scholarly journals The Introduction of Plant-Derived Glycans in Exclusively 6-Month Old Breastfed Infants Alters Fecal Glycan Profiles and Microbial Metabolism (IMiND Study)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1082-1082
Author(s):  
Jennifer Smilowitz ◽  
Matthew Amicucci ◽  
Eshani Nandita ◽  
Ace Galermo ◽  
Diane Tu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objectives Very little is known about dietary carbohydrate and intestinal microbe interactions during the introduction of solid foods in exclusively breastfed infants. The objective of the UC Davis IMiND study is to discover the relationships between plant-derived complementary foods commonly used in the early weaning period and the gut microbiome in a prospective feeding-trial in exclusively breast milk-fed infants. Methods In a randomized, crossover study, 6-month old, exclusively breastfed infants (n = 99) entered a 7-day lead-in period of exclusive breast milk, followed by 7 days of either study food (pear or sweet potato) plus breast milk. This was followed by a 4-day washout period of exclusive breast milk, then 7 days of the alternate study food, followed by a 4-day follow-up period of exclusive breast milk. The infant gut microbiome was measured by 16 s rRNA amplicon sequencing (n = 39). Fecal monosaccharides and short chain fatty acids were measured in a subset of mother-infant dyads (n = 20) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results There was no significant difference in gut alpha diversity (Shannon index) but a significant difference in beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac, P = 0.03, R,2 = 0.02) between pre- and post- first food. Free fecal monosaccharide composition was similar across all feeding periods. Total bound fecal monosaccharides, including arabinose and xylose were 2-fold higher in response to pear consumption compared with the other feeding periods (P < 0.05). Infant fecal lactic acid was lower and succinic acid was higher by 2-fold during pear consumption compared with all other feeding periods (P < 0.05). Conclusions The change in gut microbiome beta diversity suggests a change in microbial composition with the introduction of solid foods despite the unchanged alpha diversity. The change in fecal short chain fatty acids in response to pear consumption suggests a change in microbial metabolism. These effects may be explained by the appearance of undigested, bound glycans in the colon during pear consumption. These data suggest a novel approach in using chemical analysis to document the diversity and complexity of dietary carbohydrates during weaning that influence gut microbial metabolism. Funding Sources Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Company Ltd. funded this research but had no part in the analysis or interpretations of the study findings.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota features associated with Clostridioides difficile colonization in dairy calves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel E. Redding ◽  
Alexander S. Berry ◽  
Nagaraju Indugu ◽  
Elizabeth Huang ◽  
Daniel P. Beiting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Significant Difference

Diarrheal disease, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dairy calves, is strongly associated with the health and composition of the gut microbiome. Clostridioides difficile is an opportunistic pathogen that proliferates and can produce enterotoxins when the host experiences gut dysbiosis. However, even asymptomatic colonization with C. difficile can be associated with differing degrees of microbiome disruption in a range of species, including people, swine, and dogs. Little is known about the interaction between C. difficile and the gut microbiome in dairy calves. In this study, we sought to define microbial features associated with C. difficile colonization in pre-weaned dairy calves less than 2 weeks of age. We characterized the fecal microbiota of 80 calves from 23 different farms using 16S rRNA sequencing and compared the microbiota of C. difficile -positive (n=24) and C. difficile -negative calves (n=56). Farm appeared to be the greatest source of variability in the gut microbiota. When controlling for calf age, diet, and farm location, there was no significant difference in Shannon alpha diversity ( P = 0.50) or in weighted UniFrac beta diversity (P=0.19) between C. difficile -positive and –negative calves. However, there was a significant difference in beta diversity as assessed using Bray-Curtiss diversity ( P =0.0077), and C. difficile -positive calves had significantly increased levels of Ruminococcus (gnavus group) ( Adj. P =0.052), Lachnoclostridium ( Adj. P =0.060), Butyricicoccus ( Adj. P =0.060), and Clostridium sensu stricto 2 compared to C. difficile -negative calves. Additionally, C. difficile -positive calves had fewer microbial co-occurrences than C. difficile –negative calves, indicating reduced bacterial synergies. Thus, while C. difficile colonization alone is not associated with dysbiosis and is therefore unlikely to result in an increased likelihood of diarrhea in dairy calves, it may be associated with a more disrupted microbiota.

scholarly journals Dietary Lipid:Protein Ratio and n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Alters the Gut Microbiome of Atlantic Salmon Under Hypoxic and Normoxic Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Huyben ◽  
Beeke K. Roehe ◽  
Michaël Bekaert ◽  
Bente Ruyter ◽  
Brett Glencross
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
High Lipid Diet ◽  
Long Chain

Researchers have adjusted dietary lipid:protein ratios and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) to optimize the growth performance of Atlantic salmon. However, dietary impacts on the gut microbiome are lacking, especially under varying environmental conditions. To examine this response, post-smolt salmon (184 ± 5 g) were fed diets with lipid:protein ratios considered low (180, 570 g/kg) and high (230, 460 g/kg) along with low and high levels of n-3 LC-PUFA (7 or 14 g/kg) while fish were reared under low and high levels of dissolved oxygen (6.7 or 8.0 mg/L). At day 0, 35 and 116, digesta in the distal intestine were collected and analyzed for viable counts and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes (V4 region) using Illumina MiSeq. The reduction in oxygen had negligible effects, except on viable plate counts of total bacteria and an initial effect on beta-diversity. In contrast, the high lipid (HL) diets had an increased alpha-diversity (e.g., Shannon and Chao-1) at day 0 and day 35 whereas high n-3 diets suppressed these indices at day 116. Generally, a reduction in alpha-diversity was observed over time and an interaction between lipid:protein ratio x n-3 was found. Between diets, beta-diversity and phyla abundance were similar as both Proteobacteria (44%) and Firmicutes (21%) dominated. However, at the genus level Aliivibrio, Streptococcus, Weissella, and Lactobacillus, were associated with low lipid (LL) diets while the high lipid diets were associated with less abundant bacteria, e.g., Chromohalobacter. At day 116, the relative abundance of the Tenericutes phylum increased 10-fold (36%). Fish fed the high lipid diet with high n-3 had reduced alpha-diversity, lowest abundance of lactic acid bacteria, and highest abundance of Mycoplasma, which may indicate a less healthy gut microbiome. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis revealed that saturated and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathways were several folds higher in fish fed the high lipid diet, possibly to compensate for the lack of dietary n-3. In summary, our results show that the viable plate counts, alpha-diversity, beta-diversity, and predictive function of gut bacteria in Atlantic salmon post-smolts are influenced by dietary lipid:protein ratio and n-3 LC-PUFA over several time points with little effect by dissolved oxygen.

scholarly journals Effect of a High Flavonoid Supplement on Intestinal Inflammation, Short Chain Fatty Acids, and the Gut Microbiome

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 420-420
Author(s):  
Stephanie Kung ◽  
Korry Hintze ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fecal Calprotectin ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Gut Inflammation

Abstract Objectives Endurance exercise is a known cause of intestinal inflammation. Recent studies suggest that dietary flavonoids may protect the gut from chronic low-grade inflammation and have other effects at the gastrointestinal barrier. As a result, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a high flavonoid supplement containing blueberry, green tea, and cocoa on gut health. We investigated changes in intestinal inflammation, fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA), and the gut microbiome in a randomized clinical trial. Methods In a double-blind, crossover design, 12 recreationally-active cyclists (VO2 max: 43.2 + 5.9 ml/kg/min) completed two 15-day supplementation periods with either a high flavonoid supplement or placebo. The high flavonoid beverage (HFB, 490 mg total flavonoids) and macronutrient-matched low flavonoid control (LFB, 5 mg flavonoids) were consumed once daily, two hours prior to training. Stool samples were collected once during days 9–11 of each intervention to determine microbiome composition and SCFA (acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric, valeric, isovaleric, and caproic acid). Fecal calprotectin was used as a marker of intestinal inflammation. Results Food frequency questionnaires estimated that the participants’ average weekly consumption of total flavonoids was 634.7 ± 194.6 mg, with the highest subgroups being flavan-3-ols, flavonols, and anthocyanidins (296.3 ± 169.3, 136.5 ± 21.9, 109.6 ± 35.4 mg, respectively). There was no significant difference in fecal calprotectin on the HFB versus LFB (P > 0.05). Average fecal calprotectin were low (HFB: 12.9 ± 1.2, LFB: 12.9 ± 0.9 ug/g stool), suggesting that subjects had low overall gut inflammation. There were no significant differences in individual and total SCFA (P > 0.05). The total SCFA on the HFB treatment was 115.1 ± 11.3 mM/g vs. 107.9 ± 9.7 mM/g on the LFB. Furthermore, there were no differences in any measures alpha or beta diversity as a result of the dietary intervention (P > 0.05). Conclusions Fifteen-day consumption of a blend of blueberry, cocoa, and green tea flavonoids did not significantly affect gut inflammation, SCFA content, and alpha or beta diversity of the gut microbiome. Funding Sources Build Dairy.

Associations between gut microbiome, short chain fatty acids and blood pressure across ethnic groups: the HELIUS study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Verhaar ◽  
D Collard ◽  
A Prodan ◽  
J.H.M Levels ◽  
A.H Zwinderman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Helius Study ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Background Gut microbiome composition is shaped by a combination of host genetic make-up and dietary habits. In addition, large ethnic differences exist in microbiome composition. Several studies in humans and animals have shown that differences in gut microbiota and its metabolites, including short chain fatty acids (SCFA), are associated with blood pressure (BP). We hypothesized that gut microbiome composition and its metabolites may be differently associated with BP across ethnic groups. Purpose To investigate associations of gut microbiome composition and fecal SCFA levels with BP across different ethnic groups. Methods We assessed the association between gut microbiome composition and office BP among 4672 subjects (mean age 49.8±11.7 years, 52%F) of 6 different ethnic groups participating in the HELIUS study. Gut microbiome composition was determined using 16S rRNA sequencing. Associations between microbiome composition and blood pressure were assessed using machine learning prediction models. The resulting best predictors were correlated with BP using Spearman's rank correlations. Fecal SCFA levels were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography in an age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched subgroup of 200 participants with either extreme low or high systolic BP. Differences in abundances of best predictors and fecal SCFA levels between high and low BP groups were assessed with Mann-Whitney U tests. Results Gut microbiome composition explained 4.4% of systolic BP variance. Best predictors for systolic BP included Roseburia spp. (ρ −0.15, p<0.001), Clostridium spp. (ρ −0.14, p<0.001), Romboutsia spp. (ρ −0.10, p<0.001), and Ruminococceae spp. (ρ −0.15, p<0.001) (Figure 1). Explained variance of the microbiome composition was highest in Dutch subjects (4.8%), but very low in African Surinamese, Ghanaian, and Turkish ethnic groups (ranging from 0–0.77%) Hence, we selected only participants with Dutch ethnicity for the matched subgroup. Participants with high BP had lower abundance of Roseburia hominis (p<0.01) and Roseburia spp. (p<0.05) compared to participants with low BP. However, fecal acetate (p<0.05) and propionate (p<0.01) levels were higher in participants with high BP. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study, gut microbiome composition was moderately associated with BP. Associations were strongly divergent between ethnic groups, with strongest associations in Dutch participants. Intriguingly, while Dutch participants with high BP had lower abundances of several SCFA-producing microbes, they had higher fecal SCFA levels. Intervention studies with SCFAs could provide more insight in the effects of these metabolites on BP. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): The Academic Medical Center (AMC) of Amsterdam and the Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD Amsterdam) provided core financial support for HELIUS. The HELIUS study is also funded by research grants of the Dutch Heart Foundation (Hartstichting; grant no. 2010T084), the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw; grant no. 200500003), the European Integration Fund (EIF; grant no. 2013EIF013) and the European Union (Seventh Framework Programme, FP-7; grant no. 278901).

Gut microbiome–short-chain fatty acids interplay in the context of iron deficiency anaemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Soriano-Lerma ◽  
María García-Burgos ◽  
María J.M. Alférez ◽  
Virginia Pérez-Carrasco ◽  
Victoria Sanchez-Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of the Parkinson’s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Romano ◽  
George M. Savva ◽  
Janis R. Bedarf ◽  
Ian G. Charles ◽  
Falk Hildebrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Inflammatory Status

AbstractThe gut microbiota is emerging as an important modulator of neurodegenerative diseases, and accumulating evidence has linked gut microbes to Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptomatology and pathophysiology. PD is often preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms and alterations of the enteric nervous system accompany the disease. Several studies have analyzed the gut microbiome in PD, but a consensus on the features of the PD-specific microbiota is missing. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis re-analyzing the ten currently available 16S microbiome datasets to investigate whether common alterations in the gut microbiota of PD patients exist across cohorts. We found significant alterations in the PD-associated microbiome, which are robust to study-specific technical heterogeneities, although differences in microbiome structure between PD and controls are small. Enrichment of the genera Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Bifidobacterium and depletion of bacteria belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family and the Faecalibacterium genus, both important short-chain fatty acids producers, emerged as the most consistent PD gut microbiome alterations. This dysbiosis might result in a pro-inflammatory status which could be linked to the recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms affecting PD patients.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis: An Updated Review

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Mariusz Sikora ◽  
Albert Stec ◽  
Magdalena Chrabaszcz ◽  
Aleksandra Knot ◽  
Anna Waskiel-Burnat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity

(1) Background: A growing body of evidence highlights that intestinal dysbiosis is associated with the development of psoriasis. The gut–skin axis is the novel concept of the interaction between skin diseases and microbiome through inflammatory mediators, metabolites and the intestinal barrier. The objective of this study was to synthesize current data on the gut microbial composition in psoriasis. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating intestinal microbiome in psoriasis, using the PRISMA checklist. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for relevant published articles (2000–2020). (3) Results: All of the 10 retrieved studies reported alterations in the gut microbiome in patients with psoriasis. Eight studies assessed alpha- and beta-diversity. Four of them reported a lack of change in alpha-diversity, but all confirmed significant changes in beta-diversity. At the phylum-level, at least two or more studies reported a lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, and higher Firmicutes in psoriasis patients versus healthy controls. (4) Conclusions: There is a significant association between alterations in gut microbial composition and psoriasis; however, there is high heterogeneity between studies. More unified methodological standards in large-scale studies are needed to understand microbiota’s contribution to psoriasis pathogenesis and its modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy.

scholarly journals Metagenomic Comparisons between Soft and Hard Feces of Plateau Pikas (Ochotona curzoniae)

Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Haibo Fu ◽  
Wenjing Li
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
16S Rdna ◽  
Microbial Metabolism ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Ochotona Curzoniae ◽  
The Future ◽  
First Time

The division of hard and soft feces is an effective digestion strategy in the order Lagomorpha. Although previous studies have reported that hard and soft feces differ in morphology and component, the discrepancy in the microbiome remains unclear. This study explored the microbiomes of hard and soft feces in plateau pikas by sequencing the V3 and V4 regions of 16S rDNA. We found that hard feces harbored higher Firmicutes, while soft feces harbored higher Akkermansia. Increased rare bacterial taxa were observed in hard feces compared with soft feces. Moreover, hard and soft feces displayed a greater difference in terms of core operational taxonomy units (OTUs) compared to the total OTUs. The soft feces showed enhancements in all predicted Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functions, indicating an advancing microbial metabolism compared to hard feces. The significantly upregulated pathways in soft feces were mainly enriched in metabolism of energy and carbohydrate, glycan biosynthesis, cofactors and vitamins, and amino acids—all of which are associated with increased contents of microbial proteins, vitamins, and short-chain fatty acids. Our study reports, for the first time, the differential microbiomes between hard and soft feces of pikas and provides direction for the future studies on cecotrophy.

scholarly journals Dynamic Associations of Milk Components With the Infant Gut Microbiome and Fecal Metabolites in a Mother–Infant Model by Microbiome, NMR Metabolomic, and Time-Series Clustering Analyses

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Komatsu ◽  
Daiki Kumakura ◽  
Namiko Seto ◽  
Hirohisa Izumi ◽  
Yasuhiro Takeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome ◽  
Infant Feces

Background: The gut microbiome and fecal metabolites of breastfed infants changes during lactation, and are influenced by breast milk components. This study aimed to investigate dynamic associations of milk components with the infant gut microbiome and fecal metabolites throughout the lactation period in a mother–infant model.Methods: One month after delivery, breast milk and subsequent infant feces were collected in a pair for 5 months from a mother and an exclusively breastfed infant. Composition of the fecal microbiome was determined with 16S rRNA sequencing. Low-molecular-weight metabolites, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), and antibacterial proteins were measured in feces and milk using 1H NMR metabolomics and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The association of milk bioactive components with the infant gut microbiome and fecal metabolites was determined with Python clustering and correlation analyses.Results: The HMOs in milk did not fluctuate throughout the lactation period. However, they began to disappear in infant feces at the beginning of month 4. Notably, at this time-point, a bifidobacterium species switching (from B. breve to B. longum subsp. infantis) occurred, accompanied by fluctuations in several metabolites including acetate and butyrate in infant feces.Conclusions: Milk bioactive components, such as HMOs, might play different roles in the exclusively breastfed infants depending on the lactation period.

Abstract P485: Association of Hypertension With the Gut Microbiome and Serum Short-chain Fatty Acids

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira K Differding ◽  
Lawrence J Appel ◽  
Nisa Maruthur ◽  
Stephen Juraschek ◽  
Edgar R Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Adult Cancer Survivors ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Background: Murine models indicate that gut microbiota, and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) they produce from fermentation of fiber, play a role in blood pressure (BP) regulation. However, few human studies have examined how gut microbiota and serum SCFAs are associated with hypertension. Objective: We examined associations of gut microbiota composition and serum SCFAs with hypertension and BP, hypothesizing an inverse association with serum SCFAs. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a trial of overweight and obese adult cancer survivors. We measured 1 ) the gut microbiome by extracting microbial DNA from stool and sequencing the 16S rRNA V4 region and 2 ) serum SCFA using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥ 130, diastolic BP ≥ 80 mmHg, self-report, or use of hypertension medications. We used beta-binomial models to test differential abundance of microbial amplicon sequence variants by hypertension , and linear regression to examine log-transformed SCFAs with BP. We adjusted models for age, sex, race, fiber, BMI and medications (in BP models). Results: Of 111 participants with complete data, 73 had hypertension. Hypertensive participants differed by age (mean 62 vs. 56y) and sex (73% vs. 90% female), but not race (46% black) or BMI (mean 35 kg/m 2 ). Alpha and beta diversity were not associated with hypertension (Ps>0.05). Hypertensive participants had higher abundance of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Escherichia , and lower Lachnospiraceae, Haemophilus and Faecalibacterium ( Figure) . Serum acetate was negatively associated with systolic BP (β=-3.3 mmHg difference per 1 SD increment acetate, 95% CI: -6.1, -0.6); other SCFAs were not associated (Ps>0.05). Conclusion: A Bacteroides dominated microbiota was positively associated with hypertension. Acetate, the most abundant circulating SCFA, was negatively associated with BP. Determining whether the associations are causal or not warrants further investigation.

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