free fecal monosaccharide composition was similar across all feeding periods. Total bound fecal monosaccharides, including arabinose and xylose were 2-fold higher in response to pear consumption compared with the other feeding periods (P < 0.05). Infant fecal lactic acid was lower and succinic acid was higher by 2-fold during pear consumption compared with all other feeding periods (P < 0.05). Conclusions The change in gut microbiome beta diversity suggests a change in microbial composition with the introduction of solid foods despite the unchanged alpha diversity. The change in fecal short chain fatty acids in response to pear consumption suggests a change in microbial metabolism. These effects may be explained by the appearance of undigested, bound glycans in the colon during pear consumption. These data suggest a novel approach in using chemical analysis to document the diversity and complexity of dietary carbohydrates during weaning that influence gut microbial metabolism. Funding Sources Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Company Ltd. funded this research but had no part in the analysis or interpretations of the study findings.

scholarly journals Feeding patterns in the first two years of life in Basra, Iraq

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-451
Author(s):  
Y. S. Benyamen ◽  
M. K. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Common Reason ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Supplementary Foods ◽  
Breast Fed

The feeding patterns of 694 children ranging from 12 to 24 months of age were studied. Approximately 91% were exclusively breast-fed at 1 week of age with a further 4% receiving supplementary foods at this stage. At 1 year of age, 52% were receiving breast milk as the only source of milk and 13% were receiving infant formula in addition to breast milk. Inadequate breast milk was the most common reason reported by mothers for discontinuing breast-feeding. Of children receiving formula, 42.9% were receiving diluted formula.70.9% of mothers introduced solid foods at 4 to 6 months of age while 5.8% did not introduce solid foods until after the age of 8 months

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